At Athens there existed, prior to the late revolution, an extensive seminary, provided with a library and all the essentials for literary and scientific education;* and a learned society, under the title of the "Lovers of the Muses,"† was formed about the year 1814,‡ chiefly by

general refinement of language, (v. ii. p. 73.) ridicules the idea of any literary eminence to which the capital of the modern Pyrrhus can lay claim. (Ib. p. 71.) Be it as it may, Greece, as regards education, is more indebted to the natives of Joannina than to the inhabitants of any other district; the enthusiasm of the brothers Zosima was warmly participated in by the family of the Kaplani, who were distinguished as patrons of learning; and amongst its scholars it is sufficient to name Kankellariu, the translator of Rollin and Voltaire's Peter the Great, the brothers Balano, to whom I have already alluded, and Psalidas, who is author of a treatise on true happiness, ('Aλnoǹs evdaμovía,) founded on the philosophy of Kant. An account of the latter individual, by no means flattering, will be found in Hughes' Travels, (vol. i. pp. 441, 450); some additional particulars are given by Dr. Holland, and Lord Byron has made honourable mention of him in the note before referred to. He is at present resident profits of a small school.

at Corfu, and is supported by the Rizo, Cours, &c. pp. 71. 145. Carrel, p. 267. Douglas, p. 74. Leake, pp. 85. 227. 229.

* See an account of this seminary in Hughes' Travels, v. i. p. 301. and in Jowett's Researches, p. 80.

+ Φιλομούσων εταιρια.

Rabbe, p. 174. Count Pecchio says 1813, (Picture of Greece in 1825, v. ii.) and Soutzo 1815, (Histoire de la Revolution Grecque, p. 12.)

the influence of some literary foreigners. Its objects comprised every thing connected with the pursuit of knowledge, the foundation of a library and museum, the establishment of schools throughout Greece, and the translation and composition of scientific works for the use of students.

The Morea likewise had its seminaries at Dimitzana, Tripolizza, and Napoli di Romania, of minor extent but of proportionate importance; and throughout the isles of the Ægean, especially those which enjoyed any considerable share of commerce, an equal desire was manifested for the acquisition of learning and the cultivation of mind. The French, in the Ionian Islands, had by their influence given a new impulse to the progress of instruction; schools were established, during their government, at Corfu,* Zante, and Cephalonia, and at

*The latter years of the life of the late Lord Guildford, one of the most generous and enlightened friends of the Greeks, were almost exclusively devoted to the furtherance of their education, particularly at Athens, and throughout the Ionian Islands where he had established his residence. It was through his indefatigable exertions that a college was founded at Corfu, under the protection of the British Government, which has long proved, and still continues one of the most valuable blessings yet conferred on Greece. The design and constitution of the establishment were the work of Lord Guildford; and after innumerable disappointments and delays

Ithaca, in particular, there existed one which was so numerously attended as to induce the

the institution was at last opened on the first of November, 1823, his Lordship being appointed by the Ionian Senate to the office of its Chancellor. The course of education comprises Law, Theology, Humanity, Science, Music, and the Fine Arts; and at its commencement the various chairs were filled by Greek professors, with the exception of two (those of Belles Lettres and Law), whose occupants were natives of Great Britain. The following particulars are extracted from an interesting paper in the New Monthly Magazine for July

1827.

"Lord Guildford is the Archon, or Chancellor; the other dignitaries of the University consist of the spopos (rector), xooμopuλa (proctor), pnTwp (civil orator), besides fourteen professors (popoσopo). These have their several attendants, such as the γλαυκοφορος owl bearer), αρχιραβδουκος (chief beadle), and five paßiouxo (beadles in ordinary). In addition to these are the officers of the library, the apxygauματευς (chief secretary), γραμματεύς (secretary), βιβλιοθηκα ριος (librarian), καρτοφύλαξ (keeper of the papers), and φυλαξ (porter). The student of the University (Tavern) is termed pixoλoyos, or philologian, whilst an undergraduate; επισήμων, when he becomes bachelor of arts; τελειος, when master. Besides the University, there is also a kind of preparatory academy, called enßiov, (pronounced epheveion.) The scholars belonging to this are enßo (ephebes); and five amongst them, most distinguished for their attainments, are called ευελπιστοι.

"Each professor of the University gives a daily lecture, and receives from the Ionian government sixty dollars, or about thirteen pounds a month for his services. He is also encouraged to farther exertions, by the payment of a dollar and a

inhabitants to look forward to the possession of a lyceum or university similar to those of the larger cities.*

half for every lecture he may deliver in addition; subject, I conclude, in this, to the control of the chancellor. Permission to attend lectures, as well as instruction in the English language, is quite gratuitous. Thus the expenses of a philologian are confined to the mere necessaries of life; and, so far as the authority of the University extends, no extravagance of any kind is permitted. The student cannot exceed much in the article of coffee, which is the usual morning beverage; and at the trattoria, or dining-house, every thing is limited, twenty oboli, or ten-pence, being the maximum allowed on ordinary days, twenty-five on the holidays of the church, thirty at Christmas and Easter, and on the festival of the philologian's patron saint. It is indeed not rating the cost of education at Corfu too low to say that, including

* Hugo Foscolo, whose name is so well known in England as an Italian critic and commentator, stood deservedly at the head of the Ionian literati. Another distinguished scholar is Andrea Mustoxidi, who discovered in the Ambrosian library the lost fragment of the Tepi Ts άvridórews of Isocrates, which he published at Milan in 1812. Poetry, likewise, has been most successfully cultivated in the Ionian Islands; the verses of Salomos and Calbo equal, if they do not exceed in popularity, the lyrics of Christopoulo; and Zambelios, of Santa Maura, is author of a tragedy entitled Timoleon, one of the greatest favourites of the modern Greek drama. The songs of Calbo were printed at Geneva in 1824, and one of the most favourable specimens of the poetry of Salomos, his splendid "Address to Liberty," will be found in the second volume of M. Fauriel's collection.

At Patmos there had existed since the beginning of the eighteenth century an insti

board and clothing, it does not exceed fifteen dollars, or three pounds ten shillings a month, or about forty pounds

a-year.

*

With the exception of a few days in holy week and the holidays of the Greek church, all is active term-time from the first of November, when the scholastic year terminates, to the fifteenth of June.

The number of philologians has encreased rapidly and steadily since the opening of the University. There were fortyseven the first year, eighty-seven the second, and two hundred and eleven in June 1826. To make up the latter number, Corfu sends eighty, Cephalonia twenty-eight; Ithaca, twenty-one; Zante, eleven; Paros, four; Santa Maura, two; Cerigo, two; England, one; and the Continent of Greece, sixty-three. The complement of ephebes rather exceeds in number that of the philologians, so that it may be fairly calculated, that in June 1826, there were nearly five hundred students belonging to the Corfu establishment. No ephebe can become a philologian till he has reached his fourteenth year; nor then, till he has satisfactorily passed a strict examination in Greek, Latin, and arithmetic; and, when the student is intended for holy orders, in theology. After three years the philologian is examined for his bachelor's degree; and upon this occasion the Archimandrite of the Greek church attends, to question the candidates for the priesthood. The bachelor is to be admitted master of arts after a certain time, not yet determined upon; and a degree is, henceforth, to be considered a necessary qualification for holding certain offices, among which those of the church are included.

"The costumes of the University have been chosen, as far