conditionibus. "By offers of all the wealth of .Attalus." Alluding to Atta tus III, the last king of Pergamus, famed for his riches, which he be queath ed, together with his kingdom, to the Roman people.-13. Trabe Cypria The epithet "Cyprian" seems to allude here not so much to the commerce of the island, extensive as it was, as to the excellent quality of its naval amber. The poet, it will be perceived, uses the expressions Cypria, Myrtoum, Icariis, Africum, Massici, &c. Kar' ¿§oxýv, for any ship, ang sea, any waves, &c.-14. Myrtoum. The Myrtoan Sea was a part of the Egean, extending from the promontory of Carystus, at the southeastern extremity of Euboea, to the promontory of Malea in Laconia, and there fore lying off Attica, Argolis, and the eastern coast of Laconia. It reach ed eastward as far as the Cyclades. The name was derived from the small island of Myrtos near Eubœa.-Pavidus nauta. "Becoming a timid mariner."-15. Icariis fluctibus. The Icarian Sea was part of the Ægean, between and also to the south of Icaria and Samos. It derived its name, as the ancient mythologists pretend, from Icarus, the son of Dædalus, who, according to them, fell into it and was drowned, when accompanying his father in his flight from the island of Crete.-Africum. The wind Africus denotes, in strictness, the "west-southwest.' In translating the text, it

will be sufficient to render it by "southwest." It derived its name from the circumstance of its coming in the direction of Africa Propria.

16-19. 16. Mercator. The Mercatores among the Romans, were those who, remaining only a short time in any place, visited many countries, and were almost constantly occupied with the exportation or impotation of merchandise. The Negotiatores, on the other hand, generally con tinued for some length of time in a place, whether at Rome or in the provinces. Metuens. "As long as he dreads." Equivalent to dum metuit.-Otium et oppidi, &c. "Praises a retired life, and the rural scenery around his native place." Orelli, less correctly, joins in construction oppidi sui otium et rura. Acidalius (ad Vell. Paterc.) conjectures tuta for rura, which Bentley adopts. But the received reading is every way superior.-18. Pauperiem. "Contracted means." Horace and the best Latin writers understand by pauperies and paupertas, not absolute poverty, which is properly expressed by egestas, but a state in which we are deprived indeed of the comforts, and yet possess, in some degree, the necessaries of life.-19. Massici. Of the Roman wines, the best growths are styled indiscriminately Massicum and Falernum (vinum). The Massic wine derived its name from the vineyards of Mons Massicus, n w Monté Massico, near the ancient Sinuessa. Consult Excursus VIII.

20-21. 20. Partem solido, &c. Upon the increase of riches, the Romans deferred the cana, which used to be their mid-day meal, to the ninth hou (or three o'clock afternoon) in summer, and the tenth nour in winter, taking only a slight repast (prandium) at noon. Nearly the whole of the natura day was therefore devoted to affairs of business, or serious employment and was called, in consequence, dies solidus. Hence the voluptuary, whe begins to quaft the old Massic before the accustomed hour, is said "to take away a part from the solid day," or from the period devoted to more active pursuits, and expend it on his pleasures. This is what the poet, on another occasion (Ode 2, 6, 7) calls wine." diem morantem frangere mero.

breaking the lingering day with Wolf Less correcty anderstands

by the words of the text, the taking of an afternc on sleep.-Membra stratus. Consult Zumpt, § 458.---21. Arbuto. The arbutus (or arbut im) is the arbute, or wild strawberry-tree, corresponding to the кóμavos of the Greeks, the unedo of Pliny, and the Arbutus unedo of Linnæus, class 10 The fruit itself is called κόμαρον, μεμαίκυλον, or μιμαίκυλον (Athenaus 2, 35, and in Latin arbutum. It resembles our strawberry very closely, except that it is larger, and has no seeds on the outside of the pulp like that fruit.

22-28. 22. Aquæ lene caput sacra. "The gently-murmuring source some sacred stream" The fountain heads of streams were supposed to be the residence of the river-deity, and hence were always held sacred Fountains generally were sacred to the nymphs and rural divinities Compare Jacob, Quæst. Epic., p. 13, seq. — 23. Et lituo tubæ, &c. “And the sound of the trumpet intermingled with the notes of the clarion." The tuba was straight, and used for infantry; the lituus was bent a little at the end, like the augur's staff, and was used for the cavalry: it had the harsher sound.-25. Detestata. Held in detestation." Taken passively Compare abominatus, in Epod. xvi., 8.-Manet. "Passes the night.' Equivalent to pernoctat. Compare Sat., ii., 3, 234.-Sub Jove frigido "Beneath the cold sky." Jupiter is here taken figuratively for the higher regions of the air. Compare the Greek phrase úñò ▲ɩóç.—Сatulis. The dative by a Græcism for a catulis. Scheller and others erroneously un derstand this of the young of the deer.-28. Teretes. "Well-wrought.' The epithet teres here conveys the idea of something smooth and round and therefore refers properly to the cords or strands of the net, as being smooth, and round, and tapering, and forming, therefore, a well-wrought net. Orelli adopts the same general idea, rendering teretes by festge dreht, strong-twisted," i. e., ex funiculis complicatis et contortis con nexæ.--Marsus. For Marsicus. The mountainous country of the Marsi, in Italy, abounded with wild boars of the fiercest kind.

66

29-34. 29. Me doctarum, &c. Croft conjectured Te in place of me, an emendation first made known by Hare, and subsequently approved of by Bentley, Sanadon, Markland, Fea, Wolf, and others. The main argu ment in its favor is the antithesis which it produces. But the common reading is well explained and defended by Orelli.-Edera. "Ivy-crowns.' The species of ivy here alluded to is the Edera nigra, sacred to Bacchus, and hence styled Atovvoia by the Greeks. It is the Edera poetica of Bauhin. Servius says that poets were crowned with ivy, because the poetic "furor resembled that of the Bacchanalians.-Doctarım præmia frontium. Poets are called docti, 'learned," in accordance with Grecian 1sage: άoidoi ooooi.-30. Dis miscent superis. Raise to the converse gods above." i e., raise Compare the explana

f the gods above." Literally, "mingle with the to a level with them; raise to the high heavens. tion of Döring, * Corona ederacea cinctus deorum admittor concilio."-33. Euterpe cohibet, &c. Euterpe and Polyhymnia, two of the muses, are here very appropriately introduced. Euterpe plays on the tibia, Polyhymnia ao companies her voice with the lyre; hence both are naturally invoked by the lyric poet.-34. Lesboun refugit, &c. "Refuses to touch the Lesbian yre." The lyre is called Lesbian" in allusion to Sappho and Alcæus, both natives of Lesbos, and both famed for their lyric productions.

ODEL. Octavianus assumed his new title of Augustus on the 17th of anuary (xvi. Cal. Febr.), A.U.C. 727. On the following ight Rows was visited by a severe tempest, and an inundation of the Tiber The present ode was written in allusion to that event. The poet, regarding the visitation as a mark of divine displeasure, proceeds to inquire on what deity they are to call for succor. Who is to free the Romans from the pollution occasioned by their civil strife? Is it Apollo, god of prophecy Or Venus, parent of Rome? Or Mars, founder of the Roman line? Mercury, messenger of the skies ?-It is the last, the avenger of Cæsar, the deity who shrouds his godhead beneath the person of Augustus. He alone heaven spare him to the earth, can restore to us the favor of Jove, and na tional prosperity.-Many of the old commentators refer the subject of this de to the prodigies that occurred on the death of Julius Cæsar, and some modern scholars have adopted the same idea; but this is decidedly inferior

Or

1-4. 1. Terris. A Græcism for in terras.-Nivis. It was not the snow itself that formed the prodigy, but the heavy fall of it, and the violence of the accompanying storm. Snow may be an unusual visitant at the present day in central Italy, but it does not appear to have been so in the time of Horace. Consult the remarks of Arnold on this subject, Hist. of Rome, vol. i., p. 499, seqq.-Diræ grandinis. Every thing sent by the wrath of the gods (dei ira) was termed dirum.-2. Pater. "The Father of gods and men." Jupiter. Пlarηp ȧvdpŵv Tε Scŵv Tε.--Rubente dextera. "With his red right hand." Red with the reflected glare of the thunderbolt: an dea very probably borrowed from some ancient painting.-3. Sacras arces "The sacred summits (of the temples)." The lightning struck the Capitoi containing the temples of Jupiter, Minerva, and Juno. It is unusual ta find jaculari with the accusative of the thing that is struck. Compare, however, Od., iii., 12, 11, "Jaculari cervos."-4. Urbem. "The city," i. e. Rome. Compare Quintilian (8, 2), “Urbem Romam accipimus.'

5-10. 5. Gentes. Understand timentes. "He has terrified the nations, fearing lest," &c. Analogous to the Greek idiom, έpóßŋoɛ μŋ.-6. Sæ cuum Pyrrha. Alluding to the deluge of Deucalion in Thessaly, when according to the legend, Deucalion and his spouse Pyrrha were the only mortals that were saved.-Nova monstra. Strange prodigies," i. e., wonders before unseen.-7. Proteus. A sea-deity, son of Oceanus and Tethys, gifted with prophecy and the power of assuming any form at pleasure. His fabled employment was to keep the flocks" of Neptune, 1. e., the phoca, or seals.-8. Visere. A Græcism for ad visendum.---10. Pa lumbis. The common reading is columbis, but the true one is palumbis The "palumbæ," or "wood-pigeons," construct their nests on the branch es and in the hollows of trees; the columbæ, or "doves," are kept in dove sots. It is idle to say, in opposition to this, that columba is the generi:

name.

13-13. 13. Flavum Tiberim. "The yellow Tiber." A recent travel er remarks, with regard to this epithet of the Tiber: " Yellow is an ex seedingly un descriptive translation of that tawny color, that mixture of red, brown, gray, and yellow, which should answer to flavus here; but I may not deviate from the established phrase, nor do I know a better (Rome, the Nineteenth Century, vol. i. p. 84.)-Retortis. "Being hur

ed back --14. Lalore Etrusco. The violence of the storm forced the waves of the Tiber from the upper or Tuscan shore, and caused an inundation on the lower bank, or left side of the river, where Rome was situated. Some ake litore Etrusco refer to the sea coast, and suppose that the violence of the storm drove back the waters of the Tiber from the mouth of the river, and that this retrocession caused the inundation spoken of. Ou explanation, however, suits the context better, and especially the "sinistra labitur ripa," in line 18, seq.-15. Monumenta regis. "The venerated memorial of King Numa." Observe the force of the plural in monumenta, which we have ventured to express by an epithet. The allusion is to the palace of Numa, which, according to Plutarch, stood in the immediate vicinity of the Temple of Vesta, and was distinct from his other residence on the Quirinal Hill. (Plut., Vit. Num., c. 14.)-16. Vesta. What made the omen a peculiarly alarming one was, that the sacred fire was kept in this temple, on the preservation of which the safety of the empire was supposed in a great measure to depend. If a vestal virgin allowed the sacred fire to be extinguished, she was scourged by the Pontifex Maxi mus. Such an accident was always esteemed most unlucky, and expiated by offering extraordinary sacrifices. The fire was lighted up again, not from another fire, but from the rays of the sun, in which manner it was renewed every year on the first of March, that day being anciently the be ginning of the year.

17-19. 17. Ilia dum se, &c. "While the god of the seam, lending too ready an ear to his spouse, proudly shows himself ar avenger to the too complaining Ilia." We have followed Orelli in joining nimium with querenti. It may also be taken with ultorem, "an intemperate avenger," but the collocation of the words seems to be more in favo of the former, as Orelli correctly remarks. The allusion is to Ilia or Rea Silvia, the mother of Romulus and Remus, and the ancestress of Julius Cæsar, whose assas sination she is here represented as making the subject of too prolonged a complaint, since the expiatory sufferings of Rome had slready been suffi ciently severe. Ancient authorities differ in relation to her fate. Ennius cited by Porphyrion in his scholia on this ode, makes her to have been cast into the Tiber, previously to which she had become the bride of the Anio. Horace, on the contrary, speaks of her as having married the gou of the Tiber, which he here designates as uxorius ar^ris. Servius (au En., 1, 274) alludes to this version of the fable, as adopted by Horace and others. Acron also, in his scholia on the present passage, speaks of Ilia as having married the god of the Tiber. According to the account which he gives, Ilia was buried on the banks of the Air, and the river, having overflowed its borders, carried her remains dowr to the Tiber hence she was said to have espoused the deity of the last-mentioned stream. It may not be improper to add here a remark of Niebahr's ir relation to the name of this female. The reading Rhea," observes the historian, "is a corruption introduced by the editors, who very unseason ably bethought themselves of the goddess: rea seems only to have signi fied the culprit,' or 'the guilty woman:' it reminds us of rea femina which often occurs, particularly in Boccacio." (Niebuhr s Ronan His tory, vol. i., p. 176, Cambr. transl.)-19. Jove non probante. Jupiter dis jot approve that the Tiber should undertake to aver ge the death of Canar task which he had reserved for Augustus

-27. 22. Graves Persa. "The formidable Parthians Coin pare As regards the force of gravis, the similar employment of ẞapú in Green Thus Alexander is called Bapuç Пépσaιoi. (Theocrit. xvii., 19.- Persa Borace frequently uses the terms Medi and Persæ to denote the Parthians The Median preceded the Persian power, which, after the interval of the Grecian don.inion, was succeeded by the Parthian empire. The epithet graves alludes to the defeat of Crassus, and the check of Marc Antony.Perirent. For perituri fuissent. (Zumpt, § 525.)-23. Vitio parentun rara juventus. "Posterity thinned through the guilt of their fathers." A.luding to the sanguinary conflicts of the civil contest.-25 Vocet. Fu invocet.-Ruentis imperi rebus. "To the affairs of the falling empire." Rebus by a Græcism for ad res.-26. Prece qua. "By what supplications." -27. Virgines sanctæ. Alluding to the vestal virgins.—Minus audientem armina. "Less favorably hearing their solemn prayers." Carmen in frequently used to denote any set form of words either in prose or verse The reference here is to prayers and supplications, repeated day after day, and constituting so many set forms of the Roman ritual. As Julius Cæsar was Pontifex Maximus at the time of his death, he was also, by virtue of his office, priest of Vesta; it being particularly incumbent on the Pontifex Maximus to exercise a superintending control over the rites of that god dess. Hence the anger of the goddess toward the Romans on account of Cesar's death.

29-39. 29. Partes scelus expiandi. "The task of expiating our guilt." Scelus refers to the crimes and excesses of the civil conflict. They who were polluted by the stain of human blood were excluded from all partici pation in the sacred rites until proper atonement had been made. This stonement in the present case is to consist, not in punishing the slayers of Cæsar, which had already been done, but in placing the state once more on the firm basis of peace and concord. As this seemed too great a task for a mere mortal. the aid of the gods is solicited. (Gesner, ad loc.)—31. Nube candentes, &c. "Having thy bright shoulders shrouded with a cloud." The gods, when they were pleased to manifest themselves to mortal eye, were generally, in poetic imagery, clothed with clouds, in order to hide from mortal gaze the excessive splendor of their presence.-Augur Apollo 'Apollo, god of prophecy."-33. Erycina ridens. "Smiling goddess of Eryx." Venus, so called from her temple on Mount Eryx in Sicily.—34 Quam Jocus circum, &c. "Around whom hover Mirth and Love."-36 Respicis. "Thou again beholdest with a favoring eye.” When the gods turned their eyes toward their worshippers, it was a sign of favor; when they averted them, of displeasure.― Auctor. "Founder of the Roman line." Addressed to Mars as the reputed father of Romulus and Remus -39. Marsi. The MSS. have Mauri, for which Faber conjectured Marsi, and this last has been adopted by Dacier, Bentley, Cunningham, Sana don, and others. The people of Mauretania were never remarkable for their valor, and their cavalry, besides, were always decidedly superior te their infantry. The Marsi, on the other hand, were reputed to have been ne of the most valiant nations of Italy. The modern German editors have generally retained Mauri, and give peditis the meaning of "d smounted." making the allusion to be to the defeat of Juba at Thapsus. This, how ever. is extremely unsatisfactory.-Cruentum. This epithet beautifully describes the foe, as transfixed by the weapon of the Marsian and "wel ing in his blood."