Do

DO.

to be worth or fit, to avail.

=

A.S. dugan to avail, to

be worth. It is found in the phrases "That will do." you do?" The infinitive alone survives.

"How do

N.B.-This verb is not to be confused with do and did (= to perform).

Questions. 1. What is an anomalous verb? When is a verb said to be defective? Illustrate your answer by examples.

2. From what Aryan roo's are the Present Indicative and the Past Tense of "be" derived?

3. Conjugate can, may, and shall.

4. Conjugate will, and point out its two uses.

5. Show by examples that there are two verbs do in English. Point out the meaning and use of each verb.

The student is now in possession of all the knowledge requisite for parsing in full. Below, three models are given. See exercises on pp. 255265, Sections 13-21.

MODELS FOR FULL PARSING.

I. "The attribute of Art is to suggest infinitely more than it expresses."

The attribute.

of .

Art

is

Demonstrative Adjective (def. art.) pointing out "attribute."
Com. Noun, Abstract; Sing. Num.; 3rd Pers.; Neut. Gen. ;
Nom. Case, subject to the verb "is."

Preposition denoting relation of Origin, and governing Obj.
Case "Art."

Com. Noun, Abstract; Sing. Num.; 3rd Pers.; Neut. Gen. ;
Obj. Case, governed by prep. " of."

Anomalous Verb; Indic. Mood; Pres. Tense; Sing. Num.;
3rd Pers. agreeing with its subject "attribute."

to suggest Phrasial Infinitive of the Weak Trans. Verb; Active Voice, governing the Obj. Case more (or a noun such as "ideas" understood).

infinitely. Adverb of Degree, modifying the adjective “more.”

more

than

it

expresses.

Adjective of Quantity (here either continuous or discrete
quantity). Comp. Degree (Positive = much). Here used
as a substantive (or with a noun understood). As a Sub-
stantive it is of the Sing. Num.; 3rd Pers.: Neut. Gen.;
Obj. Case, governed by the Trans. Verb "suggest."
Adversative Conjunction. Correlative with more ; intro-
ducing the subordinate clause “it expresses."
Personal Pronoun; 3rd Pers.; Sing. Num.; Neut. Gen. ;
Nom. Case, subject to the verb " expresses."

66

Weak Trans. Verb; Act. Voice gov. Obj. Case "what" understood; Indic. Mood.; Pres. Tense (indef.); Sing. Num. ; 3rd Pers.; agreeing with its subject "it."

II. "Parting is such sweet sorrow,

That I shall say'goɔd-night till it be to-morrow.”

Abstract Noun (Infin. in -ing); Sing. Num.; 3rd Pers.; Neut.
Gen.;
Nom. Case, subject to the verb " is."
Anomalous Verb; Indic. Mood; Pres. Tense; Sing. Num.;
3rd Pers. agreeing with its subject "parting.'
Adjective of Quality, qualifying the noun "sorrow." Does
not admit of comparison.

Adjective of Quality; Positive Degree, qualifying the noun
66 sorrow."

Com. Noun, Abstract; Sing. Num.; 3rd Pers; Neut. Gen. ;
Nom. Case after "be."

Copulative Conjunction, introducing an adverbial clause (“ I
to-morrow").

Personal Pronoun; Simple Form; 1st Pers.; Sing. Num.; either Gen.; Nom. Case, subject to the verb "shall say.' Anomalous and Defective Verb, Auxiliary of Future Tense; Indic. Mood; Sing. Num.; 1st Pers.: agreeing with its subject "I."

Simple Infinitive of Weak Trans. Verb (say, said, said). Weak Trans. Verb; Active Voice; Indic. Mood; Fut. Tense (indef.); Sing. Num.; 1st Pers.: agreeing with its subject "I."

Com. Noun; Sing. Num.; 3rd Pers.; Neut. Gen.; Obj. Case,
governed by Trans. Verb "shall say.”

Relative Adverb of Time (or Conjunction), introducing Adv.
Clause" it be to-morrow."

Personal Pronoun (used in determinately); 3rd Pers.; Sing.
Num.; Neut. Gen.; Nom. Case, subject to the verb "be.
Anomalous Verb; Subj. Mood; Fut. Tense; Sing. Num. ;
3rd Pers. agreeing with its subject “it.” [In form it is
Present Subjunctive.]

Com. Noun (compound word); Sing. Num.; 3rd Pers. ; Neut.
Gen.; Nom. Case, after" be."

III. He that would please in company must be attentive to what style is most proper. The scholastic should never be used but in a select company of learned men.

Personal Pronoun used as a Demonstrative; 3rd Pers.; Sing. Num.; Masc. Gen.; Nom. Case, subject to the verb "must be."

Relative Pronoun; 3rd Pers.; Siag. Num.; Masc. Gen. : agreeing with its Antecedent "he"; Nom. Case, subject to the verb "would."

Weak Trans. Verb (Presentive), taking an infinitive as its object or completion; Past Tense form used as a Pres. Subjunctive; Sing. Num.; 3rd Pers.: agreeing with its subject "that."

please.

in

company.

must

be

Simple Infinitive of the Weak Verb; used Intransitively;
Object or completion of the Trans. Verb "would."

Preposition denoting a Space relation (perhaps figuratively),
governing Obj. Čase "company.”

Com. Noun ; Sing. Num.; 3rd Pers.; Neut. Gen.; Obj. Case, governed by prep. “in.”

Modal Verb (Symbolic); Defective; Past form used as Indic. Present; Sing. Num.; 3rd Pers.: agreeing with its subject 66 he."

Simple Infin. of the Anomalous (Symbolic) Verb "be." Completion of "must."

attentive. Adjective of Quality; Positive Degree; qualifying "he," to which it is in the attributive relation.

proper."

Preposition denoting a Space relation (direction—figurative),
taking as its completion the clause "what
Demonstrative Adjective, pointing out "style.”

Com. Noun, Abstract; Sing. Num.; 3rd Pers.; Neut. Gen. ;
Nom. Case, subject to the verb "is."

Anomalous Verb (Symbolic); Indic. Mood; Pres. Tense;
Sing. Num.; 3rd Pers.: agreeing with its subject “style."
Adjective of Quality; Pos. Degree; qual. the noun "style."
Demonstrative Adjective, pointing out "style," understood.
Adjective of Quality, qual. the Abstract Noun 'style" under-
stood (Sing. Num.; 3rd Pers. ; Neut. Gen.; Nom. Case,
subject to "should").

Modal Verb (Symbolic); Weak, Defective; taking the Passive
Infinitive "be used" as its completion; Indic. Mood;
Sing. Num.; 3rd Pers.: agreeing with its subject “ style
understood.

Simple Infin. of the Symbolic Verb "be"; Aux. of Pass. Voice.
Perfect Participle of the Trans. Verb " use." Weak Conjug.
Passive Infin. of Trans. Verb “use." Completion of “should.”
Negative Adverb of Time (= not ever) modifying the verb
"should."

Adversative Conjunction, connecting the Adverb “never” and
the Adverbial phrase "in . . . men.'
Preposition denoting a Space relation (figurative); governing
Obj. Case "company."

Weak Demonstrative Adjective, pointing out". company."
Adjective of Quality, qualifying the noun "company.'

Com. Noun, Collective; Sing. Num.; 3rd Pers.; Neut. Gen.;
Obj. Case, governed by the prep.
"'"in."

Preposition denoting a relation of Origin; governing Obj.
Case "men."

Adjective of Quality; Pos. Degree; qual. the noun “men.”
Com. Noun; Plur. Num.; 3rd Pers.; Masc. Gen.; Obj. Case,
governed by the prep. " of."

CHAPTER V.

THE SENTENCE.-ITS MEMBERS.

THE various parts of the body are called its members. A member is a part of a structure or organism which has a definite position and function in relation to the whole of which it forms a part. Now every sentence is a unity of related parts, and has an individuality and character of its own. As regards its external form, it consists of at least two parts-a Subject and a Predicate -just as the human form exhibits a head and trunk. And as the body has limbs, so have all but the most rudimentary sentences. We now propose to examine a number of representative sentences with a view to ascertaining, more precisely, how many members the sentence may have, what those members are, and what are their functions.

We already know that the Subject may have an Enlargement, and the Predicate an Object, an Enlargement of the Object, a Complement, or an Extension, or all of these parts. The examination of the sentence, with which we began our investigation of speech in the first chapter, was, however, carried only as far as was necessary for the purpose then in hand, namely, to elicit the various functions of words. We must now carry our investigations further, and into greater detail. The broad features already recognised will, of course, remain constant; but several important usages and distinctions were intentionally held over for subsequent notice and treatment. These are now to be examined.

Before proceeding further the student should re-read carefully the first chapter, as a thorough knowledge of that chapter will now be assumed.

1. We frequently meet with such sentences as the following :Examples of the Dative Object.

1. Mary's father bought her a book.

2. He sent her a present on Christmas Day.
3. The postman brought her it.

4. Mary gave the postman sixpence.

5. We tell you the truth.

6. I asked them a question.

The student will notice that in its widest sense the Predicate includes every part of the sentence except the Subject and its Enlargement. This is called the logical Predicate.

We shall readily assign each of the words in the above sentences to its proper place in our scheme of analysis, except the words in italics. Where are these words to go? We must not put them in the extension, because they form an essential part of the predicate, in a sense in which extensions do not. They can, therefore, go only in the Object or in the Complement. Our definition of the Object indicates that it denotes some person or thing which must be named or denoted, as essential to the existence of the particular kind of activity represented by the verb; and the person or thing answering to this description is already denoted by the words book, present, it, sixpence, truth, and question. Yet things must either be bought for one person or another, although the buyer so generally purchases for himself that we do not mention the fact. Similarly, we cannot send or bring anything without sending it or bringing it to some person or place. The fourth sentence, however, is the best type of the construction exemplified above, and by noting carefully its peculiarities we shall discover the essential character of all such sentences. The word gave denotes an activity that can have no existence apart from something given, and some person to whom it is given. Now, of the two things it is of the first importance to have something to give, something that can be given; and we should have no hesitation in calling this the Object of the activity "giving." But as a person is also found to be essential before there can be any "giving," the word that denotes this person is also fitly called an Object. To distinguish one Object from the other, the ordinary Object is called the Direct Object, and the second, or less usual one, is called the Indirect Object, and sometimes the Dative Object.1

Exercise 13. Analyse the sentences in Groups A, B, and C, Section 13 (p. 255).

2. Let us next examine the following sentences:

Examples of the Indirect Object other than the Dative.

(a) After Transitive Verbs.

(b) After Intransitive Verbs.

From L. datum, given. The verb dare, datum, give, given, is the type of verbs requiring two Objects, one of which denotes the recipient of the thing denoted by the Direct Object.