Here we have added a modifying word to the subject, and looking merely to the number of words in the subject, we say the word added is an Enlargement of the Subject. We may, indeed, add a large number of modifying words to the same subject. Thus we may say:

Most healthy, energetic, little children | play.

However many words are added to the subject to modify it, they are called the enlargement of the subject. Each modifying word introduces some element of distinction, of quality, or of quantity we wish to note. Similarly the object may be enlarged. Thus:

An Enlargement of the Subject is any word or words added to particularise the person or thing denoted by the Subject, but qualifying the Subject only.

An Enlargement of the Object is any word or words added to particularise the person or thing denoted by the Object, but qualifying the Object only.

Exercise 3. Separate each sentence in Section 3, (p. 250), into Enlargement of Subject | Subject | Predicate | Object | Enlargement of Object.

Extension of the Predicate. We may also make changes in our original sentences by adding words which affect only the Predicate. Thus we may say :

A large number of modifying words may be thus added to a given predicate; as, for example:

Birds | fly | occasionally, for long distances, with great swiftness.

These additional words are called Extensions of the Predicate. The "extension," while increasing the number of words, introduces,

for the most part, a limitation as to time, place, manner, or degree; it shows the extent of our assertion by marking its limits.

An Extension of the Predicate is any word or words added to a complete Predicate to modify the assertion in respect to time, place, manner, purpose, or degree; or to strengthen, weaken, or deny the assertion; or to modify the assertion in any way. It modifies the Predicate only,

Exercise 4. Separate each sentence in Section 4, (p. 251), into Enlargement of Subject Subject | Predicate | Object Enlargement of Object Extension, as in the examples below,

Summary of Chapter I

Our observation and examination of ordinary speech have disclosed the following facts:

1. That words are the elements of speech, and that they are arranged in natural and complete groups called Sentences.

2. That every sentence consists of at least two parts: a Subject and a Predicate.

3. That some predicates require completing by an Object, and others by a Complement.

4. That the subject may have other words added to it, which words are called the Enlargement of the Subject. Similarly, words may be added to the Object forming an Enlargement of the Object.

5. That the Predicate may be modified by additional words, forming what is called the Extension of the Predicate.

The different parts or members of the sentence may be more readily exhibited to the eye in a tabular form, such as is used in "Analysis of Sentences." Some such form the student should adopt. A complete mastery of the principal parts of the sentence is a necessary preliminary to a successful study of the laws of speech; and the necessary familiarity with these parts can be acquired only by repeated exercise in analysing, or separating, the sentence thus into its parts.

The Principal Parts of the Sentence.

MODEL FOR THE ANALYSIS OF THE SIMPLE SENTENCE.

Questions on Chapter I.

1. State carefully the end aimed at in Grammar.

2. How are words and sentences related to speech?

3. Which are the two most important elements of the sentence?

4. Define the Subject, the Predicate, and the Object.

5. What is an Enlargement of the Subject, and an Extension of the Predicate?

WE have seen that every sentence consists of at least two parts, a Subject and a Predicate. Let us observe first what sort of words are employed as Subjects. Placing before us most of the words we have already had as subjects, we find they include the following:

Birds, fishes, cats, dogs, cows, children, bread, James.

We remember that each word denoted some person or thing (about which some assertion was made). And whenever we wish to speak about persons or things, we must denote them by some word which, in the first instance, must be what we in common language call a name; that is, a word used to denote a person or thing, and having no other function or use. Such a word is called a Noun.

Again, we found that some predicates require an Object to be named in order to complete the sense; and if we write down the words which denoted "objects" of activitics, we find the following:

Similarly, after is and are, we found in the Predicate the words

animals, food.

All these words denote persons or things, of which we say they are the names. These words, also, are therefore Nouns.

We will now define the Noun; that is, we will state exactly what a noun is.

Definition of the Noun. A Noun is the name of anything.

Examples. William, Mary, Smith, England, Thames, book, regiment, joy.

There are three words which we have had as subject or object which are not found in the above lists of words, namely, I, me, you.

Each of these words denotes a person, and so far each word resembles a noun. But not one of these words is the name of anyone. Each denotes a person already present to the mind, and whom it is unnecessary to name. The following sentences will show that there are many such words :

James is tall. He is always diligent. I notice him frequently. Ellen is a truthful girl who makes friends everywhere. She is very cheerful. We admire her. Philip won a prize. It is a book of travels.

Each of the words in thick type denotes a person or thing that has already been named, or is otherwise present to the mind of the speaker and listener.

These words are amongst the most useful in our language. It is evidently a great gain in clearness to refer to a person or thing as already before us. Such words are conveniently placed in a class by themselves, and are called Pronouns

Definition of the Pronoun. A Pronoun is a word which denotes some person or thing already named, or otherwise present to the mind of the speaker and hearer.

Examples. I, thou, he, she, it, who, that, them.

Questions. 1. What is a name? Give three examples of names of persons, three names of places, and four names of things,

2. Define the Noun. Write five sentences, each containing one or more nouns, and underline the nouns.

3. What is a Pronoun? How does it resemble a noun, and in what respect does it differ from a noun ?

4. Write five sentences each containing a pronoun (underline). 5. Collect twenty nouns and ten pronouns from the sentences in Sections 1 and 2, p. 250. Arrange in two columns.

Exercise 5. Analyse the sentences, Section 5, on p. 251, as shown in the model at the end of Chapter I.

Let us examine the predicates in the following sentences: