but feeble degree, but which may in this life be realized to perfection. This is the consummation of his teaching in these chapters, which wholly relate to the attainments, graces, and limitations of the present life, without a single intimation of the grander birthright of the immortal state. He holds that perfect love, and not immortality (p. 85), is the logical termination of the developed charismata of the Christian life, and that, therefore, the paragraph in question relates to the difference between the natural and the spiritual in the earthly sphere.

Studying the phrase "through a glass" in search of light, the author states that the "apostle appears simply to refer to a mirror by which images were reflected, and not any diaphanous and magnifying powers through which objects were perceived;" but the word "darkly" compels him to concede a reference to a diaphanous substance through which the vision penetrated. In other words, the apostle teaches that "now" the vision is obscure, indefinite; but “ then," the diaphanous medium being removed, it shall be "face to face." The author also detects in the statement "Then shall I know even as also I am known," a pivot on which to swing his interpretation, which seems to be used in the interest of a dogma, declaring that perfect mutual knowledge which is evidently taught is realizable in this life; a conclusion that neither philosophy, nor psychology, nor theology, nor experience will corroborate. If Christian experience is of any determining value, it is against every step the author has taken in the construction of this subject, for human knowledge on the part of spiritually-enlightened men is painfully incomplete. Christian Love, embodied in the most saintly lives, is by its very weakness a vaticination of its future glory, while our righteousness requires the constant application of the healing virtue of the atonement to rescue it from the contempt of men. The testimonies of learned men, whom the author quotes, his own included, do not confirm his interpretation, but make known the necessity of another life to perfect that which is imperfect here. Agreeing with the author in the necessity of growth in spiritual things, and justifying his use of this chapter in the enforcement of this duty, whereby a larger race of Christians may be produced, we must dissent on exegetical grounds from the interpretation he has so laboriously wrought out, and dismiss it with the conviction that it is not established.

Essays on the Work Entitled Supernatural Religion. Reprinted from the Contemporary Review. By J. B. LIGHTFOOT, D.D., Bishop of Durham. 8vo, pp. 324. New York: Macmillan & Co. Price, cloth, $2 50.

Several years ago a series of articles from the pen of Bishop Lightfoot appeared in the Contemporary Review, in answer to an anonymous work entitled Supernatural Religion. After some revision they are now presented to the public in the form of a book. It is seldom that such a venture is made, and were it not for the subject, which is never out of date, the book would have small chance of careful reading. The defense of New Testament truths, histories, and evidences from any view-point

is always timely, especially if in effect it overthrows any adverse critical conclusion, or makes clear some otherwise obscure testimory on the subject. The writer of Supernatural Religion did not directly impair faith in the New Testament, but his suspicions of patristic evidence were so plausibly enforced as to justify an exposure of their weakness, and, in some instances, irrelevancy. The English bishop meets scholarship with scholarship, sophistry with logic, and assumption with facts, establishing most conclusively the genuineness of the evidences of the first two centu ries of the Christian era concerning the New Testament books. In discussing the "silence of Eusebius," it is clearly shown that because sometimes the Christian father said nothing about a book it did not follow that he knew nothing about it, or that his silence was equivalent to a negation. So much has been made of the argument á silentio, that it is invigorating to one's feelings to find how easily it may be rendered invalid, especially when applied to patristic literature. Our author also sifts with energy and thoroughness the arguments of his opponent respecting the "Ignatian Epistles," the testimony of Polycarp, the records of Papias, and the "Diatessaron" of Tatian, showing the difference between suspicion and knowledge, fallacy and reason, error and truth, and leaving, on the whole, the entire catalogue of patristic evidence unimpaired and uninjured. The bishop takes no advantage of the critic that is not fairly his by the position he occupies, and exhibits only that measure of the controversial spirit that the subject inspires. The book derives some vivacity from the fact that it is in answer to an antagonistic view of early Christian testimony; and as it deals with questions with which the scholar should be familiar, it should not escape his attention, or lie unread in his library.

The Prophecies of Isaiah. Expounded by Dr. C. VON ORELLI, Author of Old Testament Prophecy. Basel. Translated by Rev. J. S. BANKS, Headingley College, Leeds. 8vo, pp. 348. New York: Scribner & Welford. Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark. Price, cloth, $3. Preliminarily, it is proper to say that Dr. Orelli is not wanting in a large degree of scholarship, and that his investigations of the Isaiahanic prophecies, as here published, show the mind of the student and the patience of one who means to find all the facts. If he had not been governed by a theory respecting the biblical books, it is probable that the results of his inquiries would have assumed a different form from that in which they are here presented. He accepts the so-called historical conclusions of Higher Criticism, interpreting Isaiah from that view-point, and thus misleads the reader and confuses his perceptions of the truth. Starting out with the idea of a double authorship of these prophecies, he seeks to conform his exegetical remarks to that idea, seemingly caring more for the startingpoint than the conclusion. He knows that Keil, Stier, Löhr, Delitzsch, Hävernick, and Hengstenberg have vindicated the single authorship of the book, but he prefers the exploded views of Gesenius, Knobel, Ewald, De Wette, and later of Dr. Cheyne. The arguments he advances for two books in one refute themselves in the minds of many scholars, and have

been refuted time and again by critics of conservative tendency. It is because of the swing of this book that we do not care to dwell upon features that otherwise would commend it to careful attention; and if one must know the weakness of the claims of the Higher Critics respecting Isaiah, perhaps a peep into this receptacle would satisfy him.

The Redemption of Man. Discussions Bearing on the Atonement. By D. W. SIMON, Ph.D. (Tüb.); Professor of Theology in the Congregational Theological Hall, Edinburgh; Author of The Bible an Outgrowth of Theocratic Life, etc. 8vo, pp. 440. Edinburgh, T. & T. Clark. New York: Scribner & Welford. Price, cloth, $3 60.

The atonement is a stupendous subject. It is not surprising that the more it is studied the more vital it appears as a constituent factor in the divine administration for the moral development of the race. The theologian who undertakes in a small treatise to unfold its spirit, methods, function, and results, finds himself embarrassed in the end for room for all that it suggests, and for that which is really essential to a faithful exposition of its primary import. Dr. Simon has avoided this mistake, and, though familiar with the prevailing and historic theories on the subject, he has mostly confined himself to an elucidation of the relation of the forgiveness of sins to atonement, the central fact after all in the study of the doctrine. This plan compels him to pursue a straightforward course to the end; and if he seemingly departs from it occasionally, it is to point out the defects of other writers along the same line, and so in the end more securely establish his own prepossession of the atonement. He does not agree with Dr. Charles Hodge, Anselm, or Albert Barnes; and yet he does not so differ from their conception of the facts involved as to put himself beyond the pale of that class of writers. Forgetting the theology of the writer, the reader will be strengthened in his faith that the atonement neutralizes sin; but just how the result is effected must remain among the mysteries. Of course the writer assumes that he is not under the influence of a theory, but this is pardonable, because, if not affected by the theory of others, he has constructed one of his own that is as evident as if he had announced it. The author is original, independent, and even inspiring.

By M. C. BRIGGS Cincinnati: Cranston

The Sabbath. What-Why-How-Day-Reasons-Mode. D.D. 12mo, pp. 188. New York: Hunt & Eaton. & Stowe. Price, cloth, 60 cents. This is a scholarly defense of the Christian Sabbath from the Hebrew and the Greek, from the laws and customs of the earliest nations, and from the laws, teachings, and customs of both the Old and the New Testaments. We know of no work of its kind that compresses so much information in so small a compass, or that in its argumentation is so free from sophistry, or that removes with such ease and grace the long-standing difficulties and objections that have been raised against the day which Christians every-where celebrate as the true Sabbath. It is a book of ammunition on the subject, and ought to go into every ministerial armory.

PHILOSOPHY, LANGUAGE, AND GENERAL SCIENCE.

Profit Sharing Between Employee and Employer. A Study on the Evolution of the Wages System. By NICHOLAS PAINE GILMAN. 12mo, pp. 460. Boston and New York: Houghton, Mifflin & Co. Price, cloth, $1.75.

J. H. von Thûnen has declared that "profit-sharing" is "the only salvation of the laboring class." If he had added that it is also the only safety of the capital class he had united two hemispheres of thought in a whole globe of truth. Mr. Gilman is perhaps the ablest apologist of this doctrine in the country, and, as he writes after a complete investigation of the subject in Europe and America, and justifies his conclusions in the most logical manner, he deserves to be studied and heeded by both parties concerned in the industrial problem. He found in France a remedy for social troubles in what is called "participation," and in England the same thing under the name of "industrial partnership; " but neither differs from what is known in Germany and America as "profit sharing.” He considers the remedy in its practical application in these countries in all industries, from the manufacture of paper to iron, brass, and steel factories, and even in the insurance and banking business of the great cities. If the principle of "participation" is right as applied to industrial enterprises why should it not include all business and all forms of activity and benevolence? The extension of the principle to every form of business will result in the reconstruction of society, and will indicate the progress of civilization toward a humane and fraternal condition. The author, however, is chiefly solicitous that the principle obtain recognition and practice in the industrial world, as the best if not only means of uniting classes liable to variance and hostility. M. Leclaire, a Parisian house-painter and decorator, applied the principle forty years ago, to the great advantage of workmen, and there is no reason why it should not prevail to-day every-where. Mr. Gilman is a concrete writer, a gatherer of facts; he is also scientific enough to assort them and group them in their proper relation to the subject he is considering. His examples or illustrations of the working of the doctrine are proofs of its availability, and whatever public opinion or legislation may be necessary to install the doctrine in American life should be secured at an early day as possible. We pronounce the book instructive, and helpful.

Essentials of Elocution and Oratory. By VIRGIL A. PINKLEY, Director of the Department of Elocution in the College of Music of Cincinnati, and formerly Professor of Sacred Oratory in Lane Theological Seminary. 12mo, pp. 471. Cincinnati: Cranston & Stowe. New York: Phillips Hunt. Cloth, $1 25. A practical and suggestive book on elocution may be as useful to the minister as a work on theology or metaphysics, and in some instances should for a time supersede the study of higher things. The voice is as much the subject of culture as memory, conscience, or any faculty of mind or heart. The elocutionist has a mission; the public speaker should heed his instructions as the pupil heeds the grammarian, or the student the music teacher. We commend it in the highest terms.

HISTORY, BIOGRAPHY, AND TOPOGRAPHY.

Memoirs of Napoleon Bonaparte. By LOUIS ANTOINE FAUVELET DE BOURRIENNE, his Private Secretary. To which are added an Account of the Important Events of the Hundred Days, of Napoleon's Surrender to the English, and of his Residence and Death at St. Helena, with Anecdotes and Iullstrative Extracts from all the Most Authentic Sources. Edited by R. W. PHIPPS, Colonel Late Royal Artillery. New and Revised Edition, with Numerous Illustrations. In four volumes. 12mo, pp. 401, 408, 397, 434. New York: Thomas G. Crowell & Co. Price, cloth, $5; cloth, gilt top, $6; half calf, $12.

Bourrienne's Memoirs have been before the public for fifty years, and have stood the test of sifting, analysis, comparison, and all the criticisms germane to history, biography, and authorship. That they have increased in favor during this long period is proof of the truthfulness of Prince Metternich's statement, that they "are the only authentic memoirs of Napoleon which have as yet appeared." The author, as the private secretary of Napoleon, as a studious observer of his chief, and as a thinker of profound discrimination, enjoyed the advantage of a rare position in the preparation of these volumes; and, seeking only to reproduce the career of "the man of destiny," the idol of France and the terror of Europe, he has accomplished his task with great fidelity and seeming impartiality. Unlike many biographers, Bourrienne sinks himself in his subject, projecting into the greatest prominence the hero of whom he writes, and hides himself behind the screen. Napoleon is thus ever in the foreground, as youth, as student in the military college, as traveler, as officer, as general, and as the ruler of France. We see him in his slippers, on his horse, at the head of armies, sailing on the seas, sleeping, eating, writing letters, fighting battles, dictating to nations, driven from Russia, defeated at Waterloo, dying at St. Helena-all portrayed with marvelous skill, simplicity, and completeness, and in such a way as to show that Napoleon, with all his greatness, was, nevertheless, human, infirın, and the victim of temptations and sins. Bourrienne is careful to avoid extravagance of veneration and excess of eulogy in describing the character and career of Napoleon. His historical sense confines him to realities, and his biographical sense will not permit much speculation, or an unbosomed revelation of his secret affection for one whom he knew so well. He is faithful to the facts as they came under his observation, and as he can support them by documentary evidence. It is this calm and truthful representation of Napoleon, with his vices as well as virtues, his love of trifles as well as his masterly conception of great ideals, his lust as well as his sober judgment and pursuits, his temper and impatience as well as his solid acquirements and purposes, that elevates the work above biographies in general, and above those that have attempted to characterize Napoleon as the hero of modern history. Napoleon has been considered the enigma of history, a character foretold in the Scriptures, and a man of marvelous genius and enterprise; but while his biographer makes plain the elements of his greatness he also clears it of mystery, and obliterates all ground for hero-worship in this case. We serve our readers