redintegrative process. If the elasticity is great, the feelings, including their specific pleasure and pain, will be acute; but, the rapidity of redintegration being great also, the general modes of pleasure will be great, and the total result on the whole pleasureable. If the elasticity is small, the feelings with their specific pleasure and pain will be less acute, but the rapidity of redintegration being small will cause the general modes of pleasure to be less, or even to pass into general modes of pain. In this case the total result will be less pleasureable or more painful than in the former case.

4. Let us now turn to the conscious side of the phenomena of spontaneous redintegration. In the first place, what is the distinction in terms of consciousness between specific and general modes of pleasure and of pain? It was found in §§ 8. 9. and other places of the present work, that there were certain feelings which were general or common to other more specific feelings, although they took their character from these, which they pervaded. The feelings in question may be thus enumerated: pleasure, pain; sense of effort greater or less; cheerfulness, gloom; energy, depression of energy. All these are general feelings with respect to the specific feelings in which they arise, or which they pervade; but pleasure and pain are such wide terms that they may be said to pervade all the rest in their turn, even the general feelings now enumerated, and to borrow from each of them a specific character, just as all alike borrow a specific character from the feelings still more specific. It becomes necessary therefore to distinguish in pleasure and pain themselves two modes, one general, the other specific, the specific being borrowed from

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the more specific feeling with which it is bound up. All presentative perceptions are, and all remote obThe laws of jects of perception consist of, such specific feelings. redintegration. The emotions also and their frameworks bear a similar specific character. Each of these specific feelings is also, one more, one less, pleasureable or painful; and this pleasure and pain are inseparably bound up with the perception to which they belong, and take their character from it; for instance, the pleasure of a sweet, the pain of a sour taste; the pleasure of the emotion of benevolence or of anger; the pain of the emotion of fear or of wounded vanity. The pleasures and pains, being inseparable from the perceptions they belong to, must be conceived as depending upon the same nerve movements as the perceptions. But the general modes of pleasure and pain, which may be distinguished as pleasures of cheerfulness, energy, effort minimised or resistance overcome, and as pains of gloom, depression of energy, effort unsuccessful or resistance not overcome,-these, having no special representational framework, no special but a general feeling, to which they are attached, seem to depend upon the nerve movements themselves, and to vary according to the ease, vigour, or obstructed energy, of these movements.

5. There are then two kinds of pleasures and pains, general and specific, the general being the evidence and the measure of nerve activity, the specific being the evidence of the kind of states of consciousness which the redintegrative activity has the tendency to produce. But let us abstract for the present from the greater or less degrees of nerve energy, which nevertheless have a most important influence on redintegration, and endeavour to discover whether

there are any general facts, or laws, relating to the order in which the states of consciousness follow each other in all cases of redintegration. It must be remembered that in ordinary waking life states of purely spontaneous redintegration are of very brief duration; they are always preceded and followed by presentative perception and by voluntary redintegration, of which latter they form the basis, so that they are interwoven, as it were, with interruptions of presentation and volition. Dreams and reveries are the only phenomena in which spontaneous redintegration even apparently occurs in long uninterrupted sequences, and even in these we can seldom be sure that presentations do not interfere, in the shape of modifications sent up through the sympathetic system of nerves, or even through those of the cerebrospinal system.

6. This being the case, an attempt to indicate general laws of purely spontaneous redintegration can be regarded only, in the present state of physiological knowledge, as hypothetical. If we look to the phenomena of dreams, in which the strangeness and variety of the images, and of the connections between them, are so immense, it seems as if the nerve movements worked in ceaseless activity in the production of images and feelings in which no traces of regularity, no succession of similar features by similar, were discoverable. But here we must again remember that we are not able to isolate the phenomena of purely spontaneous redintegration from the influences derived from or through the lower parts of the nervous organism. Consequently dreams offer the least sure ground for the special question before us. Waking dreams or reveries are a more certain field,

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because we are more likely to be aware of bodily or physical changes which may influence them; and these with the brief intervals of purely spontaneous redinredintegration. tegration in daily life must furnish us with indications for our hypothesis, and supply its justification. (See on the subject of dreams the Note at the end of this Chapter.)

7. With these explanations I am inclined to adopt the following view of the general laws of spontaneous redintegration, in place of the similar but imperfect analysis offered in "Time and Space," Chap. v. First as to the recurrence of images, in which term for brevity's sake I shall suppose included the feelings which pervade them: 1st, an image or a sequence of images tends to recur in proportion to its vividness; 2nd, an image or a sequence of images tends to recur in proportion to its previous frequency or habitualness ; 3rd, an image or a sequence of images tends to recur, in a healthy state of the nervous organism, in proportion to the degree of specific pleasure which it possesses for us, and, in unhealthy states, in proportion to the degree of specific interest, which may be of a more or less painful kind. Here then are three variables, three tendencies of nerve movements, distinguished by the states of consciousness which they support, the resultant of which in combination will be the course actually taken by spontaneous redintegrations. The two first tendencies may be called the tendencies to fixity or sameness in sequences of redintegration, the third the tendency to change the order which they would establish. The mode of operation in which these three tendencies combine to produce the actual order of a sequence in redintegration may be thus conceived: A vivid image occupies

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the mind, and the image which has been most habitually connected with it arises and accompanies it; now, were the movements evidenced by vividness and habit the only movements in redintegration, we redintegration. should keep going backwards and forwards from one to the other, never leaving one train of images; the movements once set on foot would repeat themselves for ever, unless modified by new presentations; some movement causing change in the sequences must be present, counteracting those which tend to sameness, since it is clear that trains of purely representative redintegration show a great variety of direction, and are fertile in new images. I suppose therefore that these movements are those which are evidenced by some pleasure or interest in the images of the sequence, the interesting or pleasing images being thus brought into prominence, and those which were habitual or vivid made fainter. Yet no sooner have the movements upon which pleasing or interesting images depend deflected the opposite, and given a new turn to the combined, movements, than these opposite movements react, and bring into prominence an image which is either the most habitual companion of the pleasing one now present, or which makes up for a less degree of habitual connection by its own vividness. We must distinguish, therefore, in the order of redintegration the movements which support and are evidenced by specific pleasures and interests, whether these are in emotions or in their frameworks, as the instruments and exponents of change in a course of representations which would otherwise be governed by the vividness of particular images and by the habitualness of connection between them.