Eyes, hide my love and do not show

To any but to her my notes,

Who only doth that cipher know;

Wherewith we pass our secret thoughts.

Daniel. Song from Second Chorus.

Therefore God, to confute him, and to bring him to his native cypherhood, threatened to bring a sword against him and all his glory that should strip him of all his excellencies he valued himself by, and should slay him.

Goodwin. Works, vol. v. p. 443.

His father [Lord Clarendon] apprehending of what fatal consequences it would have been to the king's affairs, if his correspondence had been discovered by unfaithful secretaries, engaged him when very young to write all his letters to England in cipher; so that he was generally half the day writing in cypher or decyphering, and was so discreet, as well as faithful, that nothing was ever discovered by him. Burnet. Own Time, an. 1667.

Yet he was kind, or, if severe in ought,
The love he bore to learning was in fault;
The village all declared how much he knew;
'Twas certain he could write and cypher too.

Goldsmith. Deserted Village.
Attend at councils which I must not weigh,
Do what they bid; and what they dictate say;
Enrob'd, and hoisted up into my chair,
Only to be a royal cipher there.-Churchill. Gotham, b. iii.
CIRC.
Lat. Circus; Fr. Cirque, a
CIRCE'NSIAN. place in Rome, wherein the
people sat to behold plays, games, and public
exercises. Also applied, generally, to any space
of a circular form. See CIRCLE.

He [Claudius] gave order that for his grandmother Livia, there should by decree be graunted divine honours; as also in the stately pompe of the Cirque solemnities, a chariot drawn with elephants, like unto that of Augustus: semblably; for the soules of his owne parents departed, dirges, and funerall feasts: and more than so, particularly in the honour of his father, Cirque-plaies and games every yeere upon his birthday; and in memoriall of his mother, a coach to be led and drawne along through the cirque: and the surname of Augusta, which by his grandmother was refused.

Holland. Suetonius, p. 158.

The poet says, that whiles the degenerating Romans had left one kind of baseness, they were fallen to another, a servile sloth: caring for no publick affairs, or the glory of their country; but, so they might have but victuals and pleasure, the pleasure of the Circensian shews, too basely they reckon'd themselves in a happy case. Holyday. Illust. of Juvenal, Sat. 10.

What injury did Neptune suffer, when he [Augustus] displaced his image in the Circensian games, because he had an ill voyage at sea.-Stillingfleet, vol. i. Ser. 10.

See the Cirque falls, th' unpillar'd temple nods,
Streets pav'd with heroes, Tyber choak'd with gods:
Till Peter's keys some christen'd Jove adorn,
And Pan to Moses lends his pagan horn.

Pope. Dunciad, b. iii.
Circs of the same sort [of rude stones] are still to be seen
in Cornwall, so famous at this day for the athletic art.
Warton. Hist. of Eng. Poetry, Diss. 1.

CIRCLE, v.
CIRCLE, n.
CIRCLED, adj.
CIRCLER.
CIRCLET.
CIRCLING, n.
CIRCULE, v.
CIRCULATE, v.
CIRCULATION.
CIRCULATORY.
CIRCULATO'RIous.
CIRCULAR.

CIRCULARY.

CIRCULA'RITY.

CIRCULARLY.

CIRCULINE.

CIRCULING, n.

Fr. Cercle, circuler; It.
Circolo, circolare; Sp. Cir-
culo, circular; Lat. Circu-
lus; Gr. KUKλOS; Lat.
Circus;
Gr. Kipkos. Of
uncertain origin. To circle,
is-

By the grieuous complayntes of our liege subiects concerning traffiques, as it were circularwise too and fro both our dominions, we have often beene aduertised that in regard of diuers iniuries and damages, &c.

Hackluyt. Voyages, vol. i. p. 159.

Thus, like Medea, sate she in her cell,
Which she had circled with her potent charmes,
From thence all hind'rance clearly to expel.

Drayton. The Baron's Wars, b. iii.

When Thirsil on a gentle rising hill
(Where all his flock he round might feeding view)
Sits down, and, circled with a lovely crew
Of nymphs and shepherd-boys, thus 'gan his song renew.
P. Fletcher. The Purple Island, c. 2.
Speak ye, who best can tell, ye sons of light
Angels, for ye behold him, and with songs
And choral symphonies, day without night,
Circle his throne rejoicing.-Milton. Paradise Lost, b. v.
Lo! there th' unthankful swallow takes her rest,
And fills the tunnell with her circled nest.

Bp. Hall, Sat. 2.

Nor so begin, as did that circler late,
I sing a noble warre and Priam's fate.
What doth this promiser such gaping worth
Afford?

B. Jonson. Horace. Art of Poetrie.
"Royally clad," quoth he, "in cloth of gold,
As meetest may beseeme a noble mayd:
Her faire lockes in rich circlet be enrold,
A fayrer wight did neuer Sunne behold."

Spenser. Faerie Queene, b. iii. c. 5.
Fairest of starrs, last in the train of night,
If better thou belong not to the dawn,
Sure pledge of day, that crownst the smiling morn
With thy bright circlel, praise him in thy sphere
While day arises, that sweet hour of prime.

The lungs of vipers, and other creatures (whose hearts and whose blood, even whilst it circulates, we have always found, as to sense, actually cold) may give us just occasion to enquire a little more warily, whether the great use of respiration be to cool the heart.-Boyle. Works, vol. ii. p. 69.

When we hear the sound of a bell or cannon a great way off, the tremulous vibrations of the air, like the cirelings of the water, when a stone is flung into it, are from thence continually propagated to our ears or acoustick nerves, the undulations still growing the wider and the weaker, the farther they go.-Cudworth. Immutable Morality, p. 77.

Others argued for it; that the credit it would have must increase trade and the circulation of money at least in bank notes.-Burnet. Own Time, an. 1693.

It is in the nature of things, that they who are in the
centre of a circle, should appear directly opposed to those,
who view them from any part of the circumference.
Burke. Appeal from the New to the Old Whigs.

For when thy folding star arising shows
His paly circlet, at his warning lamp

The fragrant hours, and elves,

Who slept in buds the day,

And many a nymph who wreathes her brows with sedge,
And sheds the freshening dew, and lovelier still,
The pensive pleasures sweet,
Prepare thy shadowy car.

Collins. Ode to Evening.

As every one is pleased with the imagining that he knows something not yet commonly divulged, secret history easily gains credit; but it is for the most part believed only while it circulates in whispers; and when once it is openly told, is openly confuted.-Rambler, No. 144.

They may want address to watch the hints, which conversation offers for the display of their particular attainments, or they may be so much unfurnished with matter on common subjects, that discourse not professedly literary glides over them as heterogeneous bodies, without admitting their conceptions to mix in the circulation.-Id. No. 14. Borde's circulatory peregrinations in the quality of a The two young boyes, Meliones, if their world circling quack-doctor, might have furnished more ample materials sire, for an English topography. (Great Neptune) had not saft their lives.

Milton. Paradise Lost, b. v.
And I had slaughter'd then

Chapman. Homer. Iliad, b. xi.
Our God, when heaven and earth he did create,
Form'd man, who should of both participate;
If our lives' motions theirs must imitate,
Our knowledge, like our blood, must circulate.

Denham. The Progress of Learning.

Sun, stars, and all on earth it hurrieth
To each point of itself so far as 't circuleth.
And where it lighteth on advantages,
Its circulings grow sensible.

Circuit is applied especially to the portion of the kingdom round or about More. On the Soul, b. iii. c. 1. which the judges go, at certain periods, to per

Her virtues do, as to their proper sphere,
Return to dwell with you, of whom they were:
As perfect motions are all circular;
So they to you, their sea, whence less streames are.
Donne. To the Lady Bedford.
Which rule must serve for the better vnderstanding of
that which Damascene hath touching crosse and circularie
speeches, wherein there are attributed to God such things
as belong to manhood, and to man such as properly concerne
the Deitie of Christ Jesus, the cause whereof is the asso-
ciation of natures in one subject.-Hooker. Eccles. Pol. b. v.

And he that challenged the boldest hand unto the picture
of an echo, must laugh at this attempt, not only in the
description of invisibility, but circumscription of ubiquity,
and fetching under lines incomprehensible circularity.
Brown. Vulgar Errours, b. v. c. 21.
To go round, to sur- The Burien trophy is nineteen stones, circularly disposed,
round, to enclose, to en- and in the middle, one much exceeding the rest in great-
compass; to move roundness.-Drayton. Poly-Olbion. Illustrations of Song 1.

or about, so as to return
to the point from which
motion commenced. And
thus (met.)—

To circulate, (sc.) a rumour, a report, is to carry it round or about, to spread it around or about; to disperse, to scatter.

The cercles of his eyen in his hed
They gloweden betwixen yelwe and red.

Chaucer. The Knightes Tale, v. 2133.
There as he slepte,

And efte with water, whiche she kepte,
She made a circle about hym thries,
And efte with fire of sulpher twies.-Gower. Con. A. b. v.

Whose heads forgrowen with pine, circled alway
With misty cloudes beaten with wind and storme.
Surrey. Virgile. Æneis, b. iv.

Wherefore in as moche as in an oratour is required to be
a heape of all manner of lernynge, whiche of some is called
the worlde of science, of other the circle of doctrine, whiche
is in one worde of Greeke ENCYCLOPEDIA; therefore at
this daye, may be founden but a very fewe oratours.
Sir T. Elyot. Governour, b. i. c. 13.

Varnish'd with the ray

Of that clear light, with motion circuline,
Let turn about and stir up sounds divine,
That sweetly may affect th' attentive eare.

More. On the Soul, b. iii. c. 2.
There is no place of public resort, wherein I do not often
make my appearance; sometimes I am seen thrusting my
head into a round of politicians at Wills', and listening with
great attention to the narratives that are made in those
little circular audiences.-Spectator, No. 1.

We may also with S. Irenæus observe that Jesus in per-
forming his cures, and other miraculous works, did never
use any profane, silly, phantastick ceremonies; any such
unaccountable methods or instruments, as magicians, divi-
ners, circulatorious juglers, and such emissaries of the
Devil, or self-seeking impostours are wont to use.
Barrow, vol. ii. Ser. 20.

They wear but few cloaths; their heads are circled with
a short turban, fringed or laced at both ends; it goes once
about the head, and is tied in a knot, the laced ends hanging
down.-Dampier. Voyages, an. 1686.

Besides, whatever battles may cost, the resources of men
are so great in Germany, that they can never fail whilst
Spain and Holland can furnish the money, or the several
circles of the empire continue animated in the quarrel.
Sir William Temple. Letters.

form certain official functions.

Circuitous is opposed to-direct, straight.

He then vysyted and circued his lande i ministryng iustyces to all persones.-Fabyan, vol. i. c. 34.

The fyre that brenneth in mount Ethna, doth not so gre damage to them that dwell in Scicile, as one yl woma dooeth in the circuite of Rome.-Golden Boke, c. 36.

Yf we suffre to be assayled, it is of trouth this towne i grete in cyrcute and of small defence, it wyl be harde for v to attende to euery place. Berners. Froissart. Cronycle, vol. ii. c. 52

So the circuit or compasse of Ireland is 1800 miles, whic is 200 lesse than Cæsar doth reckon or accompt. Stow. A Description of England Whether the thieves condemned by any circuiter corrupte have done more villanies than their judge.

Whitelock. Manners of England, (1654,) p. 51

If there be no injury that more exasperates than contem nor no contempt that more provokes than that which offen directly and immediately, (the affronters thereby proclain ing, that they are neither ashamed nor afraid of angering how provoking may we think that crime, which makes G the subject of our derision; and that with so little circuitio as to abuse that word, which he so solemnly declared mind by to mankind.-Boyle. Works, vol. ii. p.

307.

But your circuit will at least procure you one of the greate of temporal blessings, health. What an advantageous cumstance is it, for one that loves rambling so well, to b grave and reputable rambler ? While (like your fell circuiteer, the sun) you travel the round of the earth, a behold all the iniquities under the heavens!

Pope. To Mr.. (On the Circu Upon this, the chief began to mutter something whic supposed was a prayer; and the two men, who carried pigs, continued to walk round me all the time, making least a dozen circuits before the other had finished oration.-Cook. Voyage, vol. vi. b. iii. c. 11.

Citizens are in state of utter ignorance of the means which they are to be fed, and they contribute little nothing, except in an infinitely circuitous manner, to t own maintenance.-Burke. Thoughts &c. on Scarcity

A sweet river, which after twenty little miles circumgyring, or playing to and fro, discharges itself into the ocean. Sir T. Herbert. Travels, p. 43.

Since that philosopher seems the rather to make the earth an animal and a God, because of its diurnal circumgyration upon its own axis, we may conclude that afterwards when in his old age, (as Plutarch records from Theophrastus) he gave entertainment also to that other part of the Pythagorick hypothesis, and attributed to the earth a planetary Cudworth. Intellectual System, p. 235.

annual motion likewise about the sun.

When wood and many other bodies do petrifie either by the sea, other waters, or earths abounding in such spirits: we do not usually ascribe their induration to cold, but rather unto salinous spirits, concretive juices, and causes circumjacent, which do assimilate all bodies, not indisposed for their impressions.-Brown. Vulgar Errours, b. ii. c. 1.

Be this understood of the continued part of this shire, which otherwise hath snips and shreds cut off from the whole cloth, and surrounded with the circumjacent countries, even some in Oxfordshire distanced, by Gloucestershire in

terposed.-Fuller. Worthies. Worcestershire.

The partition of Poland offered an object of spoil, in which the parties might agree; they were circumjacent; and each might take a portion convenient to his own territory. Burke. On a Regicide Peace, Let. 2. CIRCUMJO VIAL. The satellites or moons, which attend around the planet Jupiter.

This is well known among the circumjovials for instance, that they all have a slow and gradual progress, first towards one, then back again towards the other pole of Jupiter. Derham. Astro. Theol. b. iv. c. 5. CIRCUMLOCUTION.) Fr. Circonlocution; CIRCUMLOCUTORY. It. Circonlocuzione ; Sp. Circunlocucion; Lat. Circumloqui, to speak around, circuitously, not straight forward, direct to the purpose; from circum, and locutus, past part. of loqui, to speak. Circumlocution, old G. Douglas calls-aboutspeach.

A circuitous speech or expression. quotation from Wilson.

See the

Circumlocution is a large description, either to set forth a thing more gorgeously or els to hide it, if the eares can not beare the open speaking; or, when with fewe words we cannot open our meaning, to speake it more largely.

Wilson. The Arte of Rhetorique, p. 178.

I thoughte it rather better to seke the edification of the playne vnlearned by playne termyng of wordes, than by tedious circumlocution to make a paraphrase vpon paraphrase.-Udal. Prologue to Ephesians.

Indeed that most general one [proposition] what is, is, may serve sometimes to show a man the absurdity he is guilty of, when by circumlocution, or equivocal terms, he would in particular instances, deny the same thing of itself; because no body will so openly bid defiance to common sense, as to affirm visible and direct contradictions in plain words, or if he does, a man is excused, if he breaks off any farther discourse with him.-Locke. On Underst. b. iv. c. 7.

Periphrase is another great aid to prolixity; being a diffused circumlocutory manner of expressing a known idea, which should be so mysteriously couched, as to give the reader the pleasure of guessing what it is, that the author can possibly mean, and a strange surprise when he finds it. Pope. Martinus Scriblerus, c. 8.

The whole compass of the language is tried to find synonimes and circumlocutions for massacre and murder. Things are never called by their common names. Massacre is sometimes agitation, sometimes effervescence, sometimes excess, sometimes too continued an exercise of revolutionary power. Burke. Pref. to M. Brissot's Address to his Constituents. CIRCUMMU'RE. Lat. Circum, and murus, or mærus, a walk. See IMMURE.

As used by Shakespeare it is equivalent towalled around, surrounded by a wall.

Isab. He hath a garden circummur'd with bricke, Whose western side is with a vineyard back't.

Thus having circumnavigated the whole earth, let the ship no longer be termed the Desire, but the Performance. He [Cavendish] was the third man, and second Englishman of such universal undertakings.-Fuller. Worthies. Suffolk.

Of how infinite advantage it hath been to these two or
three last ages,-the resolving experimentally those ancient
problems of the spherical roundness of the earth, of the being
of antipodes, of the habitableness of the torrid zone, and the
rendering the whole terraqueous globe circumnavigable, do
abundantly demonstrate.-Ray. On the Creation, pt. i.

His [Magalhaens] ship, called the Victory, was the first
that circumnavigated the globe; and the only one of his
squadron that surmounted the dangers and distresses which
attended his heroic enterprise.
Cook. Introd. to Second Voyage, vol. iii.
His [Howard's] plan is original; and it is as full of genius
as it is of humanity. It was a voyage of discovery, a circum-
navigation of charity.

Then staid the fervid wheels, and in his hand
He took the golden compasses prepar'd
In God's eternal store, to circumscribe
This universe, and all created things.

Milton. Paradise Lost, b. vii

For the circumscription of a thing is nothing else but the determination or defining of its place, and so both the tearmes of distinction are the same.

More. Immortality of the Soul, b. i. c. 10.

In so much as Cyril can say, if the Deitie itselfe were capable of partition, it must be a bodie, and if it were a bodie, it must needs be in a place, and have quantitie and magnitude; and, thereupon, should not auoid circumscription.-Bp. Hall. The Old Religion, pt. ii. s. 3.

sence.

When God speaks by his prophet, he never speaks in the first person, thereby signifying his Majesty and OmnipreHe would have said, I hate putting away, saith the Lord; and not sent word by Malachi in a sudden fall'n stile, The Lord God saith that he hateth putting away: that were a phrase to shrink the glorious Omnipresence of God speak

Burke. Speech at Bristol previous to the Election.
They [the Spaniards] were the second nation that dared
the extent of the Pacific Ocean, and the second circumnavi-ing into a kind of circumscriptive absence.
gators of the globe.-Johnson. Faulkland Islands.

CIRCUMPLEXION. Lat. Circumplecti, to
fold around, to enfold or embrace; from circum,
and plexus, the past part. of plectere, (Gr.ПIAEK-E,)
to knit together, to connect, to clasp, to embrace.
I wot not what circumplexions and environments.
Holland. Plutarch, p. 827.

Tis true it was after his fall, but before he was turned out of Paradise, that he made himself his fig-leaf circumplexion, which, being rough and fretting, was but a kind of gentler curricomb.-Fellham, pt. ii. Resolve 53.

Milton. Tetrachordon.

These words, taken circumscriptly, without regard to any precedent law of Moses, or attestation of Christ himself, or without care to preserve those his fundamental and superior laws of nature and charity, to which all other ordinances

give up their seals, are as much against plain equity and the
mercy of religion as those words of Take, eat, this is my
body, elementally understood, are against nature and sense.
Id. Doctrine of Divorce.

Nor were those blustering brethren left at large,
On seas and shores their fury to discharge:
Bound as they are, and circumscrib'd, in place,
They rend the world, resistless, where they pass.
Dryden. Ovid. Metam. b. i.
However, if it be the office of those who are thus circum-

CIRCUMPOSITION. Lat. Circumponere, to put or place around or about; circum, and positus, stanced, to take a decided part, it is no less their duty that

the past part. of ponere, to place or put.

A placing or putting round or about.
Now is your time for circumposition by tubs or baskets
of earth, and for laying of branches to take root.
Evelyn. Kalendarium, February.

We see that the water may be easily deprived of its fluidity
by the circumposition of snow and salt, and reduced to be
fluid again by the sun.-Boyle. Works, vol. ii. p. 599.

CIRCUMROTATION. Į Lat. Circum, and
CIRCUMROTATORY.
rota, a wheel; which
Vossius thinks is from 'Pole, cum impetu ferri,
to be forced along; to be whirled about.
A wheeling around.

The power of agitation upon the spirits is well known;
every man has felt his heart lightened in a rapid vehicle, or
on a galloping horse; and nothing is plainer than that he
who towers to the fifth story, is whirled through more space
by every circumrotation, than another that grovels upon
the ground-floor.-Rambler, No. 117.

A great many tunes, by a variety of circumrotatory flourishes, put one in mind of a lark's descent to the ground.

Shenstone.

CIRCUMSAILED. Compounded of the Lat.
Circum, and Eng. Sail.

To sail around, to circumnavigate.
But, moderns, yee (of whom are some
Haue circum-sail'd the earth)
Here pardon vs your sailes, and giue
Your proper praises bearth.

Warner. Albion's England, b. xi. c. 63.
Fr. Circonscrire ;
CIRCUMSCRIBE, v.

CIRCUMSCRIPTION. It. Circoscrivere; Sp.

CIRCUMSCRIPTIVE.
CIRCUMSCRIPTIVELY.

Circunscribir; Lat.
Circumscribere,

to

grave around; from circum, and scribere, which
Vossius thinks is from Γραφ-ειν, to grave.

To grave, or write around, (sc.) certain lines,
limits, or bounds; and thus, to limit or bound, to
confine.

For God is as myghtie in the stable as in the teple. And as he is not comprehensyble nor circumscribed no where, so is he present euery where.-Sir T. More. Workes, p. 121.

And where the one natiuitie and eke the other can not be
in worde expressed, whether it be his eternall generaciō of
his father, whiche from euer was withoute circumscription
of tyme, or that, &c.-Udal. Acts, c. 8.

Gest. How is the bodie of Christ in heauen, and how is the
sacrament, whether circumscriptively or definitively?
Glen. The bodie of Christ is in heauen circumscriptiuelie,
but not so in the sacrament.

Fox. Martyrs. A Disp. about the Sacrament, an. 1549.
Ar. They that before like gnats playd in his beames,
And throng'd to circumscribe him, now not see!
Nor deigne to hold a common seat with him.

B. Jonson. Sejanus, Act v.

it should be a sober one. It ought to be circumscribed by the same laws of decorum, and balanced by the same temper, which bound and regulate all the virtues.

Burke. Observations on a late State of the Nation.

If the spectator can be once persuaded that his old acquaintance are Alexander and Cæsar, that a room illuminated with candles is the plain of Pharsalia, or the banks of Granicus, he is in a state of elevation above the reach of reason, or of truth, and from the heights of empyrean poetry may despise the circumscriptions of terrestrial nature. Johnson. Preface to Shakespeare.

To look around; to search around; and thus to examine, or observe, carefully, cautiously; to be watchful, vigilant, attentive. See the extract from Sir T. Elyot.

He is lyke to a prouydent and circumspect buylder, that buildeth his house not for a vaine braggue or shewe onelye, nor to serue hym for a short while and no longer: but for a firmenesse and stedfastnesse to stande and endure without peryshyng agaynste any blousterous storme or tempeste to come.-Udal. Luke, c. 6.

Why should they dispayre eyther of theyr own prowesse o his circumspectnes.-Goldyng. Cæsar, p. 31.

And that may be welle called circumspection, whiche s nyfieth as moche, as beholdynge on euery part, what is we and sufficiente, what lacketh, howe, and from whens it ma be prouided.-Sir T. Elyot. Governovr, b. i. c. 23.

And this man vseth hymselfe in thys place therefor verye circumspectlye for this poynt in this chapiter, wher h speaketh of heretikes after his iiii. sortes of folke before. Sir T. More. Workes, p. 94

But I have learned that the body of Christ is in the sacr ment, but not locallie nor circumspectiuelie, but after a vnspeakeable maner vnknowne to man.

Fox. Martyrs. A Disput. about the Sacrament, an. 154
His swelling blood exhales, and therefore hear
What gives my temperate brother cause to use
His readiest circumspection, and consult
For remedy against all his wicked purposes.

Beaum. & Fletch. The Bloody Brother, Act iii. sc.
So all ere day-spring, under conscious night
Secret they finish'd, and in order set,
With silent circumspection unespi'd.

Milton. Paradise Lost, b. She so maturely and circumspectly opposed herself agai the hostile designs of them and others, that from this ti she was to her friends an admiration, and a terrour to foes.-Camden. Elizab, an. 1560.

Travel is reputed a proper means to create men wise, and a possible to make them honest, because it forces circumspectness on those abroad, who at home are nursed in security. Reliquia Wottonianæ, p. 90.

How can man think to act his ill unseen, when God shall, like the air, be circumspicuous round about him? it is not possible that such a Majesty should either not defend the innocent, or permit an ill unpunished.-Feltham, pt. i. Res. 98.

However it happened, I found it agreed by all the most diligent and circumspect inquiries I could make, that in the years sixty-nine and seventy there was hardly any foreign trade among them, besides that of the Indies, by which the traders made the returns of their money without loss.

Sir W. Temple. On the United Provinces, c. 7.

Not one looks backward, onward still he goes,
Yet ne'er looks forward further than his nose.
Nor less alike the politic and wise:
All sly, slow things, with circumspective eyes,
Men in their loose unguarded hours they take,
Not that themselves are wise, but others weak.

Pope. Essay on Man, Ep. 4.

Now their authority weighs more with me, than the general vogue, or the concurrent suffrages of a thousand others who never examined the thing so carefully and circumspectly as they have done, but run away with the cry of the common herd of philosophers.-Ray. On the Creation, pt. ii. Being at a great loss what conclusions to draw from this unaccountable behaviour, we continued our march toward the ostrog, with great circumspection, and when we had arrived within a quarter of a mile of it, we perceived a body of armed men marching toward us.

Cook. Voyages, vol. vii. b. vi. c. 1.

But let us try to clear our clouded brows,
And tell the horrid tale with cheerful face;
The stormy Sultan rages at our stay.
Frame your report with circumspective art.

Johnson. Irene, Act vi. sc. 10.

Then judge yourself and prove your man
As circumspectly as you can,

And, having made election,

Beware no negligence of yours,

Such as a friend but ill endures,

Enfeeble his affection.-Cowper. Friendship.

CIRCUMSTANCE, v.

Fr. Circonstance;
It. Circostanza; Sp.
Circunstancia; Lat.
Circumstare,to stand

May it not be, for that the ayr of rivers being always gross
and heavy, in winter is more inspissate by reason of the
circumstant cold, and so is an hindrance to the course of
ships.-Holland. Plutarch, p. 823.

This fierce abridgment,
Hath to it circumstantiall branches, which
Distinction should be rich in.

Shakespeare. Cymbeline, Act v. sc. 5.

[This] induces me to be of opinion, that every worthy man in parliament, for the word baron imports no more, might for the public good be thought a fit peer and judge of the king, without regard had to petty caveats and circumstances, the chief impediment in high affairs, and ever stood upon most by circumstantial men.

Milton. The Tenure of Kings and Magistrates.

This probleme in Christian Philosophy is yet more intelligible, and will be reduced to certain experience, if we consider good life in union and concretion, with particular, material, and circumstantiate actions of piety.

Bp. Taylor. Great Exemplar, pt. iii. Disc. 15.

My Lord Chancellor, I have (informative only) hinted a little at the main things which I am often charged with, my memory cannot fully reach all, neither will time permit to circumstantiate these particulars, which I have only touched in the general.-State Trials. Marquis of Argyle, an. 1661.

And in case circumstances should so conspire, as that
youth and quality should be attended by such a plentiful
fortune, as that after all, that either justice, prudence, or de-
cency can challenge, there remains yet enough both to relieve
the poor, and purchase rarities themselves; I will not be so
severe as to condemn persons so circumstanced, nor fall out
with those that are able to reconcile sumptuousness and
charity.-Boyle. Occasional Reflections, s. 5. Ref. 9.

At the first exsuction, which could not be supposed to
have well emptied the internal glass, this vessel was, by a
pressure of the superior air upon the circumstant water,
broken into I know not how many pieces.
Id. Works, vol. iii. p. 640.

We must therefore distinguish between the essentials in
religious worship, and external accidents that cloath it,
between what enters the nature of the action, and what is
merely circumstantial.-Sharp, vol. vii. Ser. 10.

And so we say, as to the fourth, the bodily rest that is
there enjoined, and the precise day to which the command-
ment hath respect are by no means of the essence or sub-

stance of the commandment; but are to be accounted
circumstantials added to it, the better to accommodate it to
the state of the Jewish church that then was.

- around; from Cir-
cum, and stans, the
pres. part. of stare, stantially not only the events but the manner of my trials.
to stand.
Boyle. Works, vol. ii. p. 470.

Id. Ib. vol. iv. Ser. 13.
I conceived myself obliged to set down somewhat circum-

CIRCUMSTANCE, n. CYRCUMSTANT, adj. CIRCUMSTANTIAL, adj. CIRCUMSTANTIAL, N. CIRCUMSTANTIALLY. CIRCUMSTANTIATE, V. CIRCUMSTANTIATE, adj. CIRCUMSTANTLY. It is applied,individually, to any thing surrounding, or in any manner attending, accompanying, or connected with the main fact; collectively, in the plural, to the whole state, situation or condition of affairs, as formed, constituted, or composed by various separate particulars; the particulars. And

To circumstance, and circumstantiate, are to cause to be, to put or place in such state, situation, or condition; to assure or confirm by circumstances. Circumstantial is applied by Milton to men attentive to circumstances, to minute particulars.

Whan the orison was don of Palamon,
His sacrifice he did, and that anon,
Fulle pitously, with alle circumstances,
All tell I not as now his observances.

Chaucer. The Knightes Tale, v. 2262. One Scripture will helpe to declare another. And the umstances, that is to say, the places that go before and ater, wil geue light vnto the middle text.

Tyndall. Workes, p. 142. A gentyman, bareheadded, & set on knees, with a knife pared properly to that use, also with certain jestures, ettes a sunder certaine partes of the wild beast in a certain crder very circumstantly.—Chaloner. Prayze of Follie,(1577.) You have refin'd me, and to worthiest things, Virtue, art, beauty, fortune, now I see Rareness, or use, not nature, value brings; And such, as they are circumstanc'd, they be.

Donne. To the Countess of Bedford. Bian. Tis very good; I must be circumstanc'd. Shakespeare. Othello, Act iii. sc. 4.

Which words being both noted and taken grieuously that hee should so discourage the souldiers, hee was taken and carried to Skinke, who without any circumstances conderned him to be thrown off the great steeple of the towne Into the Reine, which was accomplished.

Stow. Queen Elizabeth, an. 1586.
Mon. No preface needs, thou seest we long to know.
Mess. It would burst forth, but I recover breath
And sense distract, to know well what I utter.
Max. Tell us the sum, the circumstance defer.
Milton. Samson Agonistes.

If ever there was a subordinate dominion pleasantly circumstanced to the superior power, it was this; a large rent or tribute, to the amount of 260,000l. a year, was paid in monthly instalments with the punctuality of a dividend at the Bank.-Burke. Speech on Mr. Fox's East India Bill.

We are now at the close of our review of the three simple
forms of artificial society, and we have shown them, how-
ever they may differ in name, or in some slight circum-
stances, to be all alike in effect; in effect to be all tyrannies.
Id. A Vindication of Natural Society.

I shall now give a more full and circumstantial descrip-
tion of each, in which, if some things should happen to be
repeated, the greater part will be found new.
Cook. Voyage, vol. ii. b. iii. c. 6.
CIRCUMTERRANEOUS. Lat. Circum, and
terra, the earth.

Being or dwelling around the earth.

Celsus writes:-We ought to give credit to wise men, who affirm that most of these lower and circumterraneous demons delight in geniture, blood, &c. And Origen agrees with him.-Hollywell. Melamp. p. 101.

CIRCUMVALLATION. It. Circonvallazione; Sp. Circunvalacion; Lat. Circumvallare, to surround with a vallum, i.e. with a fortification, composed ex vallis, of stakes. Applied generally

To come around, (sc.) either by fraud or force now used in general with a subaudition of fraud; and thus to

Circumvent is to surround or encompass with snares; to deceive, to delude, to cheat.

To come around any one, is still used in vulgar speech.

That subtill fraudelent foxe Antiochus craftely circumvented Egipte & Judeam.-Joye. Daniel c. 8.

Now because I had once submitted myselfe to the Vicechauncellour, and I was thereby circumuented: therefore, I thought I would not now bee so hasty in submitting myself. Barnes. Works, p. 222.

Nevertheless your Majesty now of late hath found, and tried by a large number of witnesses, the said Thomas Cromwell, Earl of Essex, contrary to the singular trust and confidence which your Majesty had in him, to be the most false and corrupt traitour, deceiver, and circumventor against your most royal person, and the imperial crowne of this your realm.-Burnett. Records, b. iii. No. 16. Attainder of T. Cromwell.

"

She set upon me with the smoothest speech
That court and age could cunningly devise;
Th' one authentic, made her fit to teach,
The other learn'd her how to subtilize.
Both were enough to circumvent the wise.

Daniel. The Complaint of Rosamond.
And somewhere nigh at hand;
Watches no doubt with greedy hope to find
His wish and best advantage, us asunder,
Hopeless to circumvent us joyn'd.

Milton. Paradise Lost, b. ix.
What euer haue bin thought on in this state
That could be brought to bodily act ere Rome
Had circumuention.-Shakespeare. Coriolanus, Act i. sc.2.
They sit in the seat of judgment, but go seldom by the
rule of right; neglecting and proudly overlooking the modest
and harmless, but countenancing the audacious, though
guilty of abominable crimes; they stuff their prisons, but
with men committed rather by circumvention than any just
cause.-Milton. History of England, b. iii.

The secretary would not easily give way to any circum-
venting and unfair dealings with him.
Camden. Elizabeth, an. 1600.

'Twas harder yet to move the mother's mind,
And to this heavy task was I design'd:
Reasons against her love I knew were vain:
I circumvented whom I could not gain.

Dryden. Ovid. Metam. b. xiii. Cunning is only the want of understanding; which, because it cannot compass its ends by direct ways, would do it by a trick, and circumvention.

Locke. Of Education, s. 140.

So that when e're we circumvolve our eyes; Such rich, such fresh, such sweet varieties, Ravish our spirits, that entranc't we see None writes love's passion in the world like thee. R. Herrick. On Fletcher's Incomparable Plays. In the motion of thine heaven, though some starres have their owne peculiar, and contrary courses, yet all yield themselves to the sway of the main circumvolution of that first mover; so though I have a will of mine owne, yet let me give myself over to be ruled, and ordered by thy Spirit in all my wayes.-Bp. Hall. Meditation upon the Heavens moving.

Milton. Paradise Lost, b. iii. do not.