COURT, v.
COURT, n.
COURTEOUS.

COURTEOUSLY.

Co'URTEOUSNESS. COURTESY U. COURTESY, n. CO'URTEZAN. COURTIER. COURTIERY. COURTING, n. Co'URTLY, adj. Co'URTLY, ad. Co'URTLINESS. Co'URTLING, n. COURTSHIP.

Courteous, courtesy, &c. are not uncommonly written curt. Court; area circà ædes from Lat. Cohors or cors. (See CоHORT.) Spelman says, As bands or troops of soldiers were called cohorts, ab avium cohorte; so

Court is also applied tothe assembly of judges or ministers of justice, to the place of assembling.

In Low Lat. Curtisanus, was one who followed the court; now courtier; and thus courtman in Chaucer.

Courtezan, Fr. Courtisane; It. Cortegiana; q. d. Aulica; more commonly applied to harlots, quia tales urbanæ plerumque et ad aulicos mores compositæ sunt, (Skinner.)

A courtesy, a courteous act of demeanour, as applied to the act of bending the knees; it is usually written curtsey.

To court, is, to practise the art of a courtier, or of attendants upon courts; to endeavour to please, or to gain or win favour; to woo.

Court is much used in composition: as courtday, court-favour.

At the last he com & mad the kyng homage
Egbright for his curteisie gave him his heritage.

R. Brunne, p. 15. If Demetrie and the werkmen that ben with hym han cause aghen ony man, there ben courtis and domes & iugis, accuse thei ech othire.-Wiclif. Dedis, c. 19.

It peined hire to contrefeten chere
Of court, and ben estatelich of manere.
And to ben holden digne to reverence.

Chaucer. The Prologue, v. 140.

Id. The Prologue, v. 46.

There was whylom by daies olde
A worthy knight, as men tolde;
He was neuew to the emperour,
And of his court a courteour.-Gower. Con. A. b. i
Wherein I see, a corps of comely shape
(And such as might beseeme the courte full wel)
Is cast at heele by courting al to soone.

Gascoigne. The Steele Glas. But still the court must not be fild with wordes, and vayne report

Which in abundance great from thee do flie.

Phaer. Virgill. Eneidos, b. xi. This good emperour was strong in vertue, meke in woordes, attemperate in his exercises, homely with euery man, sad among sad men, hasty among hasty men, mery with mery men, and wise among wise men, as it is couenable for a curtious prince to be.-Golden Boke, c. 15.

Yet fearing that by the castynge out of mo deuils they might afterwards happely lese mo of theire hogges, they prayed hym courteisely to geate hym quickly thense.

Sir T. More. Workes, p. 540.

And being come near to Greenwich (where the court then lay) presently vpon the newes thereof, the courtiers came running out, and the common people flockt together, standing very thicke vpon the shoare. Hackluyt. Voyages, vol. i. p. And courtlike life is thought another heauen.

245.

Gascoigne. The Steele Glas. His youth, his sport, his pleasant chere, His courtly state and company, In him so strangely alterd were.

Vncertaine Auctors. A Comparison of his Loue, &c. Thus left by thee, and by him courted still, Thy grace with-drawn, his favours mustred faire, How could poor wretches wrestle with self-will But soone be catch'd by such a subtle snare.

Stirling. Doomes-Day. The Tenth Houre. Of court, it seemes, men courtesie do cali For that it there most vseth to abound; And well beseemeth, that in princes hall That vertue should be plentifully found, Which of all goodly manners is the ground And root of ciuil conversation.

Spenser. Faerie Queene, b. vi. c. 1.

The court's a school indeed, in whiche some few
Learn vertuous principles but most forget
What ever they brought thither good and honest.
Trifling is there in practice, serious actions
Are obsolete and out of use.

Beaum. & Fletch. Custom of the Country, Act ii. sc. 1.
Vpon her front her lockes were curled new,
Her eies were courteous, full of peace and loue;
In look a saint, an angell bright in shew,
So in her visage grace and vertue stroue.
Fairefax. Godfrey of Bovlogne, b. xiv. s. 4.
Whence softly sallying out as loth the place to leave
She Sence a pretty rill doth courteously receive.
Drayton. Poly-Olbion, s. 26.
Mal. Toby approaches; curtsies there to me.
To. Shall this fellow liue?

Shakespeare. Twelfth Night, Act ii. sc. 5. The homely villaine curt'sies to her low.

Id. Rape of Lucrece. -Old Nestor seeing it, Rose, and receiv'd him by the hand, and faine would have him set;

He set that curtesie aside, excusing it with haste. Chapman. Homer. Iliad, b. ii. That so knowledge may not be a courtezane for pleasure, or as a bondwoman for gaine; but as a spouse for generation, fruit, and honest solace.

Bacon. On Learning, by G. Wats, b. i. c. 5.

Lad. Shepherd, I take thy word,
And trust thy honest offer'd courtesy,
Which oft is sooner found in lowly sheds
With smoaky rafters, than in tap'stry halls
In courts of princes, where it first was nam'd
And yet is most pretended.

Milton. Comus, 1. 323.

For he is practiz'd well in policie
And thereto doth his courting most apply:
To learne the enterdeale of princes strange,
To marke th' intent of counsells, and the change
Of states, and eke of priuate men some-while
Supplanted by fine falshood and faire guile.

Spenser. Mother Hubberd's Tale.

Cri. Indeed, I must declare myselfe to you no profest courtling; nor to have any excellent stroke, at your subtle weapons.-B. Jonson. Cynthia's Revels, Act v. sc. 4.

Dau. On what courtly lap hast thou late slept, to come forth so sudden and absolute a courtling?

Id. The Silent Woman, Act iv. sc. 1. The French are passing courtly, ripe of wit, Kind, but extreme dissemblers.

Ford. Love's Sacrifice, Act i. sc. 1. Needs a shipwreck'd seaman be courted to come to shore, or a weary traveller to a place of rest? Bp. Beveridge, vol. ii. Ser. 116.

In that sweet isle where Venus keeps her court
And every Grace and all the Loves resort.
Dryden. Cymon & Iphigenia.

We cannot omit to observe this courtly, (shall I call it?) or good quality in him; that he was courteous, and did seem. to study to oblige.-Strype. Mem. Hen. VIII. an. 1530.

I endeavoured to clothe virtue, though not in a gaudy, in a fashionable habit, and divesting her not only of her sackcloth, but her blacks, where I saw she appeared in them with disadvantage, I endeavoured to give her as much of the modern ornaments of a fine lady, as I could, without danger of being accused to have dressed her like a courtezan.

Boyle. Occas. Reflections. Last Section, Reflect. 1. Courtesy and condescension is another happy quality, which never fails to make its way into the good option, and into the very hearts of those who are under the good magistrate's inspection.-Atterbury, vol. ii. Ser. 3.

Now, Proteus! now (to truth compell'd)
Speak and confess thy art excell'd.
Use strength, surprise, or what you will,
The courtier finds evasion still;
Not to be bound by any ties,
And never forc'd to leave his lyes.

Gay, Fab. 33. The Courtier & Proteas.

The day would fail me, should I reckon o'er
The sighs they lavish'd, and the othes they swore
In words so melting, that compar'd with those
The nicest courtship of terrestrial beaux
Would sound like compliments from country clowns
To red cheek'd sweet-hearts in their home-spun gowns.
Tickell. Kensington Gardens,

They courteously invited him ashore, and conversed with him by signs, but very little of the meaning of either party could be understood by the other.

Cook. Voyage, vol. ii. b. iii. e. §.

One [historian] relates that Robert Bruce was (in chacing these animals) preserved from the rage of a wild bull by the intrepidity of one of his courtiers, from which he and his lineage acquired the name of Turn-bull.

Pennant. British Zoology. The Or. For, with all the courtliness and gallantry you make me master of, I never intended by the good company, I mentioned with so much respect, either those foolish men, er women, who prefer the forward assurance of their boys t every other consideration.

Hurd. On the Use of Foreign Travel, Diai. 8 The patience of their pride seems to have been worn out with the importunity of our courtship.

CO'USIN, n. COUSIN, adj. Co'USINAGE.

Burke. On a Regicide Peace, Let. 1.

Fr. Cousin; It. Cugino; Belg. Kosun. Cognatus, alii a consanguineus, alii a congenius de

flectunt, (Skinner.)

The word was anciently applied to a kinsman generally; and cousinage, for kin.

This kyng was enticed so, that he nom atte laste
Ys ost, and vp hys cosyn bi gan to werre faste.

R. Gloucester, p. 34. Oon of the bisschopis seruauntis, cosyn of him whos eere Petir kitte of, seide, sigh I thee not in the gherd with him! Wiclif. John, c. 15.

For I myself desiride to be departid fro Crist for my britheren that ben my cosyns after the fleisch that ben men of Israel.-Id. Romaynes, c. 9.

Eke Plato sayeth, who so can him rede,
The wordes moste ben cosin to the dede.

Chaucer. Prologue, v. 713.
And for as mochel as this goode man
And eke this monk, of which that I began,
Were both two yborne in o village
The monk him claimeth, as for cosinage.

Id. The Shipmannes Tale, v. 12,96. And he resigned in this cas

Thempire of Rome vnto Louis

His cosin, whiche a Lombarde is.-Gower. Com. 4. Prol.

But remembrance,

That thei toke of his worthines,

Of knighthode, and of gentilnes,
And how he stode of cosinage

To themperour, made them assuage,
And durst not slaine hym for fear.-Id. Ib. b. i.

For the benefites of God are not giuen for the respecte of kynred, but for the good herte of a man: not to the cos age of the fleashe, but to the promptnesse of the spirite: not to the nacion, but to the feyth.-Üdal. Luke, c. 4.

And her neighboures & her cosins hearde tel how ye Lord had shewed greate mercy vpon her, and they reioysed with her.-Bible, 1551. Ib. c. 1.

And then his grace did aske how our queenes grace did, calling her cousin, saying that he was glad that wee were come in health into his realme. 263.

Hackluyt. Voyages, vol. i.

Chaucer. The Milleres Tale, v. 3200.

[The Pater Noster] It is more digne than any other prayer; for that Jesu Crist himself made it: and it is short for it should be coude the more lightly.-Id. The Persones Tale. To dauncen well couthe they the guise.-Id. R. of the R. This kynge had in subiection

Jude, and of affection

Aboven all other one Daniell

He loueth, for he couth well

Diuine, that none other couthe,

To hym were all thinges couthe,

As he it had of God's grace.-Gower. Con. A. b. i

But whe the kyng had abused her, anon her husband beyng an honest manne and one that could his good, not presuming to touch a kynges concubyne, [Jane Shore] left her vp to hymn altogether.-Hall. Edw. V.

When a simple man saw him, that could no skill of service, he said: Good Gods! how every thing becometh noble men.—North. Plutarch, p. 554.

All as the sheepe, such was the shepheard's looke
For pale and wanne he was, (alas the while!)
May seeme he lov'd, or else some care he took,
Well couth hee tune his pipe and frame his stile.

Spenser. The Shepheard's Calendar. January.

COW, v. "Cow a person, imbellem et timidum reddere; to render a man peaceful and timid. Sw. Kufna, from Isl. Kuga, to suppress, to subjugate. I know not whether I may not refer hither, coward, imbellis, meticulosus," (Addenda to Junius.)

To cow, may merely be to cause to cower, (qv.)

I do shame

To think of what a noble train you are, And of how cow'd a spirit.

Shakespeare. Pericles, Act iv. sc. 4.

I believe it is not in the power of Plowden to dastardize ar cow your spirits, until you have overcome him, at leastwise have so much of him as will serve your turn. Howell, b. i. s. 1. Let. 9.

I would dye with you, but first I would so torture ye,
And cow you in your end, so despise you;
For a weak and wretched coward, you must end sure;
Still make ye fear, and shake, despised, still laugh at ye.
Beaum. & Fletch. A Wife for a Moneth, Act v. sc. 1.

Low in pocket, cow'd in courage.
Safely glad to sup their porridge.-Swift. Helter Skelter.

cow.

This sleep betokens that which cowardeth a man's heart

Dr. T. H. thinks from their scent, rivalling from ghostly comfort, and to stand in the same through a the sweet breath of the cow; such a scent as cows breathe, from their mouth and lips,” (Skinner.)

Ther ne was kow ne cowkynde.-Piers Plouhman, p. 223. The goddesse

Of Io torned the likenesse

In to a cowe to go there oute

The large feldes all aboute.-Gower. Con. A. b. iv.

To work hir will and all his fraud to find,
She craude the cowe in gift at loue his hande,
Who could not well his sister's suite withstande.

Turberville. Against the ielous Heads, &c.

How often woold she flowers twine?

How often garlants make Of cowslips and of columbine

And al for Corin's sake.

Vncertaine Auctors. Of the Mutabilitie of the Worlde. Mirth. I-my gossip Tattle knew what fine slips grew in Gardiner's Lane; who kist the butcher's wife with the cowes

breath; what matches were made in the Bowling Alley, and

what bettes wonne and lost.

B. Jonson. Staple of Newes, Act iii. sc. 3.

An example of rising from so meane or meaner estate may appeare in Earle Goodwin, who being at the first but the sonne of a cowheard, came to be (as I take it) the greatest subject that England ever had.

Verstegan. Restitution of Decayed Intelligence, c. 10. The cowheardesse comming in, and seeing him mind more his bow then his bread, in a great fury cast away both his bow and arrowes, and checking him [King Elfred] as her groom, said, Thou fellow, doest thou see the bread burne before thy face, and wilt not turne it? and yet art thou glad to eate it before it be halfe baked? Little suspecting him to be the man that had beene serued with farre more delicate cates. Speed. Elfred, an. 876.

At midnight the appointed hour,
And for the queen a fitting bow'r,
Quoth he, is that fair cowslip-flower,
On Hipent-hills that groweth.

deceauable sleepe is this that lets a man of the blisse of heauen.-Fox. Martyrs. Letter of Wm. Swinderby.

I canne make no warrauntise of my selfe, seyinge that Sainte Peter so sodaynely faynted at a womannes woorde, and so cowardlye forsooke his maister, for whom he had so boldlye foughte within so fewe houres before. Sir T. More. Workes, p. 1235.

And as, syr, I knowe well that many men and women shoulde be therthrowe greatly troublid and sclaunderid, and as I said syr to you before, for myne vntrewthe and false cowardness many a one sholde be put into full greate reprefe. State Trials. Wm. Thorpe, an. 14.

Yf he be so good a man, and so valyant in armes as it is sayde, he wyll nat refuse it for his ladyes sake: yf he do, it shall tourne hym to moche blame, for I shall repute whersoeuer I go, that for cowardnesse he hath refused to ryn with me one course with a spere.

Berners. Froissart. Cronycle, vol. i. c. 324.

Truly I think, ne vain is my belefe,
Of Goddish race some ofspring should he be:
Cowardry notes hartes swarued out of kind.

Surrey. Virgile. Eneis, b. iv. Therefore he that professed himselfe chiefe prelate of religion, being more wicked than all other, blameth the cowardship of them that with deliberate counsell, did further debate the matter, whether Jesus were to be put to death or nay. Udal. John, c. 11.

They went about with impudent words to smother his
vertues, rayling at him as a slow-backe and coward, and
delicate carpet knight, and one that knew how with trim
words to set out deedes that were amiss.
Holland. Ammianus, p. 93.

Why do I name the lordly creature man?
The weak, the mild, the coward woman can,
When to a crown she cuts her sacred way,
All that oppose with manlike courage slay.

Cowley. On the Government of Oliver Cromwell.

And seeing none behold us, there will be much less any one to take notice of our cowardize; the rather, because I Drayton. The Court of Fairy. heard oft-times the curate of our village, whom you know

Whilst from off the waters fleet,
Thus I set my printless feet
O'er the cowslip's velvet head,

That bends not as I tread.-Milton. Comus.

So fine a gown, a band so clean,

As well become St. Patrick's dean,
Such reverential awe express,
That cow-boys know you by your dress.

Swift. A Panegyric on the Dean.
Oh! when my friend and I

In some thick wood have wander'd heedless on,
Hid from the vulgar eye, and sat us down
Upon the sloping cowslip-cover'd bank.-Blair. Grave.
Near some cowslip-painted mead,

There let me doze out the dull hours,
And under me let Flora spread

COWARD, v. Co'WARD, n. Co'WARD, adj. CO/WARDICE.

A sofa of her softest flow'rs.-Smart. Idleness, Ode 1. Fr. Couard; Sp. Cobarde; It. Codardo. "Coward, i. e. cowred, cowered, cower'd. One who has cower'd before an enemy. It is of the same import as supplex. Coward is the past part. of the verb, to cowre, or to cower, a word formerly in common use." (See Tooke.) See the first example from Chaucer; and To Cow, and TO COWER.

CO/WARDIZE.
CO/WARDLIKE.
CO/WARDLY, ad.
Co'WARDLY, adj.
CO/WARDLINESS.
CO/WARDSHIP.
CO/WARDNESS.

To cower, is--to stoop, to submit: and a coward, one who stoops, submits, yields, (sc.) through fear; one who avoids or evades, shuns, risk or

or injury, excessively, needlessly, with little or no cause. See the quotation from Cogan.

But natheles, I say not thou shalt be so coward, that thou doute wher as is no drede.-Chaucer. The Tale of Melibeus. Ther may no man clepen it cowardie.

Id. The Knightes Tale, v. 2732. Thine hert full sore thou wolt dispise And eke repreue of cowardise, That thou so dull in euery thing Were domme for drede, without speaking.

very well, preach, That he which seeks the danger, perisheth therein.-Shelton. Don Quixote, b. iii. c. 6.

Thou, that in counsels dost abound, O Laertiades,

Why stayst thou? why thus cowardlike, shunst thou the honour'd prease;

Take heed thy backe take not a dart.

Chapman. Homer. Iliad, b. viii.

So those men that are prodigal of their lives in base quarrels, peradventure would be cowardly enough; if either public service, or religion did call for their help; I scarcely believe any of them would die martyrs, if the times so required it.-Hales. Rem. Ser. On Duels.

He saw that, by the drowning of the master, (whom he himself treacherously knocked on the head, as he was swimming for his life) by the flight and dispersion of others, and cowardly patience of the remaining company, all was abandoned to his pleasure. Cowley. On the Government of Oliver Cromwell.

One of the souldiers when Harold was slaine did cut him in the legge with a sword, for the which deede Duke William, blaming him for his cowardlinesse and shameful act, put him out of the wars.-Stow. Harold, an. 1016.

Sir To. His dishonesty appeares, in leauing his friend heare in necessity, and denying him, and for his cowardship aske Fabian.

Fab. A coward, a most deuout coward, religious in it. Shakespeare. Twelfth Night, Act iii. sc. 4. Griev'd to behold his bear pursued,

So basely by a multitude,

And likely to fall not by the prowess,

But numbers of his coward foes.-Hudibras, pt. i. c. 3.

Now, pusillanimous, deprest with fear,
He checks his virtue in the mid career;
And of his strength distrusted, coward flies
The contest, though impow'rd to gain the prize.

West. Nemean Odes, Ode 11 Cowardice, considered as distinct from occasional panic, Is that habitual temper and disposition, which disqualifies from opposing the dangers and difficulties, which it is our duty or interest to combat. Every indication of cowardice is an indication of culpable and unmanly fear.

Cogan. On the Passions, c. 2. s. 3.

To which the loose improvidence, the cowardly rashness, of those who dare not look danger in the face, so as to provide against it in time, and therefore throw themselves headlong into the midst of it, have exposed this degraded nation, beat down and prostrate on the earth, unsheltered, unarmed, unresisting.

Burke. Speech at Bristol previous to the Election. COWER, v. Cobar;

over.

Fr. Couver; (It. Covare; Sp. Lat. Cubare;) to brood, sit on or cowre See COVE.

To stoop or bend down, to stoop or shrink from.

Who coming young to reign protected by the peers Until his non-age out: and grown to riper years, Prov'd upright, soft and meek, in nowise loving war; But fitter for a cowl, than for a crown by far. Drayton. Poly-Olbion, s. 17. For so did two of their kings, Ethelrald and Kenred; the one cowled in Bradney and the other in Rome.

Speed. The Saxon Kings of Mercia, an. 582.

Our cowle-man's foresay'd actor so
Preuailed that the fryer

In pulpets durst affirme him king,
And aids for him requier.

Warner. Albion's England, b. viii. c. 38.

Take vp these cloathes heere, quickly: wher's the cowlestaffe.-Shakespeare. Merry Wives, Act iii. sc. 3.

In vain the solemn cowl surrounds her face,
Vain all her bigot cant, her sour grimace.

Brown. Essay on Satire, pt. ii. They will tell you that they see no difference between the idler with a hat and a national cockade, and an idler in a cowl or in a rochet.-Burke. On the French Revolution.

CO-WORK, v. Į A fellow-worker, a fellowCO-WO'RKER. labourer.

I will answer thee speaking to this objection, so far as it relateth to the point in hand, viz. the power of God co-working within us.-Goodwin. Works, vol. iv. pt. iii. p. 113.

When we consider this, it will be then plain to us, that God doth nothing without an es: and that his Son was an original co-worker with him in all things; which he accordingly sheweth unto him: for it follows, That doth the Son likewise.-Id. Ib. vol. ii. pt. ii. p. 7.

For God is the principal agent, who first moves us, and then we act and move, and are said to be co-workers with God and so are these words to be understood.

on the top, and a bell thereon, &c. and thinke themselves finely fitted and proudly attired therewith," (Minshew.) See Cock. It is also appliedTo the head or skull alone.

Well geue him cloth and let the foole goe like a cockescome still.

Drant. Horace. Ep. b. i. To Scoua. A collier being drunk jostled a knight into the kennel, and cried, 'Twas his humour; the knight broke his coxcomb, and that was his humour.

Ford. The Sun's Darling, Act iii. sc. 1. Hir. Nay, who can say any citizen is an ass for loading his own back with money till his soul cracks again, only to leave his son like a gilded coxcomb behind him.

Massinger. The Virgin Martyr, Act ii. sc. 3. Cal. My looks terrifie them, you coxcombly ass you! I'le be judged by the company whether thou hast not a worse face than I.

Beaum. & Fletch. The Maid's Tragedy, Act i. sc. 1. It is so far otherwise that a general fame for falsehood in this kind is a recommendation; and the coxcomb loaded with favours of many others, is received like a victor that disdains his trophies to be a victim to the present charmer. Spectator, No. 157. For though hereditary wealth, and the rank which goes with it are too much idolized by creeping sycophants, and the blind abject admirers of power, they are too rashly slighted in the shallow speculations of the petulant, assuming, short-sighted coxcombs of philosophy.

Burke. On the French Revolution.

To coy,-to quiet, to still, to soothe, to calm, to assuage, to appease, to caress, to allure, to entice, to decoy.

Coy, in Chaucer, frequently, says Junius, is,— Silent, quiet, modest, bashful; to coie,-to play the demure and modest man; also, to assuage, to appease. See Acor.

Cambinhoy beres him coy, that fendes whelp,
Ther with craft he has tham raft, it may not help.
R. Brunne, p. 281.

Ther was also a Nonne, a Prioresse
Of her smiling she was simple and coy.

Chaucer. Prologue, v. 119.

Ye ride as still and coye, as doth a maide
That were new spoused, sitting at the borde.
Id. Clerk of Oxenford's Prologue.

How long must Peneus chide in vain
His daughter's coyness and disdain?

Hughes. Apollo & Daphne.
Though, various as the flowers which paint the year,
In rainbow charms the changeful Nine appear,
The different beauties coyly they admit,
And to one standard would confine our wit.

Whitehead. A Charge to the Poets. Though my opinion of your grace's integrity, was but very little affected by the coyness with which you received Mr. Vaughan's proposals, I confess I gave you some credit for your discretion.-Junius, Let. 33.

COZ. A contraction of Cousin, (qv.)

Go now and seek the crowner, and lett him sitte o' my coz; for he's in the third degree of drink; hees drown'd: go looke after him.-Shakes. Twelfth Night, Act i. sc. 5.

And though, dear coz, no folks of taste
Their idle hours with you will waste,
Yet many a grist comes to your mill
Which helps your master's bags to fill.

CO'ZEN, v. Co'ZENAGE. Co/ZENER.

Co'ZENING.

Jason is as coye as is a maide,
He loketh pitously, but naught he saied.

He kept him coye and eke prive,
Lest that in him she hadde se
Any lite foly continuance,

For she knew all the olde daunce.-Id. Rom. of the Rose.
In worde nor dede nedeth him not to coie.

He nist how best her hart for to acoie.-ld. Troil. b. v.
How busie (if I loue) eke must I be

To pleasen hem, that iangle of loue, & demen
And coyen hem that they say no harme of me.-Id. Ib. b.ii.

And oft eke him, that doth the heauens gide,
Hath loue transformed to shapes for him to base:
Transmuted thus, sometime a swan is he,
Leda to coy and eft Europe to please.
Vncertaine Auctors. Power of Loue ouer Gods themselves.
Some other when a bull,

some other time a showre
Of golden drops: as when he coyde
the closed nunne in towre.

Turberville. To a late acquainted Friend.

But Phillida was al to coye,
For Harpalus to winne:
For Corin was her only joye
Who forst her not a pinne.
Vncertaine Auctors. Harpalus. Comp. of Phylida.
So fares it, with oure fondlyng (lo)
though he desyres to go

And wolde this coyishe paramour,
vnbodden wende vnto.-Drant. Horace, b. ii. Sat. 3.

Whereupon when he had played the cosining mate wit others, (for oftentimes deceit and lying are ioyned together and he hath sufficiently proued himselfe to be a liar, by thi triall of his wit,) peraduenture himselfe was beguiled b them whom he beforetime had defrauded.

Hackluyt, Voyages, vol. i. p. 58 And therefore let me beseech you to represent this cor dition to yourselves, and not any longer be flattered or com zened in a slow security; To day if you will bear his voice harden not your hearts.-Hammond. Works, vol. iv. p. 553

If you stir far in this I'le have you whipt, your ears nail for intelligencing o' the pillory, and your goods forfeit: yo are a stale cozener, leave my house,

Beaum. & Fletch. The Scornful Lady, Act iii. sc. 1 The number of concealers are indeed a number of coas ners which the law may easily correct.

Hobbs. Dialogue on the Common Las It is true, he delivered it [the staff] into his hand, desirin that he would hold it till he had sworn; but that artifice wa a plain cousenage, and it was prettily discovered: for th injured person, in indignation at the perjury, smote th staff on the ground, and broke it, and espied the mony. Bp. Taylor. Rule of Conscience, b. iii. c.

In doctrine, and in discipline,

Rome hath, and now doth guide,
With still prouisoes from the laie
The Scriptures' light to hide,
Least should (as would, and cleerely doth)
Their corning be espide.

Warner. Albion's England, b. ix. c. 1.

All eyes were cozen'd by the borrow'd vest,
And Ajax (never wiser than the rest,)
Found no Pelides there; at length I came
With proffer'd wares to this pretended dame.
Dryden. Ovid. Met. b. xiii.

But Christ was to be a light to the Gentiles, and there is no cozenage in the light, no fallacy in the day; wheresoever he shines, mists presently vanish, and delusions disappear. South, vol. xi. Ser. 3.

So some of these cozeners of the king in their officers under him, were so touched in conscience, that they, privately some, and some openly, made restitution to him. Strype. Memorials. Edw. VI. an. 1553.

Great Xerxes on the stage of glorious war, amid the din of arms, Can hear thy coz'ning artifice no more.

Glover. Athenaid, b. iv. CRAB, v. A. S. Crabba; Dut. Krabbe; CRAB, n. Ger. Krabbe, krebs; Fr. EcreCRABBED, adj. visse. Wachter thinks, from CRA'BBEDLY. the Ger. Krupen; A. S. CreopCRABBEDNESS. an, reptare, to creep. Other CRA'BBY. etymologists, from the Gr. Kapaßos; Lat. Carabus, cancri genus. Junius thinks, that from this unpleasant little animal (animalculo inamono, horrente, minaei,) various things bitter, difficult, rough, grim or gloomy, are in English called crabbes or crabbed, e. g. a kind of bitter and unpleasant apple; a crabbed look, a grim or gloomy look. Skinner derives the apple, pomum sylvestre, from the Dut. Schrabben, schrappen, to scrape, to bite; from its biting, sharp and rough taste; and crabbed, (met.) either from the hardness of the wood, or harsh taste of the fruit. See the quotations from Holland. To crab, isTo embitter or cause to be bitter; to be or cause to be difficult, harsh, sour, morose.

Ne drede hem not, doth hem no reverence,

For though thin husbond armed be in maille,

The arwes of thy crabbed eloquence

Your crabbed rogues, that read Lucretius,
Are against Gods, you know; and teach us,
The Gods make not the poet; but
The thesis, vice versa put,
Should Hebrew-wise be understood;
And means, the poet makes the God.

Prior. Epis. to Fleetwood Shepherd, Esq.

As when the hungry crab in India's main,
Whose body two unequal legs sustain,
Intent some oyster's op'ning shell to spoil,
Moves to the gaping prey with awkward toil.

Cambridge. The Scribleriad, b. iv.

What might have been well enough, and have been received with a veneration mixed with awe and terrour, from an old, severe, crabbed Cato, would have wanted something of propriety in the young Scipios, the ornament of the Roman nobility, in the flower of their life. Burke. To a Noble Lord.

This storm, which no soul can endure, Requires a very different cure; For such sour verjuice dispositions, Your crabsticks are the best physicians. Smart. Madam and the Magpie, Fab. 10. CRACK, or Dut. Kracken; Ger. Krachen; CRAKE, v. Fr. Craquer; It. Crocchiare; CRACK, n. Sp. Cruxir; all formed from the CRACKER. sound, (Skinner.) A source of CRACKLE. etymology, Wachter observes, CRACKLING,n. not to be resorted to without CRA'CKNEL. necessity and in this instance perhaps it is so. The A.S. Hrac-od, with the prefix ge, would give ge-hracod, and by a common course of corruption, grac, or crac, crack-from the verb Wrac-an, affligere, to dash against. See RACK.

Crack is applied to the noise made, when any thing brittle partially bursts or breaks asunder; also, to the breach or separation itself; also, (met.) to bragging, i. e. breaking or bursting out, (sc.) in noisy threats or boastings, in clamorous pretensions. (See To BRAG.) And thus to crack, is—

To break or burst asunder partially; and, consequentially, (met.) to weaken, to injure, to destroy.

To send forth, utter or emit a sharp and sudden sound.

To brag or boast; in older authors written

And whan the plate is hote, they caste of the thyn paste thereon, and so make a lytle cake in maner of a crakeneli, or bysket, and that they eate to comfort with all theyr stomakis.-Berners. Froissart. Cronycle, vol. i. c. 17.

I need not of honor or dignitie boast,

Or tell of my triumphes, or crake of my crowne:
The vaunt of vsurpers is void of renowne.
Mirrour for Magistrates, p. 83.

Well, let all pass, and trust him who nor cracks
The bruised reed, nor quencheth smoking flax.

Donne. Letter to B. Jonson.

In the meane time the stout bragges that are vsed by some, might well be spared: but we haue oftentimes seene

greate clouds and small rayne, and heard great crackes of thunder, and (thanks be unto God) small harme done. Whilgift. Defence, p. 44.

On the other, Rinaldo was a franke natured man, valiant and courteous; Ferraw stout but too full of cracking, and thereby procuring himselfe enemies.

Harrington. Allegorie of Orlando Furioso, p. 413. In the meane season, yea and at all times, let us learne to

know ourselves, our frailty and weaknesse, without any craking or boasting of our own good deeds and merits. Homilies. Of the Misery of Man, pt. ii.

Fienes, of the ancient family of the earls of Bononia.
He was a man of crack'd brain, great grand-son of Richard
Camden. Elizabeth, an. 1594.
As for the crackers of the brain, and tongue-squibs, they
will die alone, if I shall not revive them.

Feltham, pt. i. Res. 2. 'Twill heat the braine, kindle my imagination, I shall talke nothing but crackers, and fire-worke, to night. B. Jonson. Every Man out of his Humour, Act. v. sc. 4. These barking whelps were never good biters, Ne yet great crakers were ever great fighters.

Edwards. Damon & Pithias.

Such short composures as are these at best, are but as fire-works at tryumphs. They crackle, shine and offer at heaven itself, but in a moment they fall and are extinct unprofitably.-Feltham, pt. ii. Let. 9.

I do not meane that mysterious, extraordinary (and of late so much studied) book, called the Revelation, and which, perhaps, the more it is studied the less 'tis understood, as generally either finding a man crack'd, or making him so; but I mean those other writings of the prophets and apostles, which exhibit to us a plain, sure, perfect, and intelligible rule.-South, vol. ii. Ser. 11.

Thou nedest not to wrest good woorkes out of hym, as a man would wryng veriuce out of crabbes. Nay they flowe naturally out of hym, as springes out of rockes.

Tyndall. Workes, p. 10.

For whyles the hope of mine vnyolden herte
In endlesse toyles did labor for reliefe,
Came crabbed Chance and marrde my merry marte.
Gascoigne. Weedes. The Fruite of Fetters.

And 'tis easie to observe how age or sicknesse sowers and crabbes our natures.-Glanvill. Pre-existence of Souls, c. 4.

Crabs delight in soft and delicate places: in winter they seeke after the warme or sun shine shore: but when summer is come, they retire into the coole and deepe holes in the shade.-Holland. Plinie, b. ix. c. 31.

As for wildings and crabs, little they be all the sort of them in comparison: their tast is well enough liked, and they earie with them a quick and sharp smell: howbeit this gift they haue for their harsh sournesse, that they haue many a foule word and shrewd curse given them.

Id. Ib. b. xv. c. 14. Methinks there is a kind of moral influence from faith on any wise and prudent heart, enough to enliven, and animate, and give it spirit against the force and threatnings of any the strongest temptation, and to encourage him in the most crabbed, uncouth, disconsolate undertakings of goodly obedience.-Hammond. Works, vol. iv. p. 564.

But in our daies they haue so acquainted themselues with the Irish, as they have made a mingle mangle or gallimaufreie of both the languages, and have in such medleie or checkerwise so crabbedlie iumbled them both togither, as Commonlie the inhabitants of the meaner sort speak neither ged English nor good Irish.-Holinshed. Ireland, c. 1.

He [Appius Claudius] kept the same sower countenance till, the very same forwardnesse and crabbedness of visage, the same spirit of boldnesse in his appologie and defence. Holland. Livius, p. 85. The mathematics with their crabbedness and intricacy, enuld not deter you, but that you waded through the very midst of them, and arriv'd to so excellent a perfection. Howell, b. i. s. 1. Let. 9. Persius is crabby, because antient; and his jerks, being particularly given to private customs of his time, dusky. Marston. Scourge of Villainy.

and Chaucer, He cracked bost.

See BRAG.

edit crepitum, sends forth a crack.

For which the wardein chidde and made fare,
But thereof set the miller not a tare;
He cracked bost, and swore it n'as not so.

Chaucer. The Reves Tale, v. 3999.

It thinketh me, I sing as wel as thou,
For my song is both true and plaine,
And though I cannot crakel so in vaine
As thou doest in thy throte, I wat neuer how
Id. The Cuckow & Nightingale.
Mynos hath assignde
Prometheus to the rack,
With hand and foote ystrecht awide
till all his limmes doe crack.

Turberville. Of the Torments of Hell.

Then cease for shame to vaunt,
and crowe in craking wise
Of her that least deserues to haue
her beauties fame arise.

Id. The Louer against one that compared, &c. These proud crakes can not there excuse you, nor yet help you.-Barnes. Workes, p. 307.

If this be so, (as it is) then answere thou me, which art a Jewe, where be thy crakes become? They are vndoubtedly taken from the, and dispatched arte thou of them, synce the tyme that it hath pleased God, in the gospel of Christ to make all nacions equal.-Udal. Romaines, c. 3.

When cutlers leaue, to sel old rustie blades,
And hide no crackes, with soder nor deceit.

He says we are but crakers He calleth vs England men Strong harted lyke an hen.

Gascoigne. The Steele Glas.

Skelton. Why come ye not to Court?

If crackling cartes, if tauernes noyse,
if stifling dust disease the :
Auoyde the towne, and goe abrode.

Drant. Horace. Epistle to Scoua. And fast some water fetch, some cracklinge fier brynge in their hand.-Phaer. Virgill. Æneidos, b. xii.

For lo! the board with cups and spoons is crown'd,
The berries crackle, and the mill turns round.
Pope. The Rape of the Lock.

In vengeance rous'd the soldier fills his hand
With sword and fire, and ravages the land,
A thousand villages to ashes turns,
In crackling flames a thousand harvests burns.
Addison. The Campaign.

We'll see when 'tis enough, when both eyes out,
Or if it wants the nice concluding bout;
But, if it lies too long, the crackling's pall'd,
Not by the drudging-box to be recall'd.

King. Art of Cookery.

To which I may likewise add all those little cracklings of mirth and folly that are apter to betray virtue than support it.-Spectator, No. 382.

I have in store a pint or two of wine,
Some cracknels, and the remnant of a chine.

Swift. A Town Eclogue, 1710.

Then, as many of them as could get round me began to squeeze me with both hands, from head to foot, but more particularly on the parts where the pain was lodged, till they made my bones crack, and my flesh become a perfect mummy.-Cook. Voyage, vol. vi. b. iii. c. 3.

He [the Chief] was grave, but not sullen; would crack a joke, talk on different subjects, and endeavour to understand us and to be understood himself.

Id. Ib. vol. iii. b. ii. c. 2.

It has a method of obtaining its food by putting the point of its bill into a crack or the limb of a large tree, and making a quick tremulous motion with its head, it occasions a sound as if the tree was splitting, which alarms the insects and induces them to quit their recess.

Pennant. British Zoology. The Woodpecker.

Freedom-at that most hallow'd name

My spirits mount into a flame,

Each pulse beats high, and each nerve strains,

Even to the cracking. Churchill. The Ghost, b. iv.

And ys twei brethren were brogt out of cradel vnnethe. R. Gloucester, p. 107 In her credille ging telle Inglond scho game

R. Brunne, p. 243.
To rocke the cradel.-Piers Plouhman, p. 151.

And up he rose, and softely he went
Unto the cradel, and in his hand it hent,
And bare it soft unto his beddes fete.

Chaucer. The Reves Tale, v. 4210. Fabius Quintilian in his booke where he doth instruct and teach an oratour, willeth his beginning and entrance to be taken from the cradle

Vives. Instruction of a Christian Woman, b. i. c. 1.

And so her cradled child the moist-red eyes
Had never shut, nor slept, since it saw light.

Donne. The Progress of the Soul.

For from my cradle (you must know that) I
Was still inclin'd to noble poesy.

Art, to science, to any trade, requiring art or dexterity; and (by the fault of those possessed of this mental power) applied to the power of deceiving, to artifice, to fraud. And see the quotation from Hobbs.

Craft will form regularly from the verb, To crave; Craved, crav'd, craft. To crave is, to beg, to require, to seek; and, hence, to inquire; and the past part. consequentially,-taught, learned,

skilled.

For he abood a citee hauynge foundamentis whos crafti man and maker is God.-Wiclif. Hebrewis, c. 11.

The voice of harperis and of men, of musik and syngynge with pipe and trump schal no more be herd in it. And ech craftie man and ech craft schal no more be sounden in it. Id. Apocalips, c. 18.

And the voyce of harpers, and musicions, and of pypers, and trumpetters, shal be herde no more in thee: and no craftesman, of whatsoeuer craft he be, shal be founde any more in the.-Bible, 1551. Ib.

But of his craft, fro Berwike unto Ware,
Ne was ther swiche an other pardonere.
Chaucer. The Prologue, v. 694.
Than I anon did all my craft
For to ydrawen out the shaft.-Id. Rom. of the Rose.

Sire, trusteth me,

And ye him know al so wel as do I,
Ye wolden wondre how wel and craftily
He coude werk, and that in sondry wise.

Id. The Chanones Yemannes Tale, v. 16,071.
For in the lond ther n'as no craftesman,
That geometrie, or arsmetrike can,
Ne portreiour, ne kerver of images,
That Theseus ne yaf him mete and wages
The theatre for to maken and devise.

Id. The Knightes Tale, v. 1899. This Dedalus, whiche fro his youthe Was taught, and many craftes couthe, Of fethers, and of other thynges Hath made to flee diuers wynges For hym, and for his sonne also.-Gower. Con. A. b. iv. Now iudge good reader, whether I haue rayled, or sayde the trueth, but all this doth Rastell leaue out full craftely: he reciteth full diligently both the head and tayle, but the middle, which expoundeth the matter wil he not let you see. Frith. Workes, p. 67.

That we hence forth be no more chyldren, waueryng and caryed wyth euery wynde of doctrine, by the wylynes of men and craftynes, wherby they laye awayte for vs to deceiue vs. Bible, 1551. Ephesians, c. 4. Craftesmen, for gettinge of theyr lyvinge, very muche leysure have not.-Ascham. Works, p. 79.

You haue made faire hands, You and your crafts, you haue crafted faire. Shakespeare. Coriolanus, Act iv. sc. 6. To prudence if you add the use of unjust or dishonest means, such as usually are prompted to men by fear or want; you have that crooked wisdom, which is called craft; which is a sign of pusillanimity.-Hobbs. Of Man, pt. i. c. 8.

And straight her tongue had teeth in it that wrought

This sharp invective: who was that (thou craftiest coun-
sellor
Of all the Gods) that so apart, some secret did implore?
Chapman. Homer. Iliad, b. i.

For thus, the king violated that oath which he ought most religiously to have sworn to, but that he might not seem openly and publicly to violate it, he craftily adulterated and corrupted it; and lest he himself should be accounted perjur'd, he turn'd the very oath into a perjury.

Milton. Ans. to Salmasius's Defence of the King. The LL. of the senate and people set all other matters aside, and had a principall care above all things, to create consuls as soone as possibly they could; and such, especially, whose vertue and valour should be thought secured and safe

enough, from Punicke craftinesse and deceitful traines.

Holland. Livivs, p. 653.

It [covetousness] devours young heirs, and grinds the face of the poor, and undoes those who specially belong to God's protection, helpless, craftless, and innocent people.

Bp. Taylor. Holy Living. Of Covetousness, s 6. This [damnation] is certain and this is more then all the

torments, pains and miseries that this world hath, though

Phalaris and his craftsmaster were alive againe to invent new ones. Mede. Works, b. i. Dis. 44.

Somner, Craft, Ars, scientia, peritia, artificium, craft, art, science, skill, cunning; though now adayes it have almost lost the primitive significa- is a navigable river for small craft. tion, and for the most part is taken for fraud or deceit. Craftig, crafty; craft-lease, i. e. craftless; craftlic, craftely. Craftes-man, in Chaucer, a skilful man.

"Trade or Craft" is a common legal and mercantile expression; and certain small vessels employed in trade are called Craft; i. e. crafters or traders; for by this latter name they are also signified.

66

Cujus artifex et conditor est Deus," is rendered by Wiclif, Whose crafti man and maker is

God."

My werkes were the beste

And konnyngest of my craft.-Piers Ploukman, p. 89. And colers of crafty werke.-Id. p. 9.

Right against the bay, where the Dutch fort stands, there Dampier. Voyage, an. 1688. And does not Christ himself call Herod, that murdered John Baptist, fox? a beast notable for his craft, as well as for sucking of blood.-South, vol. ii. Ser. 2.

This was necessary caution in those days and so it is in ours, there being as much slight and cunning craftiness used now, to pervert and draw men from the church, if not much more than ever.-Bp. Beveridge, vol. i. Ser. 51.

They judged that the tide arose about four or five feet, and that boats and such craft might at high water enter the river, which seem'd to be pretty deep and broad within. Cook. Voyage, vol. iv. b. iii. c. 7. The light of the truth indeed is sure to expose the vanity of all those popular systems and prejudices, which are to be found in every country; derived originally from error, fraud and superstition; and craftily imposed upon the many, to serve the interest of a few.

Middleton. On the Miraculous Powers, Pref.

CRAG, n. CRA'GGED, adj. CRAGGEDNESS. CRA'GGINESS. CRA'GGY.

Minshew, from Cam. Br. Cracg, rupes. Skinner derives both from Ger, and Dut. Kraeghe, jugulus, cervix, (the neck,) ut summitas mon

tium, quæ sæpius præruptis rupibus obsita est. It is probably the same word as Crack, and applied to the cracked, broken, rough or rugged, jagged, points or projections of a rock; it is also applied to

The neck; to a part of a neck of mutton.

Upon the which also stode

Of squared stone, a sturdy wall
Which on a cragge was founded all.

Chaucer. Rom. of the Rose. Takynge of vthers oute of our realme, prisonet and cheinet [ed] by the cragges in your cōtre.

Hall. Hen. VIII. an. 5. Letter of the Kyng of Scottes. Now being come to the watering place the sayde Wednes day by breake of day we tooke the fort of the fountaine which were certaine cragges or rocks hanging ouer the same. betweene which there was an opening or deepe valley through which this water runneth.

Hackluyt. Voyages, vol. iii. p. 412.

My sortes are such, that waying well my trueth,
They might prouoke the craggy rocks to rueth
And moue these walles with teares for to lament,
The lothsome life wherein my youth is spent.

Gascoigne. A Lady wronged, &c.
That skip from crag to crag, and leap from rock to rock,
Drayton. Poly-Olbion, s. 36
On a huge hill,
Cragged and steep, Truth stands, and he that will
Reach her, about must and about it go;
And what the hill's suddennesse resists, win so.
Donne, Sat
That craggedness or steepness of that mountain, maketh
many parts of it in a manner inaccessible.
Brerewood. On Lang, p. 17E

Besides, they may often seeme broken, when they are not because they are formed craggy by nature, or the wind, an the raine having long since beaten away the earth from them may thus have left them to appeare the very true anatomie of themselves.

Verstegan. Restitution of Decayed Intelligence, c. The cragginess and steepiness of places up and down is great advantage to the dwellers, and makes them inacce sible.-Howell. Instruction for Travellers, p. 182.

The island being generally mountainous, steep, and era full of risings and fallings; 'tis very troublesome travellin up and down in it, unless in the cool of the mornings an evenings.-Dampier. Voyage, an. 1699.

We had, as at all other places, some difficulty in landi. The crags were irregularly broken, and a false step wou have been very mischievous.

Johnson. Journey to the Western Island At last through many a bog and lake, Rough craggy road and thorny brake, It led the easy fool, till night Approach'd, then vanish'd in his sight.

Wilkit. The Boy and the Rainbo CRAKE. See CRACK. CRAM. "A. S. Cramman, farcire, infarcin densare, constipare, to stuff or cramme," (Somner It is formed from the verb, Hremman, to ra (qv.) Ge-hrem, grem or gram, cram. See CRAM

To stuff or stow, to pack or press, or squee close; to stuff or stow, (sc.) the stomach wi excess of food; to compress, to constrict.

Yet they which cram them so with worldly pappe, And neuer care to giue them heauenly crummes. Shall see them sterue, when happe of hunger comes.

Gascoigne. Glasse of Government, Chor. to Ac But wha we be coŭsailled to liue teperately, & forbere delicates & our glotonye, yt will we not here of: but F wold we haue soe medicines, as purgacions & vomites. pul doun & auoid yt we cram in too much.

Sir T. More. Workes, p.

Cel. Spur bravely Your firie courser, beat the troops before ye. And cramb the mouth of death with executions. Beaum. & Fletch. Humorous Lieutenant, Acti. s For pigeons flesh he seems not much to care: Cramm'd chickens are a more delicious fare.

Dryden. The Hind and the Pant Those endless readers may cram themselves in vain intellectual food, and without real improvement of t minds, for want of digesting it by proper reflections.

Watts. Of Books and Reading, pt.i.