CRAMBE. Mr. Gifford quotes, in explanation, "A play at short verses, in which the word is given, and the parties contend who can find most rhymes to it." Perhaps, cram, stuff, or stow is the most rhymes. Strutt (Sports and Pastimes, iv. 4,) explains crambo similarly.

So that nobody hath reason to call it a crambe, who considers, that there are multitudes, even of scholars that have never seen or heard of any thing of this nature.

His smiles in order set,
And every crambo he could get,

Had gone through all the common places,
Worn out by wits, who rhyme on faces.-Swift. To Stella.

Or (if he strives true patriots to disgrace,)
May at the second table get a place,

With somewhat greater slaves allow'd to dine,
And play at crambo o'er a gill of wine.

Churchill. Independence.

Whether ye guide the poet's hand To easy diction or the grand, Forbid the Gallic namby pamby Here to repeat its crazy crambe.

Byrom. Remarks on a Pamphlet, &c.

CRAMP, v. Ger. Krumpen, contrahi, h. e. CRAMP, n. per lineam curvam in se retrahi; CRAMP, adj. Sw. Krympa, krumpna; Dut. Krimp, indigence, narrow or contracted circumstances; krimping, contraction; kramp, spasm, because it contracts, (Wachter.) It seems formed upon the verb To Cram, to press or compress, to constrict. And see CRIMP, and CRUMP.

To contract or draw together, to constrain, to confine, restrain or restrict; to hold or keep in confinement, bonds or fetters; to bind or fetter. Cramp, the adj.-crabbed, difficult.

For cramp, the spasmodic disease, see the quotations from Holland's Pliny, and from Bacon. Chaucer writes crampish.

Ich catche the crampe.-Piers Plouhman, p. 91.
To ground dead she falleth as a stone,
Crampisheth her limmes crokedly.

Chaucer. Of Queene Annelida.

And many a sodayn crampe my hart hath pinched so,
That for the time my sences all, felt nether weale nor wo.
Vacertaine Auctors. Complaint of a Louer, &c.
The crampe dyuers nightes grypeth hym in hys legges.
Sir T. More. Workes, p. 1434.

Hunt.
Pish then I see
Thou dost not know the flexible condition
Of my apt nature; I can laugh, laugh heartily
When the gout cramps my joints.

Ford. Perkin Warbeck, Act iii. sc. 2.

The cramp (no doubt) cometh of contraction of sinews; which is manifest in that it cometh either by cold, or driresse; as after consumptions and long agues; for cold and drinesse do (both of them) contract and corrugate. We see also, that chafing a little above the place in pain, easeth the cramp, which is wrought by the dilatation of the contracted sinews by heat.-Bacon. Naturall History, s. 964.

Say the crampe take either feet or legges, plucking and stretching the sinews when one is in bed, the next way to

The king not being risen out of his bed, did giue one commandement that I should ride on hawking with many gentlemen of his court, and that they should shew me so much game and pastime as might be: which was done, and many cranes killed.-Hackluyt. Voyages, vol. i. p.

346.

These pretie people [the Pygmies] Homer hath reported to be much troubled and annoied by cranes. The speech goeth, that in the spring downe to the sea side they march, where they make foule worke among the egges and young cranelings newe hatched, which they destroy without all pitie.-Holland. Plinie, b. vii. c. 2.

Other [gallies] being hoised up by the prooes with hands of iron, and hooks made like cranes bills, plunged their poups into the sea.-North. Plutarch, p. 261.

An upstart, craned up to the height he has.
Massinger. Fatal Dowry, Act iii. sc. 1.

To this objection it might serve for a full answer, that there are other duties then customs and subsidies due upon the landing of wares; for example, wharfage, cranage, scavage, and such like.

State Trials. The great Cause of Impositions, an. 1606. What engines, what instruments are used in craning up a soul sunk below the centre to the highest heaven.

CRANK, v. CRANK, n. CRANK, adj. CRA'NKLE. CRANKLING.

Bates, vol. iv. Ser. 9. Dut. Kranck-en, krenck-en, debilitare, to debilitate or weaken, (Kilian.) Ger. Kranken, ægrotare, (Wachter.) Sw. Kraencka, deteriorem reddere, to deteriorate or cause to be worse. Howell (see the example from him) considers the Eng. Crank, though used in a directly opposite signification, to be the Dutch word. Skinner dislikes such antiphrases; and prefers un or onkranck, non æger, the initial syllable being lost through the ravages of time. Warton, (on Milton,) considers the word to be unexplained, and that we are to understand by it, cross-purposes. Minshew calls it an old word, and still in use among country people for "lustie, couragious, spiritful." He adopts the antiphrases rejected by Skinner.

Crank is, in Dutch, Kronckelen, to wring or wrench, to bend and kronkelen is composed of the prefix ghe or ke, and wronkelen, to wring or wrench, to bend. The union of the prefix, g, k, or e hard, with the subsequent liquid, is of constant occurrence: ke-wronkelen, dropping the e and win hasty pronunciation, becomes kronckelen. The consequential usages may be deduced with as little difficulty as those of buxom or boughsome, See CRINKLE. from the verb to bow, i. e. bend.

Crank, is wrenched, twisted, bent. To crank, -to bend, to wind, to turn. A crank, a bending, a winding course or way; any thing bent or

See, how this riuer comes me cranking in
And cuts me from the best of all my land.
A huge halfe moone, a monstrous cantle out.
Shakespeare. 1 Part Hen. IV. Act iii. sc. 1.
But, if you do remember,

I send it through the riuers of your blood
Euen to the court, the heart, to th' seate o' th' braine,
And through the crankes and offices of men.
Id. Coriolanus, Act i. sc. 1.

Jodocus Damhoderius, a lawyer of Bruges, hath some notable examples of such counterfeit cranks, and every vil lage almost will yeeld abundant testimonies amongst us; we have Dummerers, Abraham-men, &c.

Burton. Anatomy of Melancholy, p. 159.

We use the Dutch word crank in English to be welldispos'd, which in the original signifieth to be sick.

Howell, b. iv. Let. 6.

She lodg'd him neere her bower, whence
He loued not to gad,

But waxed cranke for why? no heart,

A sweeter layer had.-Warner. Albion's Eng.b.vii.c.36. Now on along the crankling path do keep, Then by a rock turns up another way, Rising tow'rds day, then falling tow'rds the deep, On a smooth level then itself doth lay.

Drayton. The Barons' Wars, b. vi.

Meander, who is said so intricate to be, Hath not so many turns, nor crankling nooks as she. • Wye or Gwy, so called (in the British) of her sinuosity, or turning.-Drayton. Poly-Olbion, s. 7.

In plying down the river, the Resolution was found to be very crank, which made it necessary to put into Sheerness in order to remove this evil, by making some alteration in her upper works.-Cook. Voyage, vol. iii. b. i. c. 1.

CRANNY. A Crannie, craine or cleft. Fr. CRANNIED. Cren, cran; It. Crena; Lat. Crena; perhaps from the Gr. Kpnn, i. fons, (sc.) a fissure or chink, through which water may pass or issue, (Minshew.) Skinner prefers the old Fr. Creneau, though to this he assigns the same origin, the Lat. Crena,

A small crack, cleft, or fissure.

I call you once, I call you twice;

I beat you againe, if you stay my thrice:
Through these cranyes, where I peepe,
I'le let in light to see you sleepe.

B. Jonson. Witches' Charme, Char. 6.
Ye work and work like moles, blind in the paths
That are bor'd thro' the crannies of the earth,
To charge your hungry souls with such full surfeits,
As, being gorg'd once, make ye lean with plenty.
Ford. The Lover's Melancholy, Act ii. sc. 2.
As towards Craven-hills, I many have of those
Amongst the crannyd cleves, that thrugh the cavern creep.
Drayton. Poly-Olbion, s. 28.

Revealing day through every cranny spies,
And seems to point her out where she sits weeping.
Shakespeare. Rape of Lucrece.

And therefore beat and laid about
To find a cranny to creep out.-Hudibras, pt. iii. c. 1.
A bee of most discerning taste
'Perceiv'd the fragrance as he pass d,
On eager wing the spoiler came,

And search'd for crannies in the frame.

Cowper. The Pine-Apple and the Bee. CRANTS. Dut. Krants; Ger. Kranz; Sw.

the bed standeth: or put case the crampe take the left side, then be sure with the right hand to catch hold of the great the of the left foot; and contrariwise, if the crampe come to the right leg, do the like by the right foot.

Holland. Plinie, b. xxviii. c. 6.

The flesh of this bird [Grebe] is excessively rank; but the fat is said to be of great virtue in rheumatic pains, cramps, and paralytic contractions.

Pennant. British Zoology. The Great Crested Grebe,

The diversified but connected fabrick of universal justice is well cramped and bolted together in all its parts: and, depend upon it, I never have employed, and I never shall empoy, any engine of power, which may come into my hands, to wrench it asunder-Burke. Speech at Bristol, 1780.

VOL. 1.

In Milton (met.) a twist, a jerk; or, as Warton calls it, a 66 cross purpose." In Burton,—a wrong doer, a cheat. A ship is crank when she cannot keep a steady course; consequentially, crank is

Pliant, agile, brisk, lively, jolly; and (as in Minshew) "lustie, courageous, spiritful." See BUXOм.

He, who was a litle before bedred and caried lyke a dead karkas on fower mannes shoulders, was now cranke and lustie.-Udal. Mark, c. 2.

Crance, in Jamieson.

Mr. Malone says, that in the first folio of Shakespeare, Rites was substituted by the editor for Crants, the reading of the 4to. 1604.

For charitable prayers

Shards, flints and pebbles should be thrown on her,
Yet here she is allow'd her virgin crants, [Rites]
Her maiden strewments, and the bringing home
Of bell and burial.—Shakespeare. Hamlet, Act v. sc. 1.
CRAPE.

Crispus, crisp.

Fr. Crespe, cre'pe; It. Crespo; Lat.

So called from its crisp texture.

Round a young vestal's blooming face
Plain crape or other simple stuff

With happy negligence enough.-Cooper. Ver-Vert, c. 1.
The crape-clad hermit, and the rich rob'd king,
Levell'd, lie mix'd, promiscuous in the tomb.
Cunningham. On a Pile of Ruins.
From the A. S. Grip-an, to
GRAPPLE, n.&v. S gripe, prehendere. See GRIPE,
and GRAPPLE.

CRA/PLE, or

3 L

CRASH, v. CRASH, n. CRA'SHING, n.

Lat. Dentibus stridere, perhaps front the str. ere, pet

sen, to break with the teeth, to comminute, (to crush ;) or rather from the Fr. Escraser, to bruise, croissir, croquer, crepitare. Minshew, from the Ger. Rauschen, strepitum edere, to send forth a noise. All, Skinner adds, from the sound. It appears to be the same word as Crush, though usually applied to the sound caused by the act of crushing. See TO CRUSH.

Weepe if thou canst a litle crashe, dissemble al thy ioy,

Uppon his toumbe in hansome cost

and laboure eeke employ.-Drant. Horace, b. ii. Sat. 5. Their ores with crashing breake, & keele on ground with danger strikes.-Phaer. Virgill. Eneidos, b. v.

The prince, (whose lookes his sdainfull anger show,)
Now meant to vse his puissance euery deele,

He shak't his head, and crasht his teeth for ire,
His lips breath'd wrath, eyes sparkled shining fire.
Fairefax. Godfrey of Bovlogne, b. vii. s. 42.

Atrides on his brow

(Aboue on th' extreme part of the nose) laid such a heauie blow,

That all the bones crasht under it, and out his eyes did drop

Before his feet, in bloudy dust.

Chapman. Homer. Iliad, b. xiii.

By the violent force whereof, the mountaines were so beaten upon, that they groned againe, and there was heard the crashing noise of the sea shore dashed violently upon. Holland. Ammianus, p. 88. Downe th' extensive seat

Of this fair city, down her buildings sink!
Sinks the full pride her ample walls enclos'd
In one wild havoc crash'd, with burst beyond
Heavens loudest thunder.-Mallet. Excursion.

The gilded roofs and towers of stone

Now instant all around

With sudden crash and dreadful groan
Rush thund'ring to the ground.

Mickle. On his Brother's Death.

We shall, if it be our lot to meet that great day of his coming, foretold by our sacred oracles, not only stand, with the man of morals, serene and fearless amidst the crash of

falling worlds, but, with the religious man, become partaker of the glories of the Lamb, rise triumphant over them in those happier regions of perpetual stability and peace. Warburton. Works, vol. x. Ser. 18.

Mountainous in bulk

They roll to Delphi with a crashing sound, Like thunder nigh, whose burst of ruin strikes The shatter'd ear with horrour.-Glover. Athenaid, b. i. CRA/SIS. Gr. Kpavis, mixtura, temperamentum corporis. Applied to

The temper or temperature, produced by the mixture of various qualities.

I answer that then among many other great priviledges,

For whatsoever is crass and external leaves stronger impress upon the phansie, and the remembrance of it strikes the mind with more efficacy.

More. Antidote against Atheism, b. iii. c. 6.

And must needs be therefore as a void solitude and empty space, a mere vacuum as to the search of any created sense; which roving up and down could finde no crassitude any

where but what these perfect Parvitudes have.

Id. Appendix to Defence of the Cabbala, c. 9. But when the passive affections of the soul are looked upon not as things really existing without the mind, but only as pictures of sensible things in the mind, or more crass or corporeal cogitations, then they are called phantasms or imaginations.-Cudworth. Immutable Morality, b. iv. c. 1. Scaliger finding a defect in the reason of Aristotle, introduceth one of no less deficiency himself; Ratio materialis (saith he) sanguinis, crassitudo simul et multitudo; that is, the reason of the vigour of this side, is the crassitude and plenty of blood, but this is not sufficient; for the crassitude or thickness of blood affordeth no reason why one arm should be enabled before the other, and the plenty thereof, why both not enabled equally.

Brown. Vulgar Errours, b. iv. c. 5.

For the ætherial body contracts crassness and impurity, by the same degrees as the immaterial faculties abate in their exercise.-Glanvill. Pre-existence of Souls, p. 150.

CRAVE, v.
CRA/VER.

CRAVING, n. Junius says

Sw. Kraef-wa; A. S. Craf-ian, rogare, petere, implorare, to ask, to beg, to desire, (Somner.)

To beg with all eagerness, to beg again and again; to beg, ask, seek or require-earnestly, vehemently, incessantly; to importune. And non so bold beggar. to bydden an craue. For ich borwe nevere

Piers Plouhman, p. 89.

Id. p. 391.

Ne crave of my comune.
He bad that one of hem shuld saine,
What thing is him levest to craue,
And he it shall of yefte haue.-Gower. Con. A. b. i.
She geues no gift, but craues as fast;
She soone repentes a thankful dede
She turneth after euery blast;

She helpes them oft, that haue no nede.

Vncertaine Auctors. Of Fortune & Fame. Whereupon I cuming backe myselfe againe vnto Basile, was in suche wise on eche side continually called vpon of my maisters the Germaines, beeing crauers not of ye lest importune sort, that because I would in ani wise discharge both his promise, and mine own honestie to, I finished vp

CRATCH. i. e. Scratch sculpere, insculpere. the worke with litle more the a monethes labour. See Scratch, (Junius.)

So gret a weping was ther non certain,
Whan Hector was ybrought, all fresh yslain
To Troy, alas! the pitee that was there,
Cratching of chekes, rending eke of here.

Chaucer. The Knightes Tale, v. 2836. CRATCH. Unless I am deceived, says Skinner, from the Lat. Cratica, craticula, crates; a hurdle. See CRATE, infra.

Fr. Creicche, cresche; a rack, ox-stall, or crib, (Cotgrave.)

And sche baar her firste borun sone, and wlappide him in clothis, and leyde him in a cracche for ther was no place to him in no chaumbir.-Wielif. Luke, c. 2.

But the Lorde answerde to him and seyde, Ypocrite, wher ech of you untieth not in the saboth his oxe or asse fro the cracche and ledith to watir?-Id. Ib. c. 13.

Begin from first, where he encradled was,
In simple cratch, wrapt in a wad of hay
Between the toylefull oxe and humble asse.
Spenser. Of Heauenly Loue.
Shine happy star; ye angels sing
Glory on high to heaven's king:
Run shepherds, leave your nightly watch,
See heaven comes down to Bethleem's cratch.
Bp. Hall. Anthems. Christmas-day.

The shepherds and the cratch accorded well; yet even they saw nothing which they might not contemne; neither was there any of those shepherds that seemed not more like a king, then that king whom they came to see.

CRATE, n.

Id. Cont. The Sages and the Starre.

Udal. Matthew, Pref. All what ye crav'd was compast by my care, Who onely labour'd to content your mind; There wanted not a creature that was fayre, When curious thoughts to wantonnesse inclin'd. Stirling. Doomes-day. The eleventh Houre. Per. I did but crave.

2 Fish. But crave? Then I'll turn craver too, and so I shall 'scape whipping.-Shakespeare. Pericles, Act iii. sc. 1.

He knew well, that hee had to deale with so wise and mercifull a physitian, as that the opening of the maladie was a craving of cure: If our spirituall miseries bee but confessed, they cannot faile of redresse.

Bp. Hall. Cont. The Good Centurion. Hither th' oppressed shall henceforth resort, Justice to crare, the succour of your court; And then your highness, not for ours alone But for the world's protector shall be known.

Waller. A Panegyric. To my Lord Protector.

If any of you propose to eat upon another's account: to satisfy your bodily appetites, and the cravings of hunger this is not the place for it, where you assemble in a body for a religious purpose.

Hoadly. Of the Sacrament of the Lord's Supper Plac'd above want, shall abject thirst of wealth So fiercely war 'gainst my soul's dearest health, That, as a boon, I should base shackles crave, And, born to freedom, make myself a slave.

CRAVEN, adj. CRA/VEN, n. CRAVEN, V.

Churchill. The Conference

Of the noun, Skinner says I would rather derive it from the verb, to crave, quia statim Lat. Crates, anо Tov Kрaтe, quia (sc.) ab hoste veniam petit. "Craven-is one wh has craved or craven his life from his antagonist dextramque precantem protendens," (Tooke ii. 71.)

lignum unum alterum tenet, (Vossius.)
Crate is now chiefly used for the open wicker
or wooden case in which earthenware is packed.

I have seen a horse carrying home the harvest on a crate.

Under his taile was a stick for a crupper, held at the two

tion, that excellent and blessed and happy temper of body, which should haue been like his own happy crasis. Glanvill. Pre-existence of Souls, c. 4. Lat. Crassus, a multâ carne, quasi carassus vel creassus, a caro vel кpeas, flesh, (Vossius.) Gross, heavy, thick, dull,

CRASS, adj. CRA'SSIMENT.

CRA'SSITUDE.

CRA'SSNESS.

stupid.

He was a man of stature conuenient, of countenaunce amiable and louely, of body somewhat crasse and corpulēt, quycke wytted, bold and hardy stomaked.

Hall. Hen. VII. an. 21. Now, as the bones are principally here intended, so also all the other solid parts of the body, that are made of the same crassiment of seed, may be here included.

Smith. Portraiture of Old Age, p. 179.

Ihre has no doubt the word is of Gothic origin, compounded of craw, the neck, and wad, cloth.

The handkerchief about his neck Canonical crabat of Smeck, From whom the institution came, When church and state they set on flame, And worn by them as badges then Of spiritual warfaring men.-Hudibras, pt. i. c. 3. Smectymnuus was a club of five parliamentary holdersforth; they wore handkerchiefs about their necks for a note

of distinction, (as the officers of the parliament army then

did,) which afterwards degenerated into carnal cravats.
Grey. Hudibras. Note on the above.
His sword-knot this, his cravat that design'd;
And this the yard long snake he twirls behind.

Dryden, Ep. 7.

verb, to craven,-to deprive of strength or courage Upon this noun, Shakespeare has formed the

For cowards such of craven kind like hinds are not to drink, Nor wash in fair Eurotas stream

their bodies as I think.-Holland. Plutarch, p. 395.

Affirming in good earnest, it were better both for hersel to be a widow, and for him to live single, and without wife, than so to be mismatched as they were, and thre the craven cowardise of others to languish and come nothing.-Id. Livivs, p. 33.

Vas. Come, sir, stand to your tackling, if you pro craven, I'll make you run quickly.

Ford. 'Tis Pity she's a Whore, Acti. sc. Against self-slaughter There is a prohibition so diuine That crauens my weake hand.

Shakespeare. Cymbeline, Act. iii. sc. CRAUNCH. Dut. Schrantsen, frangere. run pere, lamiare, frendere, et mandere, dentibus fra gere, (Kilian.)

Cranch, (in various parts pronounced schranc appears formed of the common prefix ce, (i. e. k and ranch, to tear. See RANCH,

To crash, (qv.) crush, or bruise, with the teet
Yeet sholde thr come another [cat]
To cranchen ous and al our kynde.-Piers Plouhman, P

Rut. Not very well; she cannot shoot at buts,
Or manage a great horse, but she can craunch
A sack of small coale! eat you lime and haire,
Soap-ashes, loame, and has a dainty spice
O' the greene sicknesse.

B. Jonson. The Magnetick Lady, Act i. s. 3.

She would eraunch the wing of a lark, bones and all, between her teeth, although it were nine times as large as that of a full-grown turkey.-Swift. Voyage to Brobdignag.

CRAW, n. The crop or gorge of a bird; (from the Dut. Kraeghe, jugulus, the fore part of the neck, ingluvies, which Vossius calls the sinus interior circa guttur ;) into which birds receive their food, before they pass it into their stomach. Ger. Kragen; Sw. Krage. See Min

shew, and Thre.

In birds, there is no mastication or comminution of the meat in the mouth; but in such as are not carnivorous, it is immediately swallow'd into the crop or craw, or at least into a kind of antestomach.-Ray. On the Creation, pt. i.

We have seen some [buzzards,] whose breast and belly are brown, and only marked across the craw with a large white crescent.-Pennant. British Zoology. The Common Buzzard.

CRAWL, v. CRAWLER.

Lat. Repere, to creep, serpere, to draw or draw along CRAWLING, adj. on the belly. Dut. Krielen, scatere, præsertim ut vermibus, (Skinner.)

To creep and to crawl, may admit the same distinction as the Lat. Repere, and Serpere do. The first being applied to express the motion of a short-legged animal; the second, the motion of animals upon their bellies, as the worm, the slug, the serpent.

An endles gulf down reatching deepe,
Shuld fowle apear, and crauling soules at light shuld
quaking creepe.-Phaer. Virgill. Eneidos, b. viii.
Beyng cralled in the deuilles snares.-Udal. Tim. c. 3.

He wonneth in the land of Fayeree,
Yet is no Fary borne, ne sib at all
To Elfes, but sprong of seed terrestriall,
And whylome by false faeries stolne away,
Whiles yet in infant cradle he did crall.

Spenser. Faerie Queene, b. iii. c. 3.

My comforts for heaven shall (I trust) never fail me; but for the present world, it shall be well for me, if I can without too much difficulty scramble out of the necessary miseries this life; and without too much sorrow crawl to my grave.-Bp. Hall. Select Thoughts, § 24.

Unarm'd of wings and scaly oare,
Unhappy crawler on the land.-Lovelace. Lucasta.
How hints, like spawn, scarce quick in embryo lie,
How new-born nonsense first is taught to cry,
Maggots, half-formed, in rhyme exactly meet,
And learn to crawl upon poetic feet.

Pope. The Dunciad, b. i.

Sometimes he'd scow'r along the streets like wind,
As if some fifty bailiffs were behind :

At other times he'd sadly saunt'ring crawl,
As though he led the hearse, or held the sable pall.
Smart. The Horatian Canons of Friendship.

CRAY. CRAFTER, or

CRABE.

Carpentier, (Supplement of Old French Words,) to Ducange, "Sorte de vaisseau de guerre." And in his Latin Supplement, "Craiera,Navis species, adde navis piratica, nostris etiam Craier."

See the quotation from Hackluyt.

Your barke or craer made here for the riuer of Volga and the Caspian sea is very litle, of the burthen of 30 tonnes at the most. It is handsomly made after the English fashion: but I thinke it too litle for your goods and prouision of vic. thals-Hackluyt. Voyages, vol. i. p. 354.

Item, in the yeere of our Lord 1398, about the feast of S. Michael the Archangel, the foresaid Godekin & Stertebeker, with other their cofederats of the Hans, took at Langsound in Norway a certain crayer of one Thomas Motte of Cley, called the Peter, (wherein Thomas Smith was master,) & the craper they wickedly and unjustly carried away being worth 280 nobles.--Id. Ib. vol. i. p. 168.

And this his maiestie's realm hath more plenty of ships, boats, crayes and other vessels, by reason of those, which by hope of lucre do follow that trade of livyng.

Strype. Originals, N. A Proclamation, Edw. VI. an. 1. For skiffs, crays, shallops, and the like, why these From ev'ry small creek cover'd all the seas. Drayton. Battle of Agincourt. Nevertheless, Timoleon without, gave them all the aid he could possible: sending them corn from Catana, in the fisher boats and small crayers, which got into the eastle many times.-North. Plutarch, p. 228.

CRAY-FISH, or CRAW-FISH.

Minshew writes craie-fish or craivish. Skinner, crayfish potius crevice; both say, from the Fr. Escrevice; which Wachter derives from the Ger. Krebs. See CRAB.

Nor of the cray-fish here which creeps amongst my stones, From all the rest alone, whose shell is all his bones. Drayton. Poly-Olbion, s. 26. The shell-fish are, muscles, cockles, scallops, cray-fish, and many other sorts, all such as are to be found in every other part of the coast.-Cook. Voyage, vol. iii. b. i. c. 5.

CRAYON, v. I From Craye, chalk.

CRA'YON, n. } Crayonnery, int or draw

in dry colours; also, to draw first lines, or make the first draught of a picture, (Cotgrave.)

Thy conscious pallet ne'er its hues should spare
To draw a sportsman's hound or racer's mare;
Nor thy reluctant crayon stoop to trace
A fool's dull eye or villain's ill-mark'd face.

Scott. Essay on Painting.

And I wonder how any one can read the king's speech at the opening of that session, without seeing in that speech both the repeal and the declaratory act very sufficiently cray. oned out.-Burke. On American Taxation.

He soon afterwards composed that discourse conformably to the plan which he had crayoned out, and sent it to me for such remarks on the language of it as should occur to me. Malone. Life of Sir Joshua Reynolds, Note.

CRAZE, v. CRA'ZEDNESS. CRAZINESS. CRAZY.

Ihre, Lye, and Skinner, from the Fr. Ecraser, to crush, to break. See the first example from Chaucer. Minshew, from the Gr. Kparis, temperamentum. (See CRASIS.) He who labours under any disease, is said to be crasie, propter dvσкраσaιav, or a bad temperature of body. (See DYSCRASY.) To craze, as generally applied, is

To weaken, to debilitate, to impair, to deprive of natural strength, to bring to a state of imbecility.

I am right siker, that the pot was crased,
Be as be may, be ye no thing amased.

Chaucer. The Chanones Yemannes Tale, v. 16,402.
Upon her whan I gased
Me thought mine hart was crased.

Skelton. The Boke of Philip Sparow. Downe mine eyes the stroke

descended to the harte, Which Cupid neuer crasde before by force of golden darte.

Turbervilie. The Louer declareth how first he was taken.

And on they come, as doth a rolling tide

Forc'd by a wind, that shoves it forth so fast,
Till it choke up some channel side to side,
And the craz'd banks doth down before it cast.
Drayton. Battle of Agincourt.

For no craz'd brain could ever yet propound,
Touching the soul, so vain and fond a thought;
But some among the masters have been found
Which in their schools the self-same thing have taught.
Davies. The Immortality of the Soul.

And Phoebus to invade it [the field] with his shield
Recovering Hector's broosde, and erased powres.
Chapman. Homer. Iliad, b. xv.

Till length of years
And sedentary numness craze my limbs
To a contemptible old age obscure.

Millon. Samson Agonistes. And the nature, as of men that have sick bodies, so likewise of the people in the crazednesse of their minds possest with dislike and discontentment at things present, is to imagine that any thing (the virtue whereof they have commended) would helpe them; but that most, which they least have tried.-Hooker. Ecclesiasticall Politie, Pref.

Or be the shepherds which doe serue her laesie?
That they list not their mery pipes apply,
Or be their pipes vntunable and craesie,
That they cannot her honour worthily?

Spenser. Colin Clout's come Home againe.

Yea though the cause we maintain be never so good, yet the issue of diseas'd and crazie proofs brought to maintain it, must neede be the same.-Hales. Rem. Ser. 2 Pet. iii. 16.

Whereas the Atheists, thus impute to the generality of mankind not only light-minded credulity, and phantastry, but also such an excess of fear as differs nothing at all from crazedness and distraction or madness. Cudworth. Intellectual System, p. 658.

There is no crasinesse we feel, that is not a record of God's having been offended by our nature; and every little ach about us is a thorn or briar springing out of that offensive earth, whereof we are composed.

Mountague. Devoule Essayes, pt. ii. Treat. 10. s. 2. The sight of an old man, poor and destitute, crazy and scorned, unable to help himself, or to buy the help of others, is a shrewd argument to recommend covetousness to one even in his greenest years, and to make the very youngest and jolliest sparks, in their most flourishing age, look about them.-South, vol. iv. Ser. 10.

Pray let me ask of you, could not the great God who grasps and surveys all future and distant things in one single view, could not he from the beginning foresee your morning prayer for his protection, and appoint all second causes to concur for the support of that crazy bridge, or to make that oid tower stand firm till you had escaped the danger.

CREAK, v. CREAK, n. CREAKING, n.

}

Watts. On the Mind, pt. i. c. 10.

Dut. Kricken; Fr. Criquer. All from the sound. Creak is applied to the noise emitted by ice when trodden upon, before the crack: to the noise of dry shoes, of a door opening, &c. It may be considered as the diminutive of Crack, (qv. and Croak.)

Kreke, as used by Fabyan, is now written croak. He cryeth and he creketh.-Skelton. Boke of Colin Clout. A crowe that she hadde lykyngly fed and brought vp, kreked louder than he was accustomed to do.

Fabyan, vol. i. c. 213. Forsooth because it goeth, as it were, reculing backward, it pierceth and boreth an hole into the ground, and never ceaseth all night long to creake very shrill.

Holland. Plinie, b. xxix. c. 6.

Here neither Chorus wafts you o'er the seas; Nor creaking throne comes downe, the boyes to please. B. Jonson. Every Man in his Humour, Prol. Let not the creaking of shooes, nor the rustling of silkes, betray thy poore heart to woman. Shakespeare. Lear, Act iii. sc. 4.

For like as when we heare the grunting of a swine, the creaking of a cart wheele, or pully, the whistling noise of the wind, or roaring of the sea, we take no pleasure therein, but are troubled and discontented.-Holland. Plutarch, p. 19.

At length some pity warm'd the master's breast
(Twas then his threshold first received a guest :)
Slow creeking turns the door with jealous care,
And half he welcomes in the shivering pair.

Unlike to living sounds it came,

CREAM, v. CREAM, n.

CREA'MY.

Parnell. The Hermit.

Unmix'd, unmelodis'd with breath; But, grinding through some scrannel frame, Creak'd from the bony lungs of death. Langhorn. The Misletoe and the Passion-Flower. Fr. Crème; It. Crema; A. S. Ream; Dut. Room; Ger. Ram. All, says Skinner, from the Lat. Cremor, supple, lactis. Cremor, Vossius derives from Cern-ere, because it is that fatness, which is separated (secernitur) from the milk. Scaliger, (see in Menage, v. Creme,) thinks Cremor an old French word, signifying the juice expressed from any grain or seed. In In Devon, Lye says, Ream is still used. A. S. we find Milc rem, in Ger. Milchraum. A. S. Hrim, is Pruina, the superficial hoar, or whiteness of frost, the Rime, (qv.) Cream is applied, (met.)— To the richest portion of any thing.-To cream, To rise to the surface, as cream does; to take or skim off the cream or richest portion.

Poure folke for fere tho. fedde Hunger gerne With creym and with croddes.-Piers Ploukman, p. 145. There will no man deny but that baptisme was as full & as good as ours, & yet was there neither fonte nor holy water, candle, creame, oyle, salt, godfather, or godmothers, or any other, popatrie.-Frith. Workes, p. 95.

There are a sort of men, whose visages
Do creame and mantle like a standing pond,
And do a wilfull stilnesse entertaine,
With purpose to be drest in an opinion
Of wisedome, grauity, profound conceit.

Shakespeare. Merchant of Venice, Act 1. sc. 1.

The weightinesse thereof, and the expectation of others, seemeth of due and right to claime something too bee sayde by mee, whome your especiall trust and fauour hath credited and graced with this employment.

Hackluyt. Voyages, vol. iii. p. 683.

Two eares that trust no trifling tales
nor credit blazing brute :
Yet such againe as readie are
to heare the humble suit.

Turberville. In Prayse of Lady P. If a vagabond would do what him lust, and call himselfe your seruante, and execute such offices of trust, whether ye would or no, as ye haue committed to another man's credit, what would euery one of you say or doe herein? Would ye suffer it !-Sir John Cheke. The Hurt of Sedition.

By such like wiles of Sinon the forsworne
His tale with us did purchace credit: some
Trapt by deceite, some forced by his teres.

Surrey. Virgile. Eneis, b. ii. Watte Tyler answered hym and sayd, Frende, appease yourselfe, thou shalte be well payed or this day be ended; kepe the nere me, I shall be thy credytour.

Berners. Froissart. Cronycle, vol. i. c. 384.

The spirite of God with man's owne towardnesse and good endeavour, woorketh in man the credulitie and belief, by which we both belieue the church in teaching vs which is the scripture, and also by which we belieue the thyngis that are written in the scripture.-Sir T. More. Workes, p. 579.

Saint Augustine was resolute in points of Christianitie to eredite none, how godly and learned soeuer he were, vnlesse he confirmed his sentence by the scriptures, or by some reason not contrarie to them.

Hooker. Ecclesiasticall Politie, b. ii. § 4. Mingle no matter of doubtful credit, with the simplicity of truth.-B. Jonson. Discoveries.

Is the best child of knowledge.

Beaum. & Fletch. The Chances, Act v. sc. 1. And there is an instance yet behinde, which is more creditable than either, and gives probability to them all.

Glanvill. Vanity of Dogmatizing, c. 21.

Leaving also the more common and ordinary measure and proportions of beneficence, wherein the better sort think they quit themselves like Christians, and come off fair and creditably; he chose the more excellent way, and he devoted unto God and set apart the tenth of his yearly incomes for charitable and pious uses.-Mede. Works. Life, p. 42.

Yet so great was this execrable deed,

As men would scarce therein believe their eyes
Much less their ears and many sought to feed
The easy creditors of novelties,
By voicing him alive.

Daniel. Civil Wars, b. iii.

But should we signify no more than only this to your highnesses, that she is a widow, that she is in great want, the mother of many small children, which her creditor endeavours to deprive of almost all that little support they have in this world, we cannot believe we need make use of any greater arguments to your lordships.

Milton. R. Cromwell. To the States of West Friezland. For were thy selfe iuror and iudge of the most offensiue, my eredulencie, or thine inconstancie, the iuror could not but giue verdict for Elisa and the iudge sentence against Eneas.-Warner. Albion's England, Addition to b. ii.

Devotion (mother of obedience)

Bears such a hand on their credulity, That it abates the spirit of eminence, And busies them with humble piety.

Daniel. Civil Wars, b. vi.

Had Argiue Hellen knowne credulity
Would bring such plagues with it; and her againe
(As auctheresse of them all) with that foule stain
To her, and to her countrey; she had staid
Her loue and mixture from a stranger's bed.

Chapman. Homer. Odyssey, b. xxiii.

I will not foul my mouth to speak the sorceries
Of your seducer, his base birth, his whoredoms,
His strange impostures; nor deliver how

He taught a pigeon to feed in his ear,
Then made his credulous followers believe
It was an angel that instructed him
In the framing of his Alcoran.

Massinger. The Renegado, Act ii. sc. 3.

The city of York had too credulously believed King Edward's oath, not to disturb King Henry.

Baker. Edw. IV. an. 1471.

If the gospel and the apostles may be credited, no man an be a Christian without charity, and without that faith which works, not by force, but by love.

Locke. Letter concerning Toleration.

Though divers ereditable witnesses deposed, that Gregory
Bandan, who was common hangman, had confessed and
ned to have executed the king; yet the jury found him
Captain William Howlet] guilty of the indictment.
Ludlow. Memoirs, vol. iii. p. 74.
Among all these snares, there is none more entangling
than the creditableness and repute of customary vices.
Decay of Piety.

He who would act the destroyer, if he would do it effectually, should put on the reformer; and he who would be creditably, and successfully a villain, let him go whining, praying, and preaching to his work; let him knock his breast, and his hollow heart, and pretend to lie in the dust before God, before he can be able to lay others there. South, vol. v. Ser. 5. Many there are of the same wretched kind, Whom their despairing creditors may find Lurking in shambles; where with borrow'd coin, They buy choice meats, and in cheap plenty dine. Congreve. Juvenal, Sat. 11.

'Tis no less a truth than a paradox. That there are no greater fools than atheistical wits, and none so credulous as infidels.-Bentley, Ser. 2.

Beyond all credulity therefore is the credulousness of atheists, whose belief is so absurdly strong, as to believe that chance could make the world, when it cannot build a house; that chance should produce all plants, when it cannot paint one landskip; that chance should form all animals, when it cannot so much as make a lifeless watch. Clarke, vol. i. Ser. 1.

Cicero in his letters to Atticus often mentions the diffi

culty of penetrating into Pompey's real designs; but if
Cælius may be credited, he was, it seems, one of those over
refined dissemblers, who, as our British Horace observes, are
So very close they're hid from none." Pope.
Melmoth. Cicero, b. iii. Let. 25. N.9
-Th' unthrifty maid
Too credulously fond! who gave away
Her heart so lavishly, deserves to wed
The woes that from her indiscretion flow!

Skelton. Why come ye not to Court? Furste, after the king's cordial recommendation, and deliveraunce of his letters credentials, the king's said secretary shal say, that the king's hignes, calling to his remembraunce, &c.-Strype. Records. Instruct. by the King, for Mr. Pace.

But when any man speaketh with aduisement and deliberation, the wordes are the more credible; but yet if he sweare, it confirmeth the thing more. Tyndall. Workes, p. 442. honour, bothe of Fraunce and of Englande, credably enAnd also I reporte me to all knyghtes and squyers of fourmed of the hole mater. Berners. Froissart. Cronycle, vol. ii. c. 161.

Lending soft audience to my sweet design,
And credent soul to that strong bonded oath,
That shall prefer and undertake my troth.

Shakespeare. A Louer's Complaint.
Then 'tis very credent
Thou may'st co-ioyne with something.

Id. Winter's Tale. Act i. sc. 2. And yet those very assemblies of bishops had no authority by their decrees to make a divine faith, or to constitute new objects of necessary credence.

Bp. Taylor. Liberty of Prophesying, s. 6. Having now shewed their credential letters on both sides, the Spaniards excepted in those of the queen's against the epithete of most illustrious in the archduke's title. Camden. Elizabeth, an. 1600.

The committee of estates excepted against the credentials of the English commissioners, because they were directed to the parliament of Scotland, which did not then sit, but only the committee of estates.

Whitelock. Memoirs. Charles I. an. 1647.

Whereunto we answere, that albeit the name of faith being properly and strictly taken, it must needs haue reference vnto some vttered word, as the object of belief: neuerthelesse sith the ground of credit is credibilitie of things credited; and things are made credible, eyther by the knowne condition of the vtterer, or by the manifest likeli

hood of truth which they have in themselues; hereupon it riseth, that whatsoeuer wee are perswaded of, the same wee

are generally said to beleeue.

Hooker. Ecclesiasticall Politie, b. ii. § 4.

But this creed-maker is cautious, beyond any of his predecessors: hee will not be so caught by his own argument; and therefore is very shy to give you the precise articles that every sincere Christian is necessarily and indispensibly oblig'd to understand, and give his assent to.

Locke. Second Vindic. of the Reason. of Christianity. The first is a faith of simple credence, or bare assent; acknowledging and assenting to the historical truth of every thing delivered in God's word.-South, vol. viii. Ser. 2.

He some time since had left his frock for a petticoat, and insinuated himself so far in the Swedish court as to procure a commission (or credence at least) for a certain petty agency in England.-Sir W. Temple. Memoirs, an. 1672-9.

And for this great dominion here,

Which over other beasts we claim, Reason our best credential does appear, By which indeed we domineer,

But how absurdly we may see with shame.

Buckinghamshire. Ode on Brutus.

One Mr. Benjamin Barker, a man that I have been long well acquainted with, and know him to be a very diligent and observing person, and likewise very sober and credible, told this Mr. Hill.-Dampier. Voyage, an. 1683.

No article of religion, though as demonstrable as the nature of the thing can admit hath credibility enough for them. Bentley, Ser. 2.

The present question, concerning the reality of the miraculous powers of the primitive church, depends on the joint credibility of the facts, pretended to have been produced by those powers, and of the witnesses, who attest them.The credibility of facts lies open to the trial of our reason and senses, but the credibility of witnesses depends on a variety of principles, wholly concealed from us; and tho', in many cases, it may reasonably be presumed, yet in none, can it certainly be known.

Middleton. On the Miraculous Powers, Pref. 9.

The credibleness of a good part of these narratives has been confirmed to me by a practiser of physic in the East Indies.-Boyle. Works, vol. i. p. 435.

However, the preliminary ground of credence was the same, in both; namely, that the doctrines they taught were worthy of God. This worth consists in their truth, and in their importance.-Warburton, vol. ix. Ser. 5.

He goes out the declared emissary of a faithless ministry. He has perfidy for his credentials.

Burke. On a Regicide Peace, Let. 1.

They lay five or six large eggs, of a dirty whitish hue, sprinkled all over with minute deep rust-color spots; and we have been credibly informed that they will sometimes lay fourteen and more.

Pennant. British Zoology. The Common Coot.