The trembling shipman, all distraught with fear, Forgets his course, and knows not how to steer.

DISTRESS, v.

DISTRESS, n.

DISTRESSEDNESS.

Rowe. Lucan, b. v.

The Englishe men required, that Kynge Charles, should haue nothyng, but at the hande of the King of Englande, and that not as duetie, but as a benefite, by hym of hys mere liberallitie geuen, and distributed.-Hall. Hen. VI. an. 13. This is my derelye beloued sonne, the delight of my Udal. Matthew, c. 3. And touchyng the distribution of my temporal goodes, my purpose is by the grace of God, to bestow them to be accepted as fruites of fayth.-Tyndall. Workes, p. 430.

Angustia, difficultas, from the Fr. Destresse; It. Distretta. Angustia, (q.d.) Dis- mynde, & distributer of my goodnes towardes you. trictio, from dis,and stringere. (See DISTRAIN.) The Fr. Estrecir, to straiten, Skinner adds, he believes to be of the same origin.

DISTRE'SSFUL.

DISTRESSFULLY.

DISTRESSING, N.

To press or strain or pinch close or tight; to wring hard; met. to cause painful sensations, to agonize; to harass or afflict with calamity or misfortune, with misery or wretchedness.

See the quotation from Blackstone. Verstegan explains the A. S. Theafnesse,—distressedness.

The kyng hyre fader was old man, & drou to feblesse,
And the anguysse of hys dogter hym dude more distresse.
R. Gloucester, p. 442.
The kyng hadde rewthe of hem, & ys conseil hym gaf tho,
Nom of hem sikerness to ys thral euer mo,
And of eche that with hym was, and in gret distresse,
Bi syde Scotlond hem gef a place, al in wildernesse,
To wone inne in thraldam vnder the kyng euer mo.

Abide and suffer thy distresse
That hurteth now, it shall be lesse.

Id. p. 143.

And if that no spare clothes to give he had,
His owne coate he would cut, and it distribute glad.
Spenser. Faerie Queene, b. i. c. 10.

I am also by office, an assisting sister of the deacons, and
a deuourer, instead of a distributer of the alms.
B. Jonson. Bartholomew Faire, Act v. sc. 2.
Wherefore, to despite him the more, he [Agesilavs] made
him [Lysander] distributer of his victuals; and having done
so, some say that he spake these words in open presence of
many now let them go and honour my flesh-distributer.
North. Plutarch, p. 512.

The church itself (which is the body mystical of Christ) might by analogy be properly resembled to the stomach of a body natural, which though it receive much, yet makes equal distribution, by dividing and dispersing that which it receives, to the use and sustenance of all the other parts. State Trials. Speech of Northampton. H. Garnet, an. 1606. Of human positive laws, some are distributive, some penal. Distributive are those that determine the rights of the subjects, declaring to every man what it is by which he Chaucer. Rom. of the Rose. acquireth and holdeth a propriety in lands or goods, and a right or liberty of action; and these speak to all the subjects. Hobbs. Of Commonwealth, pt. ii. c. 26. For in verie deed although wee cannot bee free from all sinne collectiuely in such sort that no part thereof shall be found inherent in vs, yet distributively at the least all great by one, both may and ought to bee by all means auoyded. and grieuous actuall offences, as they offer themselues one

Thus stande all men franchised
But in estate thei ben deuised,
To some worship and richesse

To some pouertee and distresse.-Gower; Con. A. b. ii.

This spirite putteth vs in suche a sure truste and confidence, that in all our distresses we maye boldly speake vnto God those wordes, which fathers most gentilly and fauorable are wonte to geue eare vnto, callyng vpon him: O father, father.-Udal. Romaines, c. 8.

So doubly is distrest 'twixt joy and cares The dreadlesse courage of this Elfin knight, Hauing escapt so sad ensamples in his sight.

Spenser. Faerie Queene, b. i. c. 6.

Farre hence (quoth he) in wasteful wildernesse
His dwelling is, by which no liuing wight
May euer passe, but thorough great distresse.

Id. Ib. b. i. c. 1.

So wretched is this execrable war,
This civil sword-wherein though all we see
Be foul, and all things miserable are,
Yet most distressful is the victory.

Hooker. Ecclesiastical Politie, b. v.

The carving at the table he always made his province which he said he did as a diversion to keep him from eating over-much but certainly that practice had another more immediate cause, a natural distributiveness of humour,

and a desire to be employed in the relief of every kind of

want of every person.

Hammond. Works, vol. i. Life by Fell, p. xvi.
Abdal. Justice distributes to each man his right.
But what she gives not, should I take by might?
Zule. If justice will take all, and nothing give,
Justice methinks is not distributive.

Dryden. The Conquest of Grenada, Act ii. In a government where the people are sharers in power, but no distributers or dispensers of rewards, they expect it Daniel. Civil Wars, b. vii. of their princes and great men, that they shou'd supply the

Farewell, farewell! I feel my long long rest,
And iron sleep my leaden heart oppressing:
Night after day, sleep after labour's best,
Port after storms, joy after long distressing.

P. Fletcher. Eliza, an Elegy.
Myself distress'd, an exile, and unknown,
Debarr'd from Europe, and from Asia thrown,
In Lybian desarts wander thus alone.

Dryden. Virgil. Æneid, b. i.

Know you the tear that flows o'er worth distrest,
The joy that rises when a people's blest?

generous part; and bestow honour and advantages on those from whom the nation itself may receive honour and advantage.-Shaftesbury. Advice to an Author, pt. ii. s. 1.

How his unvary'd labour he repeats,
Returns at morning, and at eve retreats;
And, by the distribution of his light,
Now gives to man the day, and now the night.

Blackmore. Creation, b. ii.

The other species of justice, called distributive (as consisting in the distribution of rewards and punishments) admits of some latitude and degrees in the dispensation of it. South, vol. iii. Ser. 1. He will pass sentence on the evil Angels: he will raise up the dead, and distribute rewards and punishments to all, The master of our bark did every thing in his power to alleviate our distresses; but this kind of vessell is so exceed-proportionably to their behaviour in the days of their mor

Cawthorn. Nobility, a Moral Essay.

ingly inconvenient, that we were obliged to lie on the floor. Swinburn. Spain, Let. 5.

1. And, first it is necessary to premise, that a distress, districtio, is the taking a personal chattel out of the possession of the wrong-doer into the custody of the party injured, to procure a satisfaction for the wrong committed. The thing self taken by this process, as well as the process itself, is in our law-books very frequently called a distress.

Blackstone. Commentaries, b. iii. c. 1.

Of all the distressful calamities to which man's life is bject, sickness is the most afflictive.

Warburton. Works, vol. x. Ser. 30.

tality.-Jortin. On Christian Religion, Dis. 3.

Still less can any mortal suppose me to be capable of such consummate folly, as to give false evidence in favour of another man, in order to make my patrimony distributable among a great number.-Sir W. Jones. Fragments of Isæus. These spirits were called demons, distributors or dispensers of good and evil to mankind.

Farmer. On Miracles, c. 2. s. 3. Ample was the boon He gave them, in it's distribution fair And equal; and bade them dwell in peace. Cowper. Task, b. v. To us therefore, who see the present moment only, the government of the world will appear upon many occasions not conformable, in our judgments, formed upon limited

justice.-Horsley, vol. ii. Ser. 29.

and narrow views of things, to the maxims of distributive

When an universal term is taken distributively, sometimes it includes all the individuals contained in its inferior species: as when I say, every sickness has a tendency to death; I mean every individual sickness, as well as every kind.

Chaucer. The Complaint of Creseide. tus

Watts. Logic, pt. ii. c. 2. Lat. Distringere, districtum. See DISTRAIN.

District, the adjective, is used as the Lat. Distric

They should not inforce nor compell the citizens, people, or inhabitants of the common society of the Hans, or of the aboue named cities, or of any other cities of the Hans aforesaid (hauing received sufficient information of their dwelling and place of abode) to more difficult or district proofes of their articles of complaints alreadie exhibited.

Hackluyt. Voyages, vol. i. p. 165.

And, to be short, there is such district seuerity in degrading those that vniustly or negligently demeane themselves, from an honourable vnto an inferiour and base office, or altogether in depriuing them of the king's authority; that all magistrates doe stand in feare of nothing in the world more than that. Id. vol. ii. pt. ii. p. 95.

The other which obstinatly persist in their errour, punishing with the rod of district seuerity according to the decrees of the canons and lawes of the church, that by their example, such as stand, may remain in faith, and they which are fallen may be reduced.

Fox. Martyrs, p. 782. The Pope's Slanderous Let. of Luther.

We send our mandats againe vnto your brotherhood, in these apostolical writings, districtlie and in virtue of obedience commanding you, that whether ye be present in your church, or absent, &c.

Id. Ib. p. 218. Pope Vrban's Let. to Baldwine of Canterbury.

Even the decrees of general councils bind not but as they are accepted by the several churches in their respective districts and diocesses of which I am to give an account in the following periods.

Bp. Taylor. Dissuasive from Popery, b. i. pt. ii. § 1. These districts which between the tropics lie, Which scorching beams, directly darted, fry, Were thought an uninhabitable seat, Burnt by the neighbouring orb's immoderate heat. Blackmore. Creation, b. ii.

A smile plays with a surprising agreeableness in the eye, breaks out with the brightest distriction, and sits like a

glory upon the countenance.-Collier. On the Aspect.

The duty produced from them [salt works] amounts annually to near five thousand pounds: from the whole district, including the works at Lawton, and a small one at Durtwich from eighteen to twenty thousand pounds. Pennant. Journey from Chester, p. 35. DIS-TROUBLE, v. A. S. Tribul-an, tundere, conterere, pinsere, to pound, to vex. See TOOKE.

To harass, to distress, to perplex, to confuse, or throw into confusion.

What did this burgeis? disturbled his wendyng. R. Brunne, p. 236. Edward withut essayn salle gyue Philip the kyng Alle holy Gascoyn, withouten disturblyng.-Id. p. 254. And thei seynge him walkinge on the see weren disturblid and seiden that it is a fantum and for drede thei crieden. Wiclif. Matthew, c. 14.

But he moste nede delyuere hem oon by the feeste day, and al the puple criede togidere and seide, do him awey and delyuere to us Barabas; which was sent into prisoune for disturblyng maad in the citee and for man sleyng. Id. Luke, c. 23.

Thistles sharpe of many maners
Nettles, thornes, and hooked briers-
For much they disturbled me

For sore I dradde to harmed be.-Chaucer. Rom. of the R. And how many spices ther ben of penance, and which thinges apperteinen and behoven to penance, which things distroublen penance.-Id. The Persones Tale.

God hath taken this kyngdome into the handes of enemyes for a tyme, and fyndes shall walke and destroble ye people. Fabyan, c. 214.

But the Ligurians enuying the prosperitie of the cytie, distroubled the Grekes with their continuall warres. Goldyng. Justine, p. 178. Her dolour soone she ceast, and on her dight Her helmet, to her courser mounting light: Her former sorrowe into suddaine wrath, Both coosen passions of distroubled spright, Conuerting, forth she beates the dusty path. Spenser. Faerie Queene, b. iii. c. 4. Trust, from A. S. Trywsian, fidem dare, fœdus inire, to pledge ones faith, to plight ones troth, or truth.

For he that sweareth, eyther he thynketh yll of him to whom he sweareth, or els he yt requireth ye othe doeth distrust that other partie.-Udal. Matthew, c. 5.

Jesus to confirm the fayth and trust of his disciples, which ought to be so great that sumtyme it might helpe the distruste of others, sayeth: The weakenesse of your faith was partely the cause.-Id. Ib. c. 17.

Therefore to the ende that thou shalt not bee in any mannier distrusle, it is God that is the maker of this promisse and I the messagier sent from the same, to make relacion of the matier vnto thee, and to bryng thee glad tydinges.-Id. Luke, c. 1.

But notwithstanding, many of them through too much distrustfulness, departed and prepared to depart with their packets at the first sight of vs.

Hackluyt. Voyages, vol. ii. pt. ii. p. 159. Therefore if a man be mynded to obteyne of him that he asketh, let him ask without distrusting, without doubt or wauering.-Udal. James, c. 1.

Who gave thee knowledge; who so trusted thee
To let thee grow so neare himselfe, the tree?
Must he then be distrusted? shall his frame
Discourse with him, why thus and thus I am.

F. Beaumont. The Honest Man's Fortune.

The cause of this their unreasonable distrust (as I do take it) was the fresh remembrance of the great wrongs they had done to old master William Hawkins of Plimouth, in the voyage he made foure or five yeares before, when as they did both breake their promise, and murthered many of his men.-Sir Francis Drake. West Indian Voyage, p. 26.

A weak distrustful heart is virtue's aguish spell.

P. Fletcher. The Purple Island, c. 8.

Fye, hapless wretch! O thou! whose graces sterving,
Measur'st God's mercy by thine owne deserving;
Which cry'st, (distrustfull of the power of Heaven)
"My sinnes are greater than can be forgiven."

Browne. Britannia's Pastorals, b. i. s. 5. Ananias and Sapphira were distrustfully covetous, false and double-hearted in disposing the money they received for the sale of their estate.-Mede. Works, b. i. Dis. 26.

[Flatterers] set on work and exasperate their inbred naughtinesse and lewd disposition; their illiberal mind and covetous nature, their diffidence and distrustfulnesse of others.-Holland. Plutarch, p. 82.

God is he only that needs no help, and God hath created the physician for thine therefore use him temperately, without violent confidences; and sweetly; without uncivil distrustings, or refusing his prescriptions upon humours or impotent fear.-Bp. Taylor. Holy Dying, c. 4. s. 1.

Hee [K. John] had the fealty of almost all the English peeres obliged to him by their owne charters; which made him distrustlesse of attaining easily his wished successe. Spede, b. ix. c. 8. s. 48.

T' intrench in what you grant-unrighteous laws,
Is to distrust the justice of your cause;
And argues that the true religion lies
In those weak adversaries you despise.

Dryden. The Ilind and the Panther.

The greater care the higher passion shows;
We hold that dearest we most fear to lose.
Distrust in lovers is too warm a sun;
But yet 'tis night in love when that is gone.

Id. The Conquest of Grenada, Act iii.

It appears evidently, that God's moving David; or Satan's provoking him; or his own distrustful heart tempting him to number the people; are all phrases, that have one and the same meaning.-Clarke, vol. i. Ser. 67.

The same Divine teacher enjoins his Apostles to consider the lillies, or (as some would have it) the tulips of the field, and to learn thence that difficult virtue of a distrustless reliance upon God.—Boyle. Works, vol. ii. p. 29.

With thee be chastity, of all afraid,
Distrusting all, a wise suspicions maid.

Collins. Oriental Eclogues, Ecl. 1.

Yet dares a bard, who better knows, This point distrustfully propose.

DIS-TURB, v. DISTURB, n. DISTURBANCE.

DISTURBATION.

DISTURBER.

Sir W. Jones. The Hindu Wife.

Fr. Destourber; Sp. Disturbar; It. Disturbare; Lat. Disturbare. Dis, and turbare; Gr. Tupßn, a mob, crowd or multitude.

To put out of order, to disorder, to disarrange; to put or throw into confusion, to confuse, to disquiet, to perplex.

Hyt byuel ther aboute, that the erl Tebande de Bleys
That was Kyng Henry suster sone, dystourbed the peys,
And thoru Kyng Henrye's rede made destourbance,
And bygan to arere worre vp the kyng of France.
R. Gloucester, p. 436.

With that came he, and all his folke anone
An easie pace riding, in routes tweine
Right as his happie daie was sothe to seine
Fo: which men saith may not distourbed be
That shall betide of necessitie.-Chaucer. Troilus, b. ii

O woful Mars, alas, what maist thou sain
That in the palais of thy distourbaunce
Art left behind in paril to be slaine.

Chaucer. The Complaint of Mars and Venus.

The rightful Emperor Conrade
To kepe peas suche laws made,
That none within the citee
In disturbance of vuitee

Durst ones meuen a matere.-Gower. Con. A. b. vii.

At the last with his labour, sweating and toyling, when he saw that nothing would go forward, but that all his inchauntmentes were voyde, he was compelled openly to confesse that there was some man present at supper which disturbed and letted all his doinges. Tyndall. Workes, p. 10. Life by Fox.

And women be full of whining for the most part, and ill to entreat & oft times when they haue chidden their husbandes for a light matter, it commeth at last vnto great disturbance.-Vives. Instruc. of a Christian Woman, b. ii. c. 5.

I doubt not but you knowe howe the deuil, continuall enemie to human nature, disturber of concorde and sower of sedicion, hath entered into the harte of an unknow en Welchman.-Hall. Richard III. an. 3.

And euermore, when he began to winke,
The bellowes noyse disturb'd his quiet rest,
Ne suffred sleepe to settle in his brest.

Spenser. Faerie Queene, b. iv. e. 5.
Instant without disturb they took allarm,
And onward move embattell'd.

Which was broke off,

Partly for that her promis'd proportions
Came short of composition: But in chiefe
For that her reputation was disvalued

In leuitie. Shakespeare. Meas. for Meas. Act v. sc. 1.

When first this flow'ry orb was to us given,
It but a place disvalu'd was to heaven.

Drummond. Hymn on the Fairest Fair.

After this manner must we endeavour to stop the impetus of self-seeking nature: continuing to check it by degree and to slacken the pursuance of honor and estimation, t we come to acquiesce, ev'n to the world's disvalue and depression.-Mountague. Deroute Essayes, pt. ii. Treat. 9. s. 2. Nor is't the time alone is here dispris'd. But the whole man of time, yea Cæsar's selfe Brought in disralew; and he aymd at most By oblique glance of his licentious pen.

B. Jonson. Sejanus, Acti

What can be more strange or more to the disraluation o the power of the Spaniard, upon the continent than that with an army of eleven thousand English land soldiers, ana a fleet of twenty-six ships of war, we should, within the hour-glass of two months, have won one town of important by Scalado, &c. &c.-Bacon. Of a War with Spain.

He that chooses evil company, is like one that voluntary frequents a house infected with the plague; who is either: fool and disvalues life, or desperate and seeks death. Bates. The sure Trial of Uprightnes DIS-VANTAGEOUS, i. e. Dis-advantageous

Milton. Paradise Lost, b. vi. (qv.)

In summer time as in an evening fair,
The gnats are heard in a tumultuous sound
On tops of hills, so troubled is the air
To the disturbance of the wondering ground.
Drayton. Moses his Birth and Miracles, b. ii.
Besides as exiles ever from your homes,
You live perpetual in disturbancy;
Contending, thrusting, shuffling for your rooms
Of ease or honour, with impatiency.

Daniel. Civil Wars, b. viii.

And he that shall by wicked offices
Be th' author of the least disturbancy,
Or seek t' avert thy Godly purposes,
Be ever held the scorn of infamy.

Id. To Sir Thomas Egerton.
For now the realm, he thought, in this dismay
To avoid the mischiefs, neither would resist,
Nor feel the wound at all: since by this way,
All future disturbations would desist.

Id. Civil Wars, b. iii.
And euery one threw forth reproches rife
Of his mischevious deedes, and said that hee [Cupid]
Was the disturber of all ciuill life,
The enemy of peace, and author of all strife.
Spenser. Faerie Queene, b. v. c. 6.

"Dear heart," said she, "for love of Heauen, declare
Your pain, and make me partner of your care,
You groan, Sir, ever since the morning light
As something had disturb'd your noble spright."
Dryden. The Cock and the Fox.

The Duke of Savoy seemed to wonder, that the confederates lay so quiet, and gave the Duke of Vendome no disturbance; and that they could not, at least, oblige him to keep all his army together.-Burnet. Own Time, an. 1707.

The Gods themselves

They menac'd, and preparing to disturb
With all-confounding war the realms above,
On the Olympian summit thought to fix
Huge Ossa, and on Ossa's tow'ring head
Pelion with all his forests.-Cowper. Homer. Iliad, b. xi.

When Warwick by and by With his left wing came up, and charg'd so home an round, That had not his light horse by disvantageous ground Been hinder'd, he had struck the heart of Edward's host Drayton. Poly-Olbion, s. 2 DIS-VENTURE, i. e. Disadventure, (qv.) Don Quixote heard it and said, what noise is that Sanch I know not, quoth he, I think it be some new thing: fo adventures, or rather disventures never begin with a little Shelton. Don Quixote, vol. i. b. iii. c. t DIS-VI'SERED. To take off the visor, o mask that covers or protects the visage.

The kynges most noble grace neuer disuisered nor breathe tyll he ranne the fiue courses and deliuered his counts partie.-Hall. Hen. VIII. an. 12.

At the instance of the Frenche quene the king and al then disuisered and shewed theyr faces, and al the ladies England likewise.-Id. Ib.

DIS-UNITE, v. DISUNITY. DISUNION. DISUNIFORM.

See Co-UNITE.
To sever or sunder th
unity or oneness; to sep
rate, to disjoin, to be or p

at variance, at discord.
Disuniform, wanting uniformity; irregular.
Go on both hand in hand, O Nations, never be disunit
be the praise and the heroick song of all posterity; me
this, but seek only vertue, not to extend your limits.

Milton. Reformation in England, b.

Now this in the nature of it, is nothing but Alied ext aliud, one thing without another, and therefore perfect ai rity, disunity, and divisibility.

Cudworth. Intellectual System, p. &

It would be a great blessing to his Majesty, if he co offer an expedient to remove that rub, which must pr fatal to Ireland in a short time; and might grow to suel disunion between the two Houses, as might much cloud!

We have seen, that inordinate passions are the great dis-
turbers of life; and that, unless we possess a good conscience,
and a well-governed mind, discontent will blast every enjoy-happiness of this kingdom.
ment, and the highest prosperity will prove only disguised
misery.-Blair, vol. i. Ser. 7.

DIS-TURN, v. "Fr. Distourner,—
To turn, divert, distract, avert," (Cotgrave.)
Thy father pray, all thilke harme disturne.
Chaucer. Troilus, b. iii.

Who with large promises so woo the Scott
To aid their cause as he consents to it;
And glad was to disturn that furious stream
Of war on us, that else had swallowed them.

Daniel. Civil Wars, b. iv.
For thee vain foolish things thy prophets sought;
Thee thine iniquities they have not taught,
Which might disturn thy bondage: but for thee
False burthens and false causes they would see.
Donne. The Lamentations of Jeremy, c. 2.

DIS-VALUE, v. DISVALUE, n. DISVA LUATION.

To underrate, the price or value, to undervalue; to set or fix a low price or

value upon; to disesteem, to disregard.

Clarendon. Civil War, vol. i. p. 3

The beast they then divide and disunite
The ribs and limbs, observant of the rite.

Pope. Homer. Odyssey, b.

Though he had at first opposed the treaty between Pope and Francis, yet afterwards he was not troubled t it took effect; hoping that it would disunite those two kin whose conjunction had been so troublesome to him. Burnet. Hist. of Reformation, an. 15

To them I haste,

Their feuds innumerable to compose,
Who disunited by intestine strife
Long time, from conjugal embrace abstain.

Couper. Homer. Iliad, b. The royal preacher in my text, assuming that men i compound of an organized body and an immaterial st places the formality and essence of death in the disus and final separation of these two constituent parts. Bp. Horsley, vol. iii. Ser DIS-VOUCH, v. See AvоUсH, and DISAVO To disavow, to disaffirm.

Now Priam's fate perhaps you may enquire :
Seeing his empire lost, his Troy on fire

And his own palace by the Greeks possest, Arms long disus'd his trembling limbs invest. Denham. Virgil. Æneis, b. ii. Disusage of law is some excuse for him who falls into a transgression; but the non-existence of a law, is a justification of the greatest offence. State Trials. Colonel Andrew, an. 1650.

Let us follow her wise directions, and conspire with her kindly motions; let us not stifle, or weaken by disuse, or contrary practice, but by conformable action cherish and confirm the good inclinations of nature. Barrow, vol. i. Ser. 30.

While ev'ry breeze exhales perfumes,
And Bion his mute pipe resumes;
With Bion long disus'd to play,
Salute Melissa's natal day.

Blacklock. On Melissa's Birth-day.

DIS-WARN, v. See AWARE.

Dut. Dück. trench, a ditch or moat." A ditch or dike, that which is digged or dug. In some countries that which is dug out, i. e. the mound or bank formed by digging out is called the ditch or dike: but generally-the cavity left. See DIG, DIGUE, and DIKE.

As he was aboute this ditch, he ne gan not muche wynne
For he fel al amidde, and dreynt hym ther inne.
R. Gloucester, p. 86.
For let a dronken daffe. in a diche falle
Leet hym lyg.
Piers Plouhman, p. 227.
They bene dygne as dich-watere, that dogges in baytheth.
Id. Crede.

Swiche a noble theatre as it was,

I dare wel sayn, in all this world ther n'as.
The circuite a mile was aboute,
Walled of stone, and diched all withoute.

Chaucer. The Knightes Tale, v. 1890.

And first the roses for to kepe
About hem made he a dich depe
Right wonder large, and also brode.-Id. Rom. of the R.
Wherof men made diches depe,

And high walles, for to kepe

The golde, which Auarice encloseth.-Gower. Con. A. b. v.

Ye maie commonly see that not onely the teachers of the people, and rulers of the churches, but also husbandmenne, the Holy Trinitie, and of the creation of the world, and of the nature of mankinde, a greate deale more skilfully, than either Plato, or Aristotle was ever hable to do. Jewell. A Replie to M. Hardinge, p. 544. This onlie remaineth certaine that the walles made by Adrian and Seuerus were ditched with notable ditches and rampiers made in such wise, that the Scotish aduersarie had much adoo to enter and scale the same in his assaults. Holinshed. Desc. of Ireland, c. 23.

I, by the East Angles first. who from this heath arose, The long'st and largest ditch to check their Mercian foes; Because my depth, and breadth, so strangely doth exceed Men's low and wretched thoughts, they constantly decreed, That by the Devil's help, I needs must raised be, Wherefore the Devil's-ditch they basely named me. Drayton. Poly-Olbion, s. 21.

It seems not suitable to the common, and most impartial judgment of mankind, that one of a noble family and extraction should be put to hedging and ditching, and be forced to support himself with labour of his hands, and the sweat of his brow.-South, vol. iv. Ser. 10.

[The king] marching on Causam side, in order to relieve it, was opposed by a small party of ours; who taking the advantage of some ditches and pales to shelter themselves, repulsed his men, and forced him to retreat to Oxford. Ludlow Memoirs, vol. i. p. 50.

Thy cliffs a ditch-like river laves, Rude as thy rocks, and muddy as thy waves. Savage. London and Bristol Delineated. DITE, i. e. dight, (qv.) to prepare, to make See DITT, infra.

Üdal. 1 Corinthians, c. 12.

For it were a great disworship and shame even for them that in their countries there should remaine in bondage any of those by whose meanes they themselves were set free and delivered out of bondage.-Holland. Livivs, p. 881.

Of evils, the first and greatest is, that hereby a most absurd and rash imputation is fixed upon God, and his holy laws, of conniving and dispensing with open and common adultery among his chosen people; a thing which the rankest politician would think it a shame and disworship that his laws should countenance.

Millon. Doctrine, &c. of Divorce, b. i. c. 4. DIT, v. A. S. Dyttan, occludere, obturare, to stop up, to shut in. The verb (says Tooke) is used in its participle, by G. Douglas. (See DOT.) The verb itself is used by H. More.

His hideous club aloft he dites.

DITHEISM.
DI'THEIST.

DI'THEISTICK.

DrTHEISTICAL.

Spenser. Faerie Queene, b. i. c. 8.

Gr. Adela; dis, two, and Deus, God. The examples explain the word.

Now as for that forementioned ditheism, or opinion of two Gods, a good and an evil one, it is evident that its original sprung from nothing else, but first a firm perswasion of the essential goodness of the Deity, together with a conceit that the evil that is in the world, was altogether inconsistent and unreconcilable with the same, and that therefore for the salving of this phenomenon, it was absolutely necessary, to suppose another animalish principle self-existent, or an evil God.-Cudworth. Intellectual System, p. 213.

Wherefore as these ditheists, as to all that which is good in the world, held. a monarchy, or one sole principle and original, so it is plain, that had it not been for this business of evil (which they conceived could not be salved any other or Gods than one.-Id. Ib.

593

1 have spoken somewhere of the ditheistical doctrine. It was very ancient, no doubt, though not so universally professed as Plutarch represents it to have been.

Id. Authority in Matters of Religion, Ess. 4. s. 27. DITHYRA'MB. Į See Vossius. A kind of DITHYRA'MBICK. hymn to Bacchus, who was himself also named Dithyrambus. The etymology is unsettled.

And verily, to Bacchus they do chant in their songs certain dithirambick ditties and tunes, full of passion and change, with motions and agitations to and fro, for according as Eschylus saith,

The dythirambe with clamours dissonant
Sorts well with Bacchus, where he is resiant.
Holland. Plutarch, p. 1134.

For Diagoras Melius himself was once a superstitious religionist, insomuch that being a dithyrambick poet, he began one of his poems with these words, κατά δαιμονα και τύχην Яаνта TEλеIтai, All things are done by God and fortune. Cudworth. Intellectual System, p. 80.

He [Plato] had the genius of those dithyrambick poets, who were said proverbially, and with allusion to their extravagant sallies of imagination, never to drink water. Bolingbroke. Human Reason, Ess. 2. s. 9.

DITT, or DITTY, n. DITTYING, n. DITTIED.

A. S. Dihtan, to dispose, to set in order, to compose, to

write, to endite, dihtan æn

ærend gewrit; dictare epistolam; to endite a letter. Hence (saith Verstegan) our names of ditties for things that be dighted, or made in meeter, (Somner.) Sw. Dickta; Ger. Dichten, fingere. Dichter, poeta. This northern etymology is rejected by Skinner and Tooke, who adopt the Lat. Dictum, pp. of dicere, to say. Any thing said or sung.

He made a boke, and let it write

Wherin his life he did all dite.-Chaucer. Rom. of the R.
Pythagoras himselfe reherses

In a booke that the gold verses
Is cleped, for the nobilitie,
Of the honorable dite.-Id. Ib.
A doly season til a careful dite
Should corespond, and be equiuolent.
Right so it was when I began to write
This tragedy, the weder right feruent.

Id. The Testament of Creseide. Tragedie is to saine, a ditte of a prosperitie for a time, that endeth in wretchedness.-Id. Boecius, b. ii.

For in the floures of his youth,

In sondrie wise, as he [Chaucer] well couth

Of ditees, and of songes glade,

The whiche he for my sake made,

The londe fulfilled is ouer all.-Gower. Con. 4. b. viii.

In all that route of laciuious poetes, that wrate epistles and ditties of loue, some called in Latine Elegiæ, & some Epigrāmata, is nothing conteyned, but incitation to lechery. Sir T. Elyot. Governour, b. i. c. 13.

No tree, whose branches did not brauely spring;
No branch, whereon a fine bird did not sit:
No bird, but did her shrill notes sweetly sing;
No song but did containe a louely dit.

Spenser. Faerie Queene, b. ii. c. 6.
And there is said Alcyon bent to mourne,
Though fit to frame an euerlasting dittie,
Whose gentle spright for Daphne's death doth tourn
Sweet layes of love, to endlesse plaints of pittie.
Id. Colin Clout's come home againe.

Who with his soft pipe, and smooth-dittied song,
Well knows to still the wild winds when they roar,
Milton. Comus.
And hush the waving woods.

But you, O Muses! by soft Chamus sitting,
Your dainty songs unto his murmurs fitting,
Which bears the under-song unto your cheerful dittying.
P. Fletcher. The Purple Island, c. 1.

Yet if he steps forth with a Friday look and a lenten face; with a blessed Jesu! and a mournful ditty for the vices of the times: Oh! then he is a saint upon earth; an Ambrose, or an Augustine.-South, vol. vi. Ser. 3.

We soon should see the lawns and groves,
Quite filled with Zephyrs, sighs and doves,
With am'rous ditties, fairy dances,
Such as we read of in romances.

Cawthorn. The Temple of Hymen.

O were my pipe as soft, my dittied song
As smooth as thine, my too, too distant friend,
Shenstone; my soft pipe, and my dittied song
Should hush the hurricane's tremendous roar,
And from each evil guard the ripening cane.

Granger. The Sugar Cane, b. ii. DITTANY. Either Lat. Dictamnus; Gr. AIKтaμVOS, ATO TOV TIKTEɩ, i. e. parere; because it was supposed, partum accelerare; or dictamus.

4 G

because it grows plentifully on Dicta, a mountain of Crete, (Vossius.) It. Dittamo; Sp. Dictamo; Fr. Dictame. See DICTAMNE.

A branch of healing dittany she brought:
Which in the Cretan fields with care she sought:
Rough is the stem, which wooly leafs surround;
The leafs with flow'rs, the flowr's with purple crown'd:
Well known to wounded goats.

Dryden. Virgil. Eneid, b. xii. DIVA'N. A word of extensive use in Arabic, Persian, and Turkish, applied to denote a Collection of Poems, or a Public Office,-in the two former languages; and the Supreme Court of Judicature, or Audience-chamber of the Prime Minister-in the latter.

Forth rush'd in haste the great consulting peers,
Rais'd from thir dark divan, and with like joy
Congratulant approach'd him, who with hand
Silence, and with these words attention won.

Milton. Paradise Lost, b. x.

When this conversion was related,
The grey divan at once awarded
His banishment should be abated,
And further vengeance quite discarded.

DIVA'RICATE. Į

Cooper. Ver Vert. Lat. Divaricare, to stride DIVARICA'TION. or straddle; (dis, and varicare,) which Vossius says, is interpreted by Nonius, distortis cruribus; and by Festus, incurva crura habentes, with distorted, or having bandy, legs; see also Martinius. (See PREVARICATE.) seems equivalent in its application to,—

It

To diverge, to distend, to separate, to divide. He puts me in mind of the incorrigible scold, that though she was ducked over head and ears under water, yet streatched up her hands with her two thumb nails in the knit-cracking posture, or with two fingers divaricated, to call the man still in that language lousy rascal and cuckold. Marvell. Works, vol. ii. p. 114. Fourthly, to take away all doubt or any probable divarication, the curse is plainly specified in the text, nor need we dispute it, like the mark of Cain. Brown. Vulgar Errours, b. vi. c. 11.

In this, [the taste,] as in the last sense, we have an apparatus abundantly sufficient to the sense; nerves curiously divaricated about the tongue and mouth, to receive the impressions of every gusto.

Derham. Physico-Theology, b. iv. c. 5.

I could instance in many actions of brutes that are hardly to be accounted for without reason and argumentation as, that commonly noted of dogs, that running before their masters they will stop at a divarication of the way, till they see which hand their masters will take.

Ray. On the Creation, pt. i. Just so it is with the divine nature; it is one simple individual perfection in the Godhead himself; but when refracted and divaricated, in passing through the medium of the human mind, it becomes power, justice, mercy; which are all separately and adequately represented to the understanding. Warburton. Divine Legation of Moses, b. ii. Ap. A. S. Dippan; Dut. Doop-en, DIVER. mergere, immergere, to sink, to immerge.

DIVE, v.

To dip or go beneath the surface; to move or continue in motion, to remain, beneath the surface. See DIDAPPER, and DIP.

That on hath connynge. and can swummen and dyven
That oth is lewede of that labour. and lernede nevere
swymme.
Piers Plouhman, p. 235.

And it chaŭced at the same time a mōster of an exceeding bygnes to appeare as well in the sight of the Tyrians as ye Macedons, which lying vppon his back aboue the water' came towards the Mole, and whe he had lifted vp him selfe at the head of the Mole, diued vnder the water againe. Brende. Quintus Curtius, fol. 61. The men saued themselues being in euery canoe four, six, or eight persons all naked & excellent swimmers and diuers. Hackluyt. Voyages, vol. iii. p. 817.

Sir, if you will see any fish taken, goe with me. Then hee led me vnto the foresaid bridge, carying in his armes with him certaine diue-doppers or water-fowles, bound vnto a company of poles, and about euery one of their neckes he tied a threed, least they should eat the fish as fast as they tooke them.-Id. Ib. vol. ii. pt. i. p. 59.

Why then (may some diuers in the deep of providence say) doth God ordain no more good men and actions, whereof the raritie is so notorious; since he's so much honour'd by such divine resemblances?

Mountague. Devoute Essayes, pt. ii. Treat. 4. s. 3. Divers at the bottom of the sea, can hear the noises made above, only confusedly. But, on the contrary, those above cannot hear the divers below. Of which an experiment was

made, that had like to have been fatal: one of the divers blew an horn in his diving-bell, at the bottom of the sea; the sound whereof (in that compressed air) was so very loud and irksome, that it stunned the diver, and made him so giddy, that he had like to have dropped out of his bell, and to have been drowned. Derham. Physico-Theology, b. iv. c. 3. Note.

No man knowes

The reason whence, and how, the darkness growes;
The reason, how the morne is thus begunne :
The reason, how the man-enlightning sunne
Diues vnder earth: the reason how againe

He reares his golden head.-Chapman. Homer. Ody. b. x.
Go! let the diving Negro seek

For gemms hid in some forlorn creek;
We all pearls scorn,

Save what the dewy morn

Congeals upon each little spire of grass.

Reliquia Wottonianæ, p. 402.

Not so bold Arnall; with a weight of skull,
Furious he dives, precipitately dull;
Whirlpools and storms his circling arm invest,
With all the might of gravitation blest.

Pope. The Dunciad, b. ii.

If perseverance gain the diver's prize,
Not everlasting Blackmore this denies :
No noise, no stir, no motion canst thou make,
Th' unconscious stream sleeps o'er thee like a lake.

Id. Ib. b. ii. He, diuer-like from his exalted stand Behind the steeds pitch'd headlong and expired. Cowper. Homer. Iliad, b. xvi. DIVEL, v. Lat. Divellere; (dis, and vellere, DIVULSION. to tear.)

To tear or rend; to pluck or pull asunder. At the first littering, their eyes are fastly closed, that is, by coalition or joining together of the eye-lids, and so continue until about the twelfth day; at which time they begin to separate, and may be easily diuelled or parted asunder. Brown. Vulgar Errours. b. iii. c. 27. Empedocles holdeth that nature is nothing; only that there is a mixture and divulsion, or separation of elements. Holland. Plutarch, p. 669.

If you should hold them perpendicular to it, their divulsion would not cease to be difficult, provided it were attempted to be made by suddenly pulling one of the broad surfaces from the other in a level line, and not by making one of the surfaces slide upon the other.-Boyle. Works, vol. i. p. 406.

DIVE/RB. Lat. Diverbium; (dis, and verbum, a word; quia diversi loquantur, Vossius.) The Lat. usages of diverbium, and the Eng. of diverb (only found in Burton) are very different. The Eng. word is applied to—

An antithetical proverb or saying, in which te parts or members are contrasted or opposed. England is a paradise for women, a hell for horses; Italy a paradise for horses, hell for women, as the diverbe goes. Burton. Anatomy of Melancholy, p. 597.

Austin 1. 4. de Civitat. Dei, c. 9. censures Scævola, saying and acknowledging, expedire civitates religione falli, that it was a fit thing cities should be deceived by religion, according to the diverbe, Si mundus vult decipi, decipiatur, if the world will be gulled let it be gulled.-Id. Ib. p. 645. DIVERGE, v. DIVERGENCE.

DIVERGENCY.

Lat. Divergere; di, and vergere, (from vert-ere, Vossius,) to turn.

To turn away or apart; (sc. from the same point,) to bear or direct the course separate ways; to separate points.

The rays proceeding from nigh objects do more diverge, and those from distant objects less.

Derham. Physico-Theology, b. iv. c. 2. (Note 27.)

As birds and fishes are in divers things conformable, so in some sort they are in their eye; to enable it to correspond to all the convergencies and divergencies of the rays which the variations of each of the mediums may produce. Id. Ib. (Note 28.)

Ethelred's house the center of six ways,
Diverging each from each, like equal rays,
Himself as bountiful as April rains,
Lord paramount of the surrounding plains,
Would give relief of bed and board to none,
But guests that sought it in th' appointed one.

Cowper. Hope. This confused appearance of the object doth therefore seem to be the medium, whereby the mind judgeth of distance in those cases, wherein the most approved writers of optics will have it judge by the different divergency, with which the rays flowing from the radiating point fall on the pupil.-Berkeley. A New Theory of Vision.

Thus it is the province of the philosopher, to discover the true direction and divergence of sound propagated by the successive compressions and expansions of air, as the vibrating body advances and recedes.

Sir W. Jones. On the Musical Modes of the Hindus.

These changes in the eye vary its power over the rays o light, in such a manner and degree, as to produce exact the effect which is wanted, viz. the formation of an imag upon the retina, whether the rays come to the eye in a stal of divergency, which is the case when the object is near to the eye, or come parallel to one another, which is the case when the object is placed at a distance. Paley. Natural Theology, c. 3

DIVERS, or DIVERSE, v. DI'VERSE, adj. DIVERSELY. DIVERSENESS. DIVERSIFY, V. DIVERSIFICATION. DIVERSIFIABLE. DIVERSION.

DIVERSITY.

Fr. Divers; It. and Sp. Diverso; Lat. Diversus from divertere, diversum to turn away or aside; (di, and vertere, to turn.)

To diverse or to divert Fr. Diverter; to turn away, aside or apart from to bend or draw away, to withdraw met., to withdraw the thoughts, the attention, (sc.) from severe study, from painfu subjects; and thus, to re create, to amuse, to cheer to please. And so also is used to divertise. Diverse, adj. turned away, apart or aside, and thus pursuing a differen course; different, sundry, several, various, dissi milar, unlike. Wiclif renders et nihil discreci --and nothing diversed, i. e. made no difference of distinction.

DIVERSORY. DIVERSIVOLENT. DIVERT, v. DIVERTER. DIVERTINGLY. DIVERTIVE. Divertise, v. DIVERTISEMENT.

To diversify; Fr. Diversifier; Sp. Diversificar It. and Lat. Diversificare; to be or cause to b different, various, dissimilar, unlike; to variegate and, as Cotgrave says, "to deck with sundry co lours, work in various fashions; interlace mingle sundry forms together; to change or alte often."

And lette clepe that water aftur Auerne
And seththe thorg diuerse tonge me clepede hit Seuerne
R. Gloucester, p.2
Jewes, Gentiles and Sarrasines. iugen hem selve
That leeliche thei by leyven. and gut here lawe dyvertra
Piers Ploukman, p. 25.
For alle we ben breythrene. thauh we be dicerslic
clothede.
Id. Ib. p. 246.

And God that knewe hertis baar witnessyng and ghaf hem the Hooli Goost as also to us, & nothing disery bitwixe us and hem, and clenside the hertis of hem bi feit Wiclif. Dedis, c.

And dyuerse ther be, but it is al oo spirit: and deser seruyces ther ben, but is it al oo Lord: and dyuerse wo chyngis ther ben, but al is oo God that worchith alle thing in alle thingis.-Id. 1 Corynth. c. 12.

And thei herden these thingis and weren deuerseli tu mentid in her hertis, and grenniden with teeth on hym. Id. Dedis, c.

Whan folk han laughed at this nice cas
Of Absolon and hendy Nicholas,
Diverse folk diversely they saide.
But for the more part they lought and plaide.
Chaucer. The Reves Tale, v.583
And for there is so great diuersite
In English, and in writing of our tong
So pray I to God, than none miswrite the,
Ne the misse metre, for defaut of tong.

What shall befalle here afterwarde God wote, for nowe vpon this tide Men see the worlde on euery side In sondrie wise so diuersed

Id. Troilus, b

That it well nigh stant all reuersed.-Gower. C.A. Pro But for there is diuersitee

Within himselfe, he maie not laste. But well assured in his manly hert List not once aside to diuert

Id. Ib.

But kept his way. Lidgate. Story of Thebes, pt. ii. The Gospel is euery where one, though it be preached diuers, and signifieth glad tydinges, that is to witte, an op preachyng of Christ and the holy testament & gracious p mises that God hath made in Christ's bloud, to all th repent and beleue.-Tyndall. Workes, p. 127.

A spoyle of diuers coloures for Sisara, a spoyle of diser coloures wt brodered workes, dyuerse coloured browder work for the necke for a praye.-Bible, 1551. Judges, c. 5

The wordes which the Scripture vseth in the worshippin or honouring of God are these: loue God, cleaue to Go dread, serue, bow, pray, and call on God, beleue and tr in God and such like; which wordes all we vse in the wo shipping of man also, how be it diuersly, and the differe thereof doth all the Scripture teach.-Tyndall. Workes, p.20