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DUKE.

DU'KEDOM.

DU'KELING, n.

DUKESHIP.

DU'CAL.

DUCHESS.

DU CHERY.
DU'CHY.

Gibbon.

Fr. Duc; It. Duca; Sp. Duque. Fr. Duchesse; It. Duchessa; Sp. Duquesa; from the Lat. Dux, from duc-ere to lead.

A leader: now a mere title of rank.

See the quotation from

"Lord Angelo dukes it well;" i. e. acts the part, performs the duties of the duke.

An hey duk of al that stude, he clepede that town ywys
Aftur ys name Gloucestre, as he gut y clepud ys.
R. Gloucester, p. 67.
Aibrik was his fadir, a duke of faire fame,
Lord of Wicombe, of Redynges, and of Tame.

R. Brunne, p. 14.

A voys aloud seyde The lord of myght and of man. that made all thynges Duke of this dymme place. anon undo the gates That Crist mowe comen in. the kynges sone of hevene. And with that breth hell brake.-Piers Plouhman, p. 358.

Ich am hus dure douheter. duchesse of hevene.-Id. p. 25.

A kingdom othr duche

May nat be sold sothly.-Id. p. 50.

Be ye sugett of ech creature of man for god, either to the kyng as to him that is higer in staat, either to duykis as to thilke that ben sent of hym.-Wiclif. 1 Peter, c. 2.

Whilom, as olde stories tellen us,
Ther was a duk that highte Theseus.
Of Athenes he was lord and governour,
And in his time swiche a conquerour,
That greter ther was non under the sonne.

Chaucer. The Knightes Tale.

She smote thee to ground for all thy crueltie
Wherefore ye dukeship of Diamedes & dignitie
Unto her great laud and glorie perpetuall
Attributed is with triumph laureall.

Id. Balade. The Nine Ladies Worthie.

And sothly suster mine (qd. she) Now be we duchesses both I and ye.

Id. Legend of Ariadne.

I rede in old bokes thus,
There was a duke, whiche Spartacus
Men clepe, and was a warriour.-Gower. Con. A. b. vii.

Of these besauntes I haue lernyd there shuld be ii.; that one is called a bezaunte imperiall, and ye other a bezaŭt ducall.-Fabyan, an. 1273.

For firste he gaue him ye duchie of Berry, and after that whole Normandy, wherof in no long time he bereft him the possession, regimet & title, without any cause geue, on the partie of yong Charles.-Hall. Edw. IV. an. 12.

In whiche tyme came vnto hym certayne men of the duchie Burgoyne, as lordes of dyuers holdes and townes within that duchery, and gaue vnto hym, to the entent he shulde nat molest or hurte that coutre. cc.M. floryns of golde. Fabyan, an. 1359. -Lord Angelo dukes it well in his absence, he puts transgression too't.

Shakespeare. Measure for Measure, Act iii. sc. 2. When they devis'd to link, by wedlock's band, The house of Suffolk to Northumberland; Our fatal dukedom to your dukedom bound, To frame this building on so weak a ground.

Drayton. Lady Jane Grey to Dudley.

K. Hen. Urswick, command the dukeling and these fellows,

To Digby, the Lieutenant of the Tower.

The titles of counts and dukes have obtained in modern

languages so very different a sense, that the use of them may the second of those appellations is only a corruption of the Latin word, which was indiscriminately applied to any military chief. All these provincial generals were, therefore, dukes.-Gibbon. The Roman Empire, c. 17.

occasion some surprize. But it should be recollected, that

In this sense it is distinguished into four quarters, into empires, kingdoms, states, commonwealths, principalities, dukedoms, provinces, &c. Watts. Geography & Astronomy, s. 12.

'Tis virtue can alone impart
The patent of a ducal heart:
Unless this herald speaks him great,
What shall avail the glare of state.

Cotton. Visions. Content, Vis. 4. But now grown desp'rate, and beyond all hope, I curse the ball, the dutchess, and the pope. Cambridge. Elegy written in an empty Assembly Room. The interest of the Duke of Cornwall has given occasion to a regulation nearly of the same kind in that ancient duchy.-Smith. Wealth of Nations, b. ii. c. 11.

Lat. Dulcis, quia delicit, id est, delectat. It was first written delicis, then delcis, dolcis, and lastly dulcis. Vossius, de, and lacere, to draw,

to attract.

DULCE, v. DULCE, adj. DULCING, n. DULCET. DU'LCIFY. DULCIFICATION. DULCORATE, v. DULCORA'TION. though now disused. To delight, to be or cause to be delightful, sweet, pleasant, gratifying, agreeable; to sweeten; to soothe; to harmonize.

Dulce, the verb, is not uncommon in our old writers, See ADDULCE.

O howe delicious (sayth Dauid) are thy sayenges vnto my throte? More dulceth tha hony are thy wordes Lorde to my mouth.-Bale. Image, T. 7.

And the lawes and exercise therof, beinge in pure Latin or doulce Frenche, fewe men in consultations shuld (in myne opinion) compare with our lawyars. Sir T. Elyot. Governovr, b. i. c. 14.

Framinge himselfe to plye his booke
with lesser greefe of mynde,
He will see the (my dulcet frinde)
with warmie westerne wynde.

Drant. Horace. Epistle to Numitius.

Not now deere son, from thyne embrasings sweete shuld
I be pluckt,

O dulcet son.-Phaer. Virgill. Eneidos, b. viii.

And lytle and lytle fro theyr very childhoode to accustome them dulcely and pleasatly in the meditacion thereof. Sir T. More. Workes, p. 1215.

Musick (quoth he) [Aristoxenus] is brought in thither, because that whereas wine is wont to pervert and overturn as well the bodies as the minds of those who take it immoderately, music by that order, symmetry, and accord which is in it, reduceth them again into a contrary temperature, and dulceth all.-Holland. Plutarch, p. 1029.

Good reason therefore, that such asperity of the spirit or rather indeed of the vitall breath should be dulced and appeased, by the use of some sweet and pleasant liquour. Id. Plinie, b. xxii. c. 24.

For there came ambassadors to Rome, which brought letters from King Tarquine, full of sweet and lowly speeches, to win the favour of the people, with commission to use all the mildest means they could, to dulce and soften the heardned hearts of the multitude: who declared how the

Ford. Perkin Warbeck, Act v. sc. 2. king had left all pride and cruelty, and meant to ask nought but reasonable things.-North. Plutarch, p. 83.

Petron. Will your dukeship
Sit down and eat some sugar-plumbs?

Massinger. The Great Duke of Florence, Act iv. sc. 2.

From whence a fatal volley we receiv'd,

It miss'd the duke, but his great heart it griev'd:
Three worthy persons from his side it tore,
And dyed his garment with their scatter'd gore.

Waller. Instructions to a Painter.

The King, before his expedition into England, had promised his eldest son Robert the dukedom of Normandy, in case he conquered the kingdom he then pretended.

Sir W. Temple. Introduction to the History of England.

What shall I advise?

Ev'n quit the house, for thou too long has sat in't; Produce at last thy dormant ducal patent; There near thy master's throne in shelter plac'd, Let Will, unheard by thee, his thunder waste. Swift. On Mr. Pulteney's being put out of the Council, 1731. The Duke of Lorrain being in this manner dispossessed of his duchy, without any preceding declaration of war on the part of France, filled all Europe with his complaints. Ludlow. Memoirs, vol. iii. p. 188.

This we may undoubtedly gather and conjecture by his great dilligence, which he employed in that musick and harmony, which he inferred for the dulcing, taming, and appeasing of the soul.-Holland. Plutarch, p. 54.

Upon his dulcet pipe the merle doth only play.
Drayton. Poly-Olbion, s. 13.

I know that a decoction of wild gourd or colocynthis (though somewhat qualified) will not from every hand be dulcified into aliment by an addition of flour or meal. Brown. Vulgar Errours, b. i. c. 11.

The foetor whereof may discover itself by sweat and urine, as being unmasterable by the natural heat of man, not to be dulcified by concoction beyond an unsavoury condition. Id. Ib. b. iv. c. 10. The ancients, for the dulcorating of fruit, do commend swines-dung above all other dung. Bacon. Naturall History, § 465.

The fourth is in the dulcoration of some metals; as saccharum, Saturni, &c.-Id. Ib. § 358.

Licymnia's dulcet voice, her eye

Bright-darting its resplendent ray Her breast, where love and friendship lie. The Muse commands me sing in softer lay. Francis. Horace, b. ii. Ode 12.

In the former of these cases the medicine may be danger. ous, unless it be, after the solution or corrosion ended, exquisitely dulcified from all remainder of the corrosive salt. Boyle. Works, vol i. p. 375

Fair water must be so often poured, till you have delcifies the matter therein contained, the sign of which dulcification is (you know) when the water that has passed through it, comes from it as tasteless as it was poured upon it. Id. Ib. vol. i. p. 783.

Yet will I view her still, however coy,
In dreams poetic; see her to the sound
Of dulcet symphonies harmonious lead
Her sportive sister-graces, Mirth serene,
And Peace, sweet inmate of the sylvan shade.
Whitehead. To the Nymph of Bristol Spring.

They to the dome where smoke, with curling play, Announc'd the dinner to the regions round, Summon'd the singer blithe, and harper gay, And aided wine with dulcet-streaming sound. Johnson. Parody of a Translation. DULCIMER. It. Dolcimelle; a musical instrument so called a soni dulcedine; from the sweetness of its sound, (Skinner.) And see the quotation from Warton: whence it appears that, in his time, a particular kind of bonnet was called a Dulcimer.

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The females that are guilty of breaking my orders, I shal respectively pronounce to be kits, hornpipes, dulcimers, and kettle drums.-Tatler, No. 225.

With bonnet trimm'd and flounced withal,
Which they a dulcimer do call,
And stockings white as snows that fall.

Warton. The High-Street Tragedy.

DULL, v. Ger. Doll, which Wachter DULL, adj. derives from Dol-en, dicak, DU'LLARD, n. desipere, delirare, and that DU'LLARD, adj. from the A. S. Duol-ian. DU'LLER. Tooke derives the Eng. Dull DU'LLY. from the same A. S. verb, DU'LNESS. which he renders Hebere, heDU'LSOME. betare, to thicken. Lye and Somner, Errare. Skinner thinks from the A.S. Dol-ian, to bear, to sustain. Wachter and Tooke differ only in this, that the former gives the common usage or consequential application, the latter the primitive meaning. See DOLT.

To thicken; to blunt, (sc.) the edge of a knife or other instrument; to thicken, blunt, or deaden (met.) the faculties or powers of the mind; to deaden, to stupify; to diminish the keenness, the lustre, weaken the power of; to damp, to sadden, to drowse, to lethargise.

Right nought am I through your doctrine,

I dull vnder your discipline.-Chaucer. Rom. of the Rose. me thinketh the now duller in wittes, than when I with I not (qd. she) wherof it serueth thy question to assal. thee first mette.-Id. The Testament of Loue, b. iii,

Sothly the good workes that he did before that he fell in dedly sinne, ben all mortified, astoned, and dulled by the ett sinning.-Id. The Persones Tale.

Therwith her list so wel to liue,
That dulnesse was of her a drad.-Id. Dreame

But bycause that in cunning I am young, and can yet but creepe, this leud A, B, C, haue I set into learning, for I cannot passen the telling of three as yet: and yf God will, in short time I shall amend this lewdnesse in ioyning of sillables, which thyng for dulnesse of witte I may not in three letters declare. Id. The Testament of Loue, b. ii.

I am so rude in my degree,
And eke my wittes ben so dull,
That I ne maie nouht to the full

Attaine unto so high a lore.-Gower. Con. 4. b. iv. The discretion of a tutor consisteth in temperaunce: that is to saye, that he suffre not the child not to be fatigate with continuall study or learning: wherwith the delycated tender wytte may be dulled or oppressed.

Sir T. Elyot. Governor, b. i ci

So that neither the hearers be troubled, with confounding of matter, and heaping one thing in another's neck, nor yet their memorie dulled with ouerthwart rehearsal, and disorderly telling of our tale.-Wilson. Arte of Rhetorique, p.102.

Howbeit they that canne not fynde in theyr heart to commende another mannes good deede, shewe themselfe either enuious or elles of nature verye colde and dull.

Sir T. More. Workes, p. 1223. This thing also Hillary, who was himselfe a Frenchma borne, in his hymnes testifieth, in the same callynge his countreye men dullardes.-Udal. Pref to Galathians.

But that now, for foles and dulleheddes, we be made sobre and wise, that for rebelles we are meke and tractable, that for men erryng out of the way, we are made knowars of the trueth-Udal. Titus, c. 3.

What answere doth he make vnto it? he sayth he will not answere it fully. In fayth that is spoken very dully. Sir T. More. Workes, p. 1029, Albeit the Galathians are Grecias, yet are they originally descended of Frenchemen, & (as S. Heirome sayeth) in dulnes of witte resemble the.-Udal. Pref. to Galathians.

Vpon his crested scalpe so sore did smite,
That to the scull a yawning wound it made:
The deadly dint his dulled senses all dismaid.

Spenser. Faerie Queene, b. i. c. 11. So (no doubt) even in grafting, for the same cause, the choice of the stock doth much; always provided, that it be some what inferiour to the cions, for otherwise it dulleth it. Bacon. Naturall History, § 467.

Look in your glass and there appears a face
That over-goes my blunt intention quite,
Dulling my lines, and doing me disgrace.

The brazen flashes dread

Of num'rous helmets, corslets furbish'd bright,
And shields refulgent, meeting, dull'd the eye,
And turn'd it dark away.-Cowper. Homer. Iliad, b. xiii.
Through kind infusion of celestial pow'r,
The dullard earth May quick'neth with delight.
Thomson. A Hymn to May.

In stupid indolence my life is spent,
Supinely calm and dully innocent.

Lyttelton. Soliloquy of a Beauty in the Country.
Cards were superfluous here, with all the tricks
That idleness has ever yet contriv'd

To fill the void of an unfurnish'd brain,
To palliate dulness, and give time a shove.

Cowper. The Task, b. iv.

And bloom'd a shade to Cantium's sunny shores
Delightsome, and in cheerful goblets laught
Potent, what time Aquarius' urn impends
To kill the dulsome day.-Smart. The Hop Garden.

DUM, or DUMB, v. DUMB, adj.

DU'MBLY.

DUMBNESS.

Goth. Dumba, or dumbs, mutus; A. S. Adumb-ian, obmutescere, to hold one's peace, to keep silence, to become mute or dumb, (Somner.) Tooke thinks from the A. S. Dam-an, demman, (Ger. Demmen, dammen,) obturare, obstruere, to dam; and that dumb means obturatum, obstructum, dammed; and therefore when those who have been dumb recover their speech, their mouths are said to be opened; the dam being, as it were, removed. The passage from Shakespeare, (Antony and Cleopatra,) he thus explains, “What I would have spoke was, Shakespeare, Son. 103. in a beastly manner obstructed by him," (Tooke, ii. 335.) He remarks that to bar, to blin, and to dam, were originally general terms, having all one common meaning, viz. obstruction; distinguished in their application by custom alone. Kilian, dom is interpreted surdus, i. e. deaf. Dom en blind. Auribus et oculis captus. The Gr. Tupλos, is a word of the same kind. In Sophocles, (dipus Tyrannus, v. 371,) Τυφλος τα τ' ώτα, τον τε νουν, τα τ' ομματ' ει. Thy ears, thy soul, e'en as thy eyes, are blind, (Potter.) Dumb, then is, by usage,Having the organs, the powers of speech obstructed; deprived, destitute of the powers of speech, speechless, mute.

Off with thy pining black, it dulls a souldier;
And put on resolution like a man,
A noble fate waits on thee.

Beaum. & Fletch. The False One, Act iv. sc. 3.
King. Let there be no noyse made (my gentle friends),

Vnless some dull and fauourable hand
Will whisper musicke to my wearie spirit.

Shakespeare. 2 Part Hen. IV. Act iv. sc. 4.

Fly, fly, prophane fogs! far hence fly away,
Taint not the pure streams of the springing day
With your dull influence, it is for you
To sit and scoul upon night's heavy brow.

Crashaw. On a Foul Morning.

But would I bee a poet if I might
To rub my browes three days, and wake three nights,
And bite my nails, and scratch my dullard head,
And curse the backward Muses on my bed
About one peevish syllable.-Bp. Hall, b. vi. Sat. 1.

But of all, your grace must flie phlebotomie, fresh pork, conger, and clarified whay; they are all dullers of the vital spirits.-Beaum. & Fletch. Philaster, Act ii. sc. 1. Desire takes wing and straight does fly,

It stays not dully to enquire the why,

That happy thing, a lover, grown,

I shall not see with others eyes, scarce with mine own.

Cowley. The Request.
Then the fat flesh-pots they so much desire,
Whereon in Egypt gluttoning they fed,
When they came hungry home from carrying mire
Which only dullness and gross humours bred.

Drayton. Moses his Birth & Miracles, b. iii.

But since we two are brothers, and subscribe
Both volunteers to the poetic tribe,

I dare not do't, lest any dulman says
We by consent do one another praise.

Brome. To his Friend J. B. on his Tragedy. When the success and courage of the Romans had made them masters of the wealth and pleasures of all the conquered nations round about them, we see how quickly the edge of their valour was dulled, and the rigourous honesty of their morals dissolved and melted away with those delights, which too easily circumvent and overcome the hearts of men.-South, vol. iv. Ser. 2.

Those men that are duller will be apt to suspect from our being so angry and so waspish, that we have but a bad matter to manage.-Sharpe, vol. i. Ser. 1.

Queen. Honour, a very word: an empty name!
How dully wretched is the slave to fame!
Give me the soul that's large and unconfin'd;
Free as the air, and boundless as the wind.

Otway. Alcibiades, Act ii. sc. 1.

In eldest time, ere mortals writ or read,
Ere Pallas issued from the Thunderer's head,
Dulness o'er all possess'd her ancient right,
Daughter of Chaos and eternal night:
Fate in their dotage this fair idiot gave,
Gross as her sire, and as her mother grave,
Laborious, heavy, busy, bold and blind,
She rul'd, in native anarchy, the mind.
Pope. The Dunciad, b. i.

In

For deve thorgh hus doynges. and dombe speke and herde. Piers Plouhman, p. 372. And whanne thei weren gon out, lo thei broughten to hem a doumbe man havynge a devel. And whanne the devel was cast out, the doumbe man spak.-Wiclif. Matthew, c. 9.

As they went oute, beholde, they broughte to him a dome man possessed of a deuyll. And as soone as the deuyll was cast out, the domme spake.-Bible, 1551. Ib.

For trewely comfort ne mirthe is non,
To riden by the way dombe as a ston.

Chaucer. The Prologue, v. 776. Ryuers ren nat till the sprynge be full, Better a dumme mouthe than a brayneles scull. Skelton. Dame Pallas to the Quene of Fame. This therefore is no spiritual dumbenesse, M. Hardinge: this is no vnprofitable harkening: this is no instinct, or woorke of Sathan.-Jewel. Defence, p. 553.

So he nodded,

And soberly did mount an arme-gaunt steede,
Who neigh'd so hye, that what I would haue spoke,
Was beastly dumbe by him.

Shakespeare. Antony & Cleopatra, Acti. sc. 5.
The goodly queene in bashfull signes
Blusht out a dumb replie:
Which he did constru as she meant,
And kist her reuerently.

Warner. Albion's England, b. vi. c. 29.

A mouth, but dumb, he hath; blind eyes, deaf ears;
And to his shoulders dangle subtle hairs.

Donne. The Progress of the Soul.
Where I haue come, great clearkes haue purposed
To greete me with premeditated welcomes :
Where I haue seene them shiuer and looke pale,
Make periods in the midst of sentences,
Throttle their practiz'd accent in their feares,
And, in conclusion, dumbly haue broke off,
Not paying me a welcome.

Shakespeare. Midsummer Night's Dream, Act v. sc. 1.
Are you struck dummerer now? and whine for mercy?
B. Jonson. The Staple of Newes, Act v. sc. 3.

But I can tell that in each grace of these
There lurkes a still and dumb-discoursive diuell,
That tempts most cunningly. but be not tempted.
Shakespeare. Troyl. & Cress. Act iv. sc. 4.

His [the ghost in Hamlet] dumb behaviour at his first entrance strikes the imagination very strongly; but every time he enters, he is still more terrifying.-Spectator, No. 44.

Take hence that once a king; that sullen pride
That swells to dumbness: lay him in the dungeon,
And sink him deep with irons.

Dryden. Don Sebastian, Act iii. sc. 1.

I see him ogle still and hear him chat,
Selling facetious bargains and propounding
That witty recreation, call'd dumb-founding.

Id. Prologue to the Prophetess.

In the first case the demoniac or madman was dumb; and his dumbness probably arose from the natural turn of his disorder, which was that species of madness called melancholy, of which taciturnity or dumbness is a very common effect. Farmer. Demoniacs of the New Test. c. 1. s. 5.

DUMP, n.
DUMPISH.

DUMPISHNESS.
DU'MPLED.
DUMPLING, n.

Skinner thinks from Dumb, (supra.) It is (he says) a fixed and serious state of thought in which we stand silent, (i. e. with our faculties dammed, blocked up, or obstructed,) and do as it were remain dumb. Junius interprets Dumpishness, Inertness, dulness, heaviness; dulness of spirits, stupor, torpor. sadness, melancholy, ill-humour, sullenness; dulness or inactivity of mind.

Applied also, first,-to a doleful tune or ditty, and then-to any tune or ditty.

A sad dumpling; a sad, heavy pudding.
Dumpling is perhaps the diminutive of dump.

Dumpy, (sullen: Brockett's Glossary,) is applied to any thing short and thick.

My sinews dull, in dumps I stand,
No life I feel in foot, nor hand
As pale as any clout, and dead.

Surrey. Description of the Restless State, &c. The blastes Euterpe tunes of instrument, With solace sweet, hence my heauy dumpes to chase. Vncertaine Auctores. Of the Nine Muses. You bee not ignoraunt (good vncle,) what heapes of heauynesse hath of late fallen among vs alreadye, with whiche some of our poore familie bee fallen into suche dumpes, that scantelye can anye suche cumfort as my poore witte can geue them anye thynge asswage theyr sorrowe. Sir T. More. Workes, p. 1140.

The duke demaunded of him what should signifie that dumpishnes of mynde, and inward sighyng, the whiche, by his countenance, manifestly appered and was euident. Hall. Edw. IV. an. 15.

This vyce hath to his contrarie
almost a greater vyce,
Rude dumpishnes, vnmannerlye,
offensyue, and precyse.

Drant. Horace. Epistle to Lollius. Edwine thus perplexed with troubled thoughts in the dead of the night, sate solitary vnder a tree in dumps, musing what was best to be done.

Speed. Saxon Kings, an. 617. b. vii. c. 9. s. 8 2 Gent. Hee's in a deep dump now. Leo. I'le fetch him out on't.

Beaum. & Fletch. Humourous Lieutenant, Act iv. sc. 6. Alexander ye great being dispatched out of the way in the very flowre of his age and of his conquests, all men were stricken in heauye dumpes, and in especially all the citye of Babilon.-Golding. Justine, p. 66.

Sir knight, why ride ye dumpish thus behind, Sith so good fortune doth to you present

So fayre a spoyle, to make you ioyous meriment.

Spenser. Faerie Queene, b. iv. c. 2. But I feare now I have ouercharged the reader's minde with dolefull, dumpish, and vncomfortable lines. Camden. Remaines. Epitaphs.

And for dispositions; now do we see one so ragingly furious, as if he had newly torn off his chaines, and escaped; another so stupidly senseless, that you may thrust pins into him, up to the head, and he startles not at it: one so dumpishly sad, as if he would freez to death in melancholy, and hated any contentment but in sorrow.

Bp. Hall. Select Thoughts, § 61.

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To rouse him from lethargic dump,

He tweak'd his nose, with gentle thump
Knocked on his breast, as if't had been

To raise the spirits lodg'd within.-Hudibras, pt. i. c. 3.

If we consult experience, or observe the world, we shall find this precept very ill obeyed, for do we not commonly see people in heavy dumps; do we not hear doleful complaints? Barrow, vol. iii. Ser. 11. Generally a marry'd man is the creature of the world the most out of fashion; his behaviour is dumpish, his discourse his wife and family; his habit so much neglected, it looks as if that were marry'd too. Dryden. Marriage Alamode, Act v. sc. 1. This [suspiciousness] renders a man heavy and dumpish, slow and tedious in his resolutions and in his proceedings. Barrow, vol. ii. Ser. 9. Whenever he was with me, his short, dumpy, gouty, crooked fingers were continually teizing my spinnet, to his own harmonious croaking.-Student, ii. p. 225.

Our honest neighbour's goose and dumplings were fine, and the lamb's wool, even in the opinion of my wife, who was a connoisseur, was excellent. Goldsmith. Vicar of Wakefield, c. 10.

DUN, v. I believe, adds Skinner, from DUN, n. A. S. Dynan, sonare, strepere, DU'NNER. (q.d.) to make a noise in the DUNNING, n. ears of a debtor. And Tooke, A dun; who has dinned another for money or anything. (See DIN, and also DUNE.) To Dun is, Importunely to demand a debt; to persevere or persist in demanding, to make repeated demands: to beat it in.

The Lord Bacon was wont to commend the advice of the plain old man at Buxton that sold besoms: a proud lazy young fellow came to him for a besom upon trust; to whom the old man said, "Friend, hast thou no money? borrow of thy back, and borrow of thy belly, they'll ne'er ask thee again, I shall be dunning thee every day." Bacon. Apophthegms.

But when thou dun'st their parents, seldom they
Without a suit before the tribune pay,
And yet hard laws upon the master lay.

Dryden. Juvenal, Sat. 7. They are ever talking of new silks, and serve the owners in getting them customers, as their common dunners do in making them pay.-Spectator.

For the miser is as much disquieted, dunned, and called upon by the eagerness of his own desires, as he whose door is haunted and rapped at every hour, by those who come crying after him for what he owes them.

South, vol. iv. Ser. 11.

But you have something to add, Sancho, to what I owe your good-will also on this account, and that is to send me the subscription money, which I find a necessity of dunning my best friends for before I leave town. Sterne. Works, vol. iv. Let. 94.

Many married ladies have been constrained to petition the brutes their husbands for the advance of a quarter's pin money, to satisfy the importunate dunnings of a needy honourable gamester.-Adventurer, No. 23.

Yet has he suffered long and much, and lost the beginning of life, the season of rational delight and solid improvement, in distress and fears, in fabricating excuses and pretences, and in flying from the eager pursuit of duns and bailiffs. Knox. Essays, No. 97.

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The impes name which this examinant sent to destroy the said Bumstead was Margaret; and that the impe, which the said Joyce Boanes sent was a dun'd one like unto a mouse. State Trials. The Essex Witches, an. 1645.

Dun hackle: body, dun-coloured silk, with a dun cock's hackle.-Walton. Angler, Appendix, No. 3. January. The first is the dun-fly, in March: the body is made of dun-wool, the wings of the partridge's feathers. Id. Ib. pt. i. c. 5. They [the sea lions] have no hair on their bodies like the seal; they are of a dun colour, and are all extraordinary fat. Dampier. Voyage, an. 1683. Oh! send them to the sullen mansions dun,

Her balefull eyes where sorrow rolls around; Where gloom-enamour'd mischief loves to dwell, And murder, all blood-bolter'd, schemes the wound. Johnson. Parody of a Trans. from the Medea of Euripides.

DUNCE. DUNCEMAN. DU'NCERY.

DU'NCIFY.

The passages quoted below leave no room to doubt that the word (as severally conjectured by Mr. Tooke and Mr. Todd) was first introduced by the Thomists, or disciples of Thomas Aquinas, in contempt towards their antagonists the Scotists, or disciples of John Scot of Duns. Dunce's disciples, Duncemen, Dunces : and see the quotation from Holinshed, in v. Nickname, and the one from Hobbs here following:

For the first rector of the university of Paris, as I have

read somewhere, was Peter Lombard, who first brought in them the learning called school-divinity; and was seconded by John Scot of Duns, who lived in, or near the same time, whom any ingenious reader, not knowing what was the design, would judge to have been two of the most egregious blockheads in the world, so obscure and senseless are their writings.-Hobbs. Behemoth.

Remember ye not how within this xxx. yeares and farre lesse, and yet dureth vnto this day, the old barkyng curres Dunce's disciples & lyke draffe called Scotistes, the children of darkenesse, raged in euery pulpit agaynst Greke, Latin, and Hebrue.-Tyndall. Workes, p. 278.

Here it is open, that the Pelagias graunt as much of grace, as my Lord of Rochester doth, and all his Duns-men, which learneth that man may haue a good purpose, bonum studium, and a good mynde, & a loue to grace, of his owne naturall strēgth.-Barnes. Workes, p. 272.

Here is also to be noted, that ye Pelagians, & our Dunsme agree all in one, for they both say, that ye grace of God doth helpe mas good purpose, so that man doth first intende & purpose well.-Id. İb.

Now would Aristotle deny such speakyng, & a Duns man would make xx. distinctions.-Tyndall. Workes, p. 88.

How thinke you? is not this a likely answere for a great doctour of diuinitie? for a great Duns man? for so great a preacher.-Barnes. Workes, p. 232.

Talke altogether of most graue matters, or deepely search out the ground of things, or vse the quiddities of Dunce, to set forth God's misteries: and you shall see the ignorant (I warrant you) either fall asleepe, or els bid you farewell. Wilson. The Arte of Rhetorique, p. 201.

Mer. Was ever man but I in such a stocks? well this shall be a warning to me, and a fair one too, how I betray myself to such a dunce, by way of benefit.

Beaum. & Fletch. The Coxcomb, Act ii. sc. 1.

I would he had not cast the gracious eye of his duncery upon the small deserts of a pamphlet, whose every line, meddled with, uncases him to scorn and laughter. Milton. Colasterion. His father, methinks, should be one of the dunce-table, and one that never drank strong beer in's life, but at festival times.-Ford. The Sun's Darling, Act v. sc. 1.

In school-divinity as able

As he that hight irrefragable;

A second Thomas, or at once

To name them all, another Dunce.-Hudibras, pt. i. c. 1. Say, you, her instruments, the great Call'd to this work by dulness, Jove and fate, You, by whose care, in vain decry'd and curst, Still Dunce the second reigns like Dunce the first; Say, how the goddess bade Britannia sleep And pour'd her spirit o'er the land and deep. Pope. The Dunciad, b. i. Here you have a fellow ten thousand times more duncified than dunce Webster.-Warburton to Hurd. Letter L. 130.

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Hil. I must take breath;

Then, like a nightingale, I'le sing his death.
Soph. His death!
Hil. I am out.

Coris. Recover, dunder-head.

Massinger. The Picture, Act ii. sc. 1. What a dunder-whelp, Beaum. & Fletch. Wild-goose Chase, Act ii. se. 3. You know what a dunder-whelp my master is.

To let him domineer thus.

Id. Woman Pleased, Act ii. sc. 5.

Why then was it left so? and here, without staying for my reply, shall I be called as many blockheads, numskulls, doddypoles, dunderheads, ninny-hammers, &c. Sterne. Tristram Shandy, c. 25.

DUNE. See Down, and the quotation there made from Verstegan. R. of Gloucester uses the verb, dune, which Hearne interprets bent, bowed; but it is more probably the A. S. Dyn-an, to make a noise, to resound: the earth resounded under the steps of the horses. See DUN.

The erthe dunede vnder hem, vor stappes [steps] that harde ware.

The hors neyde and lepte, that yt was gret fere.

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Thei shulden deluen, and dyken, and dongen the erthe. Piers Ploukman. Cred

On fat londe and ful of donge. foulest wedes groweth. Id. Vision, p. 29. Lord, suffre it also this yeer. the while I delue about it. and I schal dunge it if it schal make fruyt, if nay, in tye comyng thou schalt kitte it doun.-Wiclif. Luk, c. 13.

Salt is good, but if salt vanysche: in what thing schal it be sauered? Neither in erthe, neither in donghille it is profitable.-Id. Ib. c. 14.

Behold my blody woundes, depe and wide,
Arise up erly, in the morwe tide,
And at the west gate of the toun (quod he)
A carte ful of donge ther shalt thou see,

In which my body is hid prively,
Do thilke carte arresten boldely.

Chaucer. The Nonnes Preestes Tale, v. 15,624
And forth he goth, no longer wold he lette,
Unto the west gate of the toun, and fond
A dong carte, as it went for to dong lond
That was arraied in the same wise

As ye han herde the dede man devise.-Id. Ib. v. 15,042
Now fie churle, (qd. the gentel Tercelet)
Out of the dounghil, came that word aright.

Id. The Assemblie of Fories After the same sorte a diligent husbandman, whan h breaketh vp his ground, whan he donggeth it, whan Es soweth it, whan he weedeth it, he is altogether in his worke Udal. Timothy, c.2

We found nothing in their [white beares] mawes; but wi iudged by their dung that they fed vpon grasse, because i appeared in all respects like the dung of an horse, wherei we might very plainly see the very strawes.

Hackluyt. Voyages, vol. iii. p. 101

The dung-fermers seek in every streete by exchange t buy this durtie ware for herbs and wood. The custom i very good for keeping the citie cleare.

Id. Ib. vol. ii. pt. ii. p. 69 He makes his Laertes a gardener all that while, and seek ing his consolation for the absence of his son in the plea sures of planting and even dunging his own grounds. Cowley. Ess. Of Agriculture Would it not vex thee where thy sires did keep, To see the dunged folds of dog tayl'd sheep.

Bp. Hall, b. v. Sat. Here is my space, Kingdoms are clay; our dungie earth alike Feeds beast as man.

Shakespeare. Anthony & Cleopatra, Act i. se. You must not suffer your thoughts to creep any long upon this dunghill earth, but refine your drossy, and ra up your drowsy spirits to behold, contemplate, and admi the glories that are in heaven.

Bp. Beveridge, vol. ii. Ser. 131

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Mr. Gibbon comes forward with all the rancour of a reregado against Christianity. He tramples upon it at first with the cloven-foot of heathenism. He dungs upon it at last from the dirty tail of Mahometanism.

Whitaker. Review of Gibbon's History, p. 256. On the islands were sea-lions, &c. and such an innumerable quantity of guls, as to darken the air when disturbed, and almost to suffocate our people with their dung.

Cook. Voyage, vol. iv. b. iv. c. 3. DUNGEON. Fr. Dongeon. In the modern French, says Wachter, dunes (see Down) are hills of sand on the sea-shore; and donjon, propugnaculum in colle ædificatum, built on a hill. And Du Cange, dunjo, castellatum, minus propugnaculum in duno seu colle ædificatum.

"Fr. Dongeon,-a dungeon; a strong tower, or platform in the middle of a castle, or fort, wherein the besieged make their last efforts (of defence) when the rest is forced," (Cotgrave.) Prisoners being usually confined in these strong towers, the word dongeon was applied to other strong close places of confinement or imprisonment.

& gadred him an oste, and went vnto Wilton, & did reise in that coste a stalworth donjon.

K. Brunne, p. 121.

I salued her, and enquired what she was, and why she, so worthie to sight, dained to enter into so foule a dongeon, and namely a prison, without leaue of my kepers.

Chaucer. The Testament of Loue, b. i.

Finally, see what God promised Joseph in his dreames, these promises accompanyed him alwaies, and went downe with hym euen into the depe dongeon.-Tyndall. Workes, p.5.

For on a day his wary Dwarfe had spide
Where in a dungeon deepe huge numbers lay
Of caytiue wretched thrals that wailed night and day.
Spenser. Faerie Queene, b. i. c. 4.

And to that end, caused him [William Tell] to be tied,
and thrown into a boat, with intention to see him securely
laid in the dungeon of the strong castle of Cusnach.
Ludlow. Memoirs, vol. iii. p. 107.

The very bed, which, on thy wedding-night,
Receiv'd thee to the arms of Belvidera;
The scene of all thy joys, was violated
By the coarse hands of filthy dungeon villains.

Otway. Venice Preserved, Acti. sc. 1.

What gold is to a man in a desart island; what eyes are to a man confined a close prisoner in a dark dungeon; that, or little better, is the best faith without leading a Christian to good works.-Pearce, vol. ii. Ser. 16.

DUP, v. To do ope or open, to ope or open. Grimme. What Devell, iche weene, the porters are drunke, wil they not dup the gate to-day? Edwards. Damon & Pythias. Then vp he rose, and dond his clothes, and dupt the chamber dore. Shakespeare. Hamlet, Activ. sc. 5.

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Me semeth by feiture of womanly property
Ye should be trusty and trew of comprimis:

I find in you no false duplicity.

Chaucer. Balade. The Craft of Louers.

The estates of Bruges little doubted to admit so small a numbre into so populous a company, yea though the numbre were duplicate.-Hall. Hen. VII. an. 5.

In this prosperous course and success of affairs, a com-
petent defence of Illyricum was upon a two-fold reason
established, the duple greatnesse of which business the em-
peror having taken in hand, affected both.

Holland. Ammianus, p. 101.
Whereof perhaps one reason is, because there is shewn in
this a duplicated power: a contrary stream of power running
across and thwart, in its effects in this.
Goodwin. Works, vol. iii. pt. i. p. 558.

In Easter term this was certified under the hands of all
the judges in England, and barons of the Exchequer, in a
duplicate, whereof the one was delivered to the lord chan-
cellor, and the other to the lord treasurer to be delivered to
the queen.-State Trials. Sir T. Darnel and others, an. 1627.

Conscious reason and understanding, being a far higher
degree of life and perfection than that dull plastick nature,
which does only do, but not know, can never possibly
emerge out of it; neither can the duplication of corporeal
organs be ever able to advance that simple and stupid life
of nature into redoubled consciousness or self-perception.
Cudworth. Intellectual System, p. 173.
However, if two sheriffs appear in one year (as at this
time, and frequently hereafter,) such duplication cometh to
pass by one of these accidents.-Fuller. Worthies. Barkshire.
They neither acknowledge a multitude of unmade deities.
nor yet that duplicity of them which Plutarch contended
for, (one good and the other evil.)
Cudworth. Intellectual System, p. 231.

Moreover the tenets of these ancient Magi, concerning
that duplicity of principles, are by writers represented with
great variety and uncertainty.-İd. Ib. p. 291.

That is to throw three dice, till duplets and a chance be thrown; and the highest dupiets wins, except you throw in and in, which is called raffle, and that wins all.

Dryden. An Evening's Love, Act iii.

The earth and sun gravitate towards each other, or tend
(whatever be the cause of that tendency) towards each other,
with a force which is in a direct proportion of their masses,
or magnitudes and densities together, and in an inverse
Clarke & Leibnitz. Dr. Clarke's Fifth Reply.

DUPE, v. Menage says, duper from deci-
DUPE, n. pere; decipere, depar, duper. duplicate proportion of their distances.
D'PERY. Cotgrave has "
Duper, to cheat.

Norman."

To dupe is to cheat or to delude, to trick; and a dupe, one who is cheated, tricked or deluded, (sc.) through his own credulity.

A populace in want, with pleasure fir'd;
Fit for proscriptions, for the darkest deeds,
As the proud feeder bade: inconstant, blind.
Deserting friends at need, and dup'd by foes.
Thomson. Liberty, pt. iii.
That man must smart at last whose puzzled sight
Mistakes in life false colours for the right;
As the poor dupe is sure his loss to rue,
Who takes a pinchbeck guinea for a true.

Pitt. Horace, b. i. Ep. 10.

But it seems there is still another lurking hope, akin to that which duped us so egregiously before, when our delightful basis was accepted; we still flatter ourselves that the publick voice of France will compel this directory to more moderation.-Burke. On a Regicide Peace, Let. 3.

As an actor, confest without rival to shine :
As a wit, if not first, in the very first line :
Yet with talents like these, and an excellent heart,
The man had his failings, a dupe to his art.

Goldsmith. Retaliation.

[Machiavel] is pleased with the address with which Cæsar
Borgia conducted it; has much contempt for the dupery
and weakness of the sufferers; but no compassion for their
miserable and untimely death, and no sort of indignation at
the cruelty and falsehood of their murderer.
Smith. Moral Sentiments, pt. vi. s. 1.

I have dispatched away Mr. Meredith, his majesty's secretary of the embassy here, by the Catherine yacht, and encharged with my main pacquet to the secretary; though I send a duplicate both of it and my last dispatch by the

master of the pacquet-boat's hands, that parts the same day.

Sir W. Temple. To my Lord Treasurer, July, 1678. There remain yet some other pages of Mr. Hobbes's dialogue, wherein he speaks of fire, and cold, and ice, and light, and colours, and fluidity, and hardness, and thickness, and ethics, and politics, and the duplication of the cube, and the quadrature of the circle, and several other subjects. Boyle. Works, vol. i. p. 234.

What vast sacks and bags are necessary to contain such a
collection of water, which seems to issue from the lymphæ-
ducts, either dilacerated or obstructed, and exonerating
themselves into the foldings, or between the duplicatures of
the membranes.--Ray. On the Creation, pt. ii.

His right-hand man, a brother of our quill,
Prudently chose to show his own goodwill
By the same token, and without much scruple
Made the red-rugg'd collector's income duple.

Byrom. Robbery of the Cambridge Coach.

Of all these he [Vertue] made various sketches and notes, always presenting a duplicate of his observations to Lord Oxford.-Walpole. Life of Mr. George Vertue.

The peritoneum also keeps the viscera from confounding themselves with, or pressing irregularly upon, the bladder: for the kidneys and bladder are contained in a distinct duplicature of that membrane, being thereby partitioned off from the other contents of the abdomen.

Paley. Natural Theology, c. 11.

And shall we even now, whilst we are yet smarting from the consequences of her treachery, become a second time

the good easy dupes of her duplicity; it was not a trifling

lustration that would in his mind expiate the perfidy of French councils.-Anecdotes of Bp. Watson, vol. i. p. 273.

DURE, v.
DURABLE.
DURABLENESS.
DU'RABLY.
DURABILITY.
DU'RANCE.
DU'RANCY.

DURANT.
DURATION.
DU'REFUL.
DU'RELESS.

DU'RESS.

DU'RING.

DURITY.
DU'ROUS.

Fr. Durer; It. Durare; Sp. Durar; Lat. Durare. Vox, (says Vossius,) videtur ab arboribus sumpta; sanè ▲oupov, olim lignum. And Martinius, from the Gr. Aoupios, ligneus, wooden.

Lat. Durare, - to be or cause to be hard or hardy; to harden; to bear up against hardships; and thus, to last, to abide, (sc.) without yielding, without decay.

"Fr. Durer,to dure, to last, continue, endure, to abide, remain, persist; also, to sustain, brook, suffer," (Cotgrave.)

Durance and duresse are also applied, to harsh confinement, to imprisonment.

Her adde, lo! thys Cristemen, as ge ssulle yhure,
Muche wo, the wule [while] God wolle that yt ssulle dure.
R. Gloucester, p. 403.

Thare biriels he thouht to honoure
With som thing that ay might doure.

R. Brunne, Pref. p. 189.
And for to worche goure wil. the wile my lif duyreth.
Piers Plouhman, p. 188.

And eke they had a thing notable
Unto their death, ay durable
And was that their beauty should dure.

Chaucer. Dreame.

The wil of a wight disturbeth and constraineth that, that nature alway desireth and requireth, that is to saye, the werkes of generation, by the which generation onely dwelleth, and is sustained the long durabilitie of mortall thinges. Id. Boecius, b. iii.

That same prince and mover eke (quod he)
Hath stablisht, in this wretched world adoun,
Certain of dayes and duration

To all that are engend'red in this place,
Over the which day they ne mow not pace.
Id. The Knightes Tale, v. 2998.
Loue hath to him great distresse,
He hath no need of more duresse.-Id. Rom. of the Rose.
These diseases mowen well by duresse of sorowe, make
my life to vnbodie, and so for to die.
Id. Testament of Loue. b. i.

So I say, though thou bee put to serue thilke iewell, during thy life, yet is that no seruage of vnderputting, but a maner of trauailing pleasaŭce, to conquer and get that thou hast not.-Id. Ib.

And that shrewes ben more vnsely if they were of lenger during, and most vnsely yf they weren perdurable. Id. Boecius. b. iv. And so from yt day forwarde: was that made a lawe and a custom in Israel and dureth to thys day. Bible, 1551. 1 Kings, c. 30.

Whiche when he [the Lord] is wrothe smitteth the people with durable strokes, and in his wonders he persecuteth them, and tameth them continually.-Id. Esaye, c. 14.

Some wryters accompt the terme of the duraunce of thys kyngdome, from Cerdicus to Egbert, and some to the last yere of Aluredus.-Fabyan, vol. i. c. 105.

Right mysty storyes, doughtfull and vnclere
Of names of tymes and of the duraunt yere.
Id. Prologues.

But it is I trow no great maruaile: though I fere, lest those that haue not letted to put them in duresse without colour wil let as lytle to procure their distruccion without cause. Sir T. More. Workes, p. 49.

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But shee [Philippa wife of Edward III.] built to herself a monument of more glory and durability by founding, and richly endowing, the colledge called the Queenes in Oxford, which, if it had been finished according to the project, had beene a foundation of marueilous state and magnificence.

Speed. Edw. III. an. 1374. b. ix. c. 12. s. 115. They all of them vary much from their primitive tenderness, and bigness, and so become more durous. Smith. Port. of Old Age, p. 186. For there is neither picture, nor image of marble, nor arch of triumph, nor sumptuous sepulchre, that can match the durableness of an eloquent history, furnished with the properties which it ought to have.

North. Plutarch. To the Readers, p. 1.

As for the timber of the walnut-tree, it may be termed an English shittim-wood for the fineness, smoothness, and durableness, thereof, whereof the best tables, with stocks of guns and other manufactures, are made.

Fuller. Worthies. Surrey.

[The honest heart] is wholly due to God's preventing graces, which have thus fitted the soil for the kindly seedstime, planted pliableness, humility in the heart, where grace may be deeply and durably rooted.

Hammond. Works, vol. i. p. 687.

It happened also that Numitor himselfe, having Remus in durance, and hearing they were brethren twins, by comparing their age, and avising withall their very countenance and towardnesse, proceeding from no servile and base pazentage, bethought himselfe of his sister's children.

Holland. Livivs, Ț. 5.

The souls ever durancy I sung before,
Ystruck with mighty rage.

More. On the Soul, pt. iii. c. 1. s. 1. The misery that after death attends the misspent present life, overbalanceth all the good that this life can yield, both in degree and duration.

Hale. Cont. vol. i. The Victory of Faith over the World.

For neither pretious stone, nore durefull brasse,
Nor shining gold, nor mould'ring clay it was.

Spenser. Faerie Queene, b. iv. c. 10.
But of this composition are all the devout lovers of the
world, that they fear all that is dureless and ridiculous.
Ralegh. History of the World, Pref. p. 19.

You had ever an ear open to listen for the crack, and were in the same agony for the Powder Plot that Charles V. was in for the Pope's duress, giving order in all his dominions that prayers should be made for his release, when in the mean time he kept and held him in his own hand prisoner. State Trials. Henry Garnett, an. 1606.

These light and vicious persons say Our soul is but a smoke, or airy blast, Which during life, doth in our nostrils play, And when we die doth turn to wind at last.

Davies. Immortality of the Soul, s. 30.

As for irradiancy or sparkling, which is found in many gems, it is not discoverable in this; for it cometh short of their compactnesse and durity.

Brown. Vulgar Errours, b. ii. c. 1.

That by the Sion here mentioned is not chiefly meant that material mountain in Judea, but rather that mystical rock of divine grace and evangelical truth, upon which the Christian church, the onely everlasting temple of God, is unmovably seated, is very probable, (or rather manifestly certain,) by the prophets constant acceptation thereof in this sense, when they assign the character of perpetual durability thereto.-Barrow, vol. i. Ser. 12.

The successive vibrations of the small parts do. even in 80 solid and close a body as bell-metal, run many times round; as may appear by the durableness of the ringing noise, which seems plainly to proceed from the circularly successive vibrations of the parts.

Boyle. Works, vol. v. p. 30.

Lucifer. 'Tis done,
Sick Nature, at that instant, trembled round;
And mother Earth sigh'd as she felt the wound.
Of how short durance was this new made state.
Dryden. The State of Innocence, Act v. sc. 1.
Whom, known of Creon's line and cur'd with care,
He to his city sent as prisoners of the war,
Hopeless of ransom, and condemn'd to lie
In durance, doom'd a lingering death to die.

Id. Palamon & Arcite.

That we have our notion of succession and duration from this original, viz. from the reflection on the train of ideas, which we find to appear one after another in our own minds, seems plain to me, in that we have no perception of duration, but by considering the train of ideas that take their turns in our understandings.

Locke. On Humane Understanding, b. ii. c. 14.

More durable than brass, the frame
Which here I consecrate to fame;
Higher than pyramids that rise
With royal pride to brave the skies.

Francis. Horace, b. iv. Ode 30.

A Gothic cathedral raises ideas of grandeur in our minds, by its size, its height, its awful obscurity, its strength, its antiquity and its durability -Blair, vol. i. Lect. 3.

The durableness of metals is the foundation of this extra-
ordinary steadiness of price.
Smith. Wealth of Nations, b. i. c. 11.
An error in physical speculations is seldom productive of
such consequences, either to one's neighbour or one's self
as are deeply, durably, or extensively injurious.
Knox. Essays, No. 1.
It will not be amiss to take a view of the effects of this
royal servitude and vile durance, which was so deplored in
the reign of the late monarch, and was so carefully to be
avoided in the reign of his successor.
Burke. On the Present Discontents.
DURSTINGLY. From Durst. Preterite of
Dare, (qv.)

Dirstelie. Boldy, or as we might say, durstingly, of one
daring to doe a thing of hazard or difficulty.
Verstegan. Restitution of Decayed Intelligence, c. 7.
Dut. Duister; Ger. Duster;
Sw. Dyster; A. S. Thyster,
obscurus.
In Dutch, Duysteren is cali-
gare, to darken; and this Lye
thinks is from A. S. Thystrian,
tenebrescere, to grow or be-
come dark.

DUSK, v.
Dusk, n.
DU'SKEN.
DU'SKING, n.
DU'SKISH.
DU'SKISHLY.

DU'SKISHNESS.
Dr'sKY.
DU'SKINESS.

To be or become dark or
dim; to darken, to obscure; to be or cause to be
gloomy, dull or dingy.

The penonnes and the pomels. and poyntes of sheldes
With drawen his deuocion. and dusken his herte.
Piers Plouhman. Crede.
The which clothes a darkenesse of a foreleten and despised
eld had dusked and darked, as it is wont to darke by smoked
images.-Chaucer. Boecius, b. i.

Time had somewhat sullied the colour of it with such kind
of duskiness, [in Translation, 1609, by J. T., Duskishness,]
as we may observe in pictures that have hung in a smoky
room.-Translation of Boecius, Oxford, 1674, p. 3.

Dusked his eyen too, and failled his breth.

Chaucer. The Knightes Tale, v. 2808.

The faithfulnes of a wife is not stained with deceipt, nor dusked with any dissembling, nor yet parted with any charge of the world, but disseuered at last by death only, no not by

death neither.-Wilson. Arte of Rhetorique, p. 55.

And yet neuertheles the sayd epigrame was not vtterly defaced, but onely duskened or so rased, that it myght be redde, thoughe that with some difficulty.

Nicoll. Thucydides, fol. 163. Wherof is ingendred, duskynge of the eyes, head aches, hotte and thyn reumes, after euery littel surfete, and many other inconueniences.-Sir T. Elyot. Castel of Helth, b. iii.

Which ascendynge vp into the head, and touchynge the
ryme, wherin the brayne is wrapped, causeth head-ache,
trembling of the members, duskyshnes of the sight, and
many other sycknesses.-Id. Ib.

A showre aboue his head there stoode, all dusky blacke
with blew,

Both night and storme it brought, and straight the waters
darke their hew. Phaer. Virgill. Eneidos, b. v.
Fyrste, of sacietie or fulnesse be ingedrid paynfull diseases
& sicknesses, as squynces, distillatios, called reumes or
poses, hemorroydes, great bledynges, crampes, duskenesse
of sight, the tisike, and the stiche, with many other that
come nat now to my remembrance.

Sir T. Elyot. The Governour, b. iii. c. 21.
Meanwhile the south wind rose, and, with black wings
Wide hovering, all the clouds together drove
From under heav'n; the hills to thir supply
Vapor, and exhalation dusk and moist,
Sent up amain. Milton. Paradise Lost, b. xi.
So spake our Morning Star then in his rise,
And looking round on every side beheld
A pathless desert, dusk with horrid shades.
Id. Paradise Regained, b. i.

But straight the sun that gives me light,
With many duskish vapours cled,
Doth seeme to boast with me some fearful storme.
Stirling. Aurora, s, 6.
The swiftest in consuming was that with saw-dust; which
first burned faire till some part of the candle was consumed,
and the dust gathered aboute the snaste; but then it made
the snaste big and long, and to burn duskishly, and the
candle wasted in half the time of the wax pure.
Bacon. Naturall History, § 369.

But see, the smoke mounting in village nigh,
With folded wreaths steals through the quiet air;
And mix'd with dusky shades, in eastern sky,
Begins the night, and warns us home repair.

P. Fletcher. The Purple Island, c. 5.

For who can it unfold, and reade aright

The divers colours and the tinctures fair,
Which in this various vesture changes write
Of light, of duskiness, of thick, of rare
Consistences: ever new changes marre
Former impressions.-More. On the Soul, pt. i. b. i. s.22.
Prone to the lowest vale th' aerial tribes
Descend the tempest-loving raven scarce
Dares wing the dubious dusk. Thomson. Summer.
It [a spot in the sun] was a very dark spot almost of a
quadrangular form, and was inclosed round with a kind of
a duskish cloud.-Boyle. Works, vol. iii. p. 511.

So may I reach, conceal'd, the cooling flood,
From my tir'd body wash the dirt and blood,
As soon as night her dusky veil extends,
Return in safety to my Trojan friends.

Pope. Homer. Iliad, b. xxii.

The sergeant soon after went to him, and ordered him to follow him to the deck; he obeyed him without reply; but it being in the dusk of the evening he slipped from the setgeant and went forward.-Cook. Voyage, vol. i. b. i. c. 6.

We all saw an atmosphere or dusky cloud round the body of the planet, [Venus,] which very much disturbed the times of contact, especially of the internal ones; and we differed from each other in our accounts of the times of the contacts much more than might have been expected. Id. Ib. vol. i. b. i. c. 13.

DU'SSONS, i. e. dozens.

If I priz'd life so much

As to deny my act, but that I would not,
Should I try death by dussons.

Beaum. & Fletch. The two Noble Kinsmen, Act iii. sc. 2.
DUST, v.
DUST, n.
DU'sTY.
DU'STINESS.
DU'STER.

Dut. Dust; A. S. Dyste or Dust, pulvis, powder, (Somner.) Skinner thinks it may be from the Ger. Durren, to dry, to parch, (as if Durst.) In the Goth. Thaursjan is arescere, siccari, whence also thirst. But the A. S. Thystrian; Dut. Duysteren, to obscure, to darken, seems to present a more probable etymology: Clouds of dust; the dust flies in clouds; are common terms of expression. As now applied, dust is—

Any thing reduced to a dry powder, any thing pulverised. And more generally to the earth; and met., to a low, humble or contemptible state or condition. To dust is

Either to sprinkle, to cover with dust; or,-to wipe, to clear away the dust.

And the kyng Vortiger was to doust y barn'd ther inne. R. Gloucester, p. 137 And when they commyn to hur, she satt vppe, and with her honde sche wypid of her face the doste that was ther on & spake to hem as holle and sownde as sche was by fore

R. Brunne, Pref. p. 198. And who evir resseyveth not you, ne heerith youre wordis. feet.-Wiclif. Matthew, c. 10. go ye fro that hous or citee, and sprenge off the dust of youre

In fortune is full trust,

Though he lie in straw or dust,

In hope is all his sustaining.-Chaucer. Rom. of the Rese And as David and his men went by the way, Shimei went along on the hils side over against him, and cursed as be went, and threw stones at him, and cast dust. [Heb. dusted him with dust.]-Bible. 2 Samuel, xvi. 13.

Men into stones therewith he could transmew,
And stones to dust, and dust to nought at all.
Spenser. Faerie Queene, b. i. c. 7.
Who, soone as she beheld the sudden stound,
Lightly vpstarted from the dusty ground.

Id. Ib. b. iii. c. 7.
Clo. Then let him be more manly, for he looks
Like a great school-boy that had been blown up
Last night at dust-point.

Beaum. & Fletch. The Captain, Act iii. st. 1. The most part of the people abode and dwelt in the country, and such were termed Compodes, which is as much as to say, as dusty-feet, for that when they came down to the city (as a man may conjecture) they were known by their dusty-feet.-Holland. Plutarch, p. 727.

yet it is not strictly so. 1. On account of its hills and val
Although the terraqueous globe be of an orbicular figure,
lies. But these are [so] inconsiderable to the earth's semi-
diameter, that they are but as dust upon a common globe.

Derham. Physico-Theology, b. ii. c. 1. (Note 1)
Whom nor the prancing steed, nor pond'rous shield,
Nor the hack'd helmet nor the dusty field,
But the soft joys of luxury and ease,
The purple vests and flow'ry garlands please.
Addison. Ovid. Metam. b. İti

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