The season of the year is now come, in which the theatres are shut, and the card tables forsaken; the regions of luxury are for awhile unpeopled, and pleasure leads out her votaries to groves and gardens, to still scenes and erratick gratifications.-Rambler, No. 124.

Lo! while our isle with one loud Pæan rings,
Equal, though silent, homage Isis brings;
Isis, whose erring on the modest side
Th' unkind and ignorant mistake for pride.

Hence too we learn with what proportion'd force
The moon impels, erroneous in her course,

The refluent main.-Fawkes. Eulogy on Sir I. Newton.

O blest proficiency! surpassing all
That men erroneously their glory call,
The recompense that arts or arms can yield,
The bar, the senate, or the tented field."

Cowper. Retirement.

Now, hid beneath the flowery turf, they pass;
Ingulph'd, now sport along the velvet grass,
With many an errour slowly-lingering stray,
And murmuring in their course reluctant roll away.
Fawkes. Braham Park.

ERRAND. (Sometimes written Arrand, qv.) A. S. Erend-ian, to bear or carry tidings, to deliver a message, to declare or bring news.

Erend,-tidings, news, a message, an embassy. Godes arend-gast; an angel, a spiritual messenger or embassador, one going on God's errand. See Somner.

Tho me tolde him here ernde.-R. Gloucester, p. 147.

Now, sir king, quath Pandulf, thou sedest vs ar this
The priuete of thin herte, & ich the segge iwis
The priuete of oure, and wat oure erinde is.-Id. p. 501.
The messager doth na more. bote hus mouth telleth.
Hus lettere and us ernde sheweth and is anon delyvered.
Piers Plouhman, p. 217

If thou thine honour mightest saue
Or any erand mightest make

Thider, for thy loue's sake

Ful faine thou woldest, but for drede
Thou goest not, leest that men take hede.

Chaucer. Rom. of the Rose. And who (amongst all the rest of his seven sonnes) shall be pickt out for this service, but his youngest sonne David, whose former and almost worne-out acquaintance in court, and employment under Saul seemed to fit him best for this errand.-Bp. Hall. Cont. David & Goliah.

For remembring that he took no money with him when he came from his house, and that Cicero his brother also had very little for himself, he thought it best that Cicero should hold on his journey, whilest he himself made an errand home to fetch such things as he lacked, and so to make haste again to overtake his brother.

North. Plutarch, p. 729.

He would understand men's true errand as soon as they had opened their mouths, and began their story in appearance to another purpose.

Locke. Memoirs of Anthony Earl of Shaftesbury.

At once, in bright procession spied,
The female world was at my side,
All, by inquiry, as I found,

On one important errand bound.

Brooke. Fables. Temple of Hymen.

ERRHINE. Fr. Errhine; Gr. Eppia, from Ev, and pv, the nose.

The examples explain the application of the word.

Likewise Lysimachia stancheth bloud either in drinke, liniment, or errhine put up into the nose.

Holland. Plinie, b. xxvi. c. 12. And we see sage or betony bruised, sneezing-powder, and other powders or liquors (which the physitians call errhines) put into the nose, draw flegme, and water from the head. Bacon. Naturall History, s. 38.

ERUCTATE. Fr. Eructation; Sp. Eructar, ERUCTA'TION. Seructacion; It. Eruttare, eruttazione; Lat. Eructatio, from eructare; Gr. Epevyew, to throw out, to force out.

To throw up, (sc. wind;) to belch.

They would make us believe in Syracusa, now Messina, that Ætna in times past hath eructated such huge boggets of fire, that the sparks of them have burnt houses in Malta, above fifty miles off, transported thither by a direct strong wind.-Howell, b. i. s. 1. Let. 27.

But, after all, cabbage ('tis confess'd) is greatly accused for lying undigested in the stomach, and provoking eructations; which makes me wonder at the veneration we read the ancients had for them, calling them divine, and swearing per brassicam.-Evelyn. Discourse of Salletts.

from raudus, which is from the Gr. 'Paßdos, virga, sc. impolita,) extra ruditatem ponere,-to free from roughness, (Vossius.)

Polished or well wrought; and, (met.) well instructed, well taught, deeply learned.

The kinges highnes as a most erudite price and a most faithfull kinge in hys moste famouse boke ainoge many other

great authorities & reasons, preced him, [Luther] sore with yt that the gloriouse apostle Saynet Paule calleth it a great sacrament himselfe.-Sir. T. More. Workes, p. 645.

Fame be thy tutor, and thy parts of nature
Thrice fam'd beyond, beyond all erudition.

Shakespeare. Troil. & Cress. Act ii. sc. 3.

We have not all of us need of the skill in hunting, of military science, of the art of navigation, nor of the mechanical handicrafts of artizans; but we all stand in need of learning and erudition.-Holland. Plutarch, p. 652.

But sure there is a middle way to be followed; the management of a young lady's person is not to be overlooked, but the erudition of her mind is much more to be regarded. Spectator, No. 66. ""Twere well," says one, sage, erudite, profound, Terribly arch'd, and aquiline his nose, And overbuilt with most impending brows, ""Twere well, could you permit the world to live As the world pleases: what's the world to you?" Cowper. Task, b. iii. He was not long satisfied with his Institution of a Christian man; he ordered a new book to be composed, called the Erudition of a Christian man. Hume. History of England, c. 32. ERUGINOUS. Lat. Eruginosus, from ærugo, the rust of brass, (æs, æris.)

Fr. Erugineux, which Cotgrave says is, "of the colour of verdigrease; rusty, cankred or corrupted."

Now artificial copperose, and such as we commonly use, is a rough and acrimonious kind of salt drawn out of ferreous and eruginous earths, partaking chiefly of iron and copper.-Brown. Vulgar Errours, b. vi. c. 12.

ERUPTION. Fr. Eruption; It. Eruzione; ERUPTIVE. Sp. Erupcion; Lat. Eruptio, from erumpere, eruptum, to break or burst forth, (e, and rumpere, to burst.)

A breaking or bursting out or forth; a bursting or rushing forth; a sallying forth; shouting or exclaiming.

Miserable losses and continual had the English by their frequent eruptions, from this time to the Norman Conquest. Drayton. Poly-Olbion, s. 1. Hor. In what particular thought to work I know not: But in the grosse and scope of my opinion This boades some strange eruption to our State. Shakespeare. Hamlet, Acti. sc. 1. For certain it is, that to his often mentioned secretary, Dr. Mason, whom he [the Duke of Buckingham] laid in a pallet near him, for natural ventilation of his thoughts, he would, in the absence of all other ears and eyes, break out into bitter and passionate eruptions.

Reliquia Wottonianæ, p. 227. All which is perverted in this eruptive generation. Brown. Vulgar Etrours, b. iii. c. 16. So when the Cyclops o'er their anvils sweat, And swelling sinews echoing blows repeat; From the volcanos gross eruptions rise, And curling sheets of smoke obscure the skies. Garth. The Dispensary, c. 1. The confusion of things, the eruptions of barbarians, the straits of emperours, the contentions of princes, &c. did all turn to account for him; and in confusion of things he did snatch what he could to himself.

Barrow. Of the Pope's Supremacy. 'Tis listening fear and dumb amazement all; When to the startled eye the sudden glance Appears far south, eruptive through the cloud; And following slower, in explosion vast, The thunder raises his tremendous voice.

Thomson. Summer.

Anon, with black eruption from its jaws
A night of smoke, thick driving, wave on wave,
In stormy flow, and cloud involving cloud,
Rolls surging, extinguishing the day.

Mallet. The Excursion, c. 1.

It is in the nature of these eruptive diseases in the state to sink in by fits, and re-appear.

Burke. On a Regicide Peace, Let!

ES, our genitive and plural termination, may be the article As, in Ger. Es, equivalent in meaning to taken.

E'SBAIED.

BASE and BAW.

Fr. Esbahir,-Abashed. See Chaucer writes, abawed. Wherewith [the Letter of Parmenio] he [Alexander] beynge nothynge esbaied, helde in his handes the letter, ar receyuyng the medycyne that Philippe gaue bym, at one tyme delyuered the letter open to Philyp, and dranke also the medycyne.-Sir T. Elyot. The Governotr, b. iii. c. ¡§

ESCALA'DE. From scala, a ladder, so called from the separations between step and step, from A. S. Scyl-an, to divide, to separate.

་

Fr. Escalade, a scalado, a skaling; the taking or surprising of a place by skaling," (Cotgrave.) Fr. Eschelle, a ladder. Brunne uses escheh generally, for a division of an army.

The third eschele fulle harde was bisted.

R. Brunne, p. 14 P And for the escaladaes, they had so bad successe, as the rebels were driuen from the walles with the losse of twe hundred men.-Bacon. Hen. VII. p. 181.

ESCA'LOP. "I believe (says Skinner) from the A. S. Scala, a shell:" and shell is from th A. S. Scyl-an, to divide, to separate. The s is particularly so called, because the edges of th shell are unequal and jagged.

With such ornament and decoration as best bea them; as to Nymphs, Tritons, Sea-Gods, escalop-shells. Fu Evelyn. An Account of Arch

How can we imagine that any laws of motion can det mine the figure of the leaves, that they should be divi into so many jags or escallops, and curiously indented F the edges.-Ray. On the Creation, pt. i.

See SCAPE.

To go away, (sc.) out of the reach of dang out of difficulty, out of sight, out of notice. A as the

"Fr. Eschapper,-to flie, evade, avoid; sh away; to scape, come or pass through, safely; free himself, or get rid from; to slip, creep winde out of," (Cotgrave.)

Escaper,-occurs in the margin, 2 Kings ix.

His praier did him bryng out of his hard cas,
Thanked God & him so well for him had schaped,
That of his anguys grim so lightly was escaped.
R. Brunne

He suld not escape, thorgh bisshop granted fre,
Of non bot of the pape myght he assoyled be.-Id. pl
But swiche a rain down from the welken shedde
That slow the fire, and made to him escape.

Chaucer. The Monkes Tale, v. l
And though your grene youthe floure as yet,
In crepeth age alway as still as ston,
And deth manaseth every age, and smit
In each estat, for ther escapeth non.

Id. The Clerkes Tale, v. 1?

Yet not escaped from the dew reward Of his bad deedes, which daily he increast. Spenser. Faerie Queene, b. iii c Bos. Hee is filed, he is filed, and dares not sit it out Bri. What has he made an escape, which way? f neighbour Haggise.-B. Jonson. Barthol. Faire, Activ

Which my father's servants had so well concealed, så first breaking out of the war, in a private part of my h that they escaped the search of the enemy, who bad! dered all they could find, broken all the windows away the leads, and pulled up the boards in most part the house.-Ludlow. Memoirs, vol. i. p. 186.

No sooner was the king's escape taken notice of by the guards, but Col. Whalley hastened to the parliament with the letter which the king had left upon his table, shewing the reasons of his withdrawing, and his resolution not to desert the interest of the army. Ludlow. Memoirs, vol. i. p. 191. The greater the evil is, the more reason is there to venture the loss of a less good, or the suffering of a less evil for the escaping of it.-Wilkins. Natural Religion, b. i. c. 2.

But soon the victor must his conquest mourn:
See! great Alphonso swift to vengeance turn,
When not a wretch escapes the general doom
To bear the fatal tidings back to Rome.

a

Hoole. Orlando Furioso, b. iii. E/SCHAR. Gr. Eoxapa; Fr. Eschare; skar or hard scab upon a hurt, sore, wound; also, the crust which ariseth upon an actual or potenial cautery, (Cotgrave,) from A. S. Scir-an, to hear, to separate.

See SCAR.

Was late falle into his honde,

Unto this knight, with rent and londe,
Hath youe, and with his chartre seased.-Gower. C. A. b.i.

But surely my guise is not to laye the fautes of the oughtye, to the charge of my whole companye, vppon shyrifes and call them rauenous, nor to rayle vppon eschetours ad call theym extorcionours.-Sir T. More. Workes, p. 868. But being now prevented so by persecucion, that he canot bestow them in that other good waie that he wold, yet hile he parteth fro them, because he wil not parte fro the th, thoughe the Diuel's escheatour violently take them om him, yet willinglie geueth he them to God.

Id. Ib. p. 1227.

So this, breath'd on by no full influence,
Hath hung e'er since unminded in suspence,
As doubtfull whether 't should escheated be
To ruine, or redeem'd to majesty.

Cartwright. On Christ-Church Buildings.

And therefore composing and framing himselfe on purpose counterfeit a noddie and a verie innocent, as suffering imselfe and all that he had to fall into the king's hands as aecheat, [præda,] he refused not to be misnamed Brutus, name appropriate to unreasonable creatures. Holland. Livivs, p. 39.

Por the name escheator cometh from the French word cheoir, which signifieth to happen, or fall out; and he by is place is to search into any profit accrewing to the crown y casualty, by the condemnation of malefactors, persous ying without an heir, or leaving him in minority, &c.

Fuller. Worthies. Somersetshire.

And when the order of the Knights Templars was dis ived, it was then judged in favour of the lord by escheat. Burnet. Reformation, vol. i. b. iii.

In those times were established the ridiculous rights of cheatage and shipwrecks.

Montesquieu. The Spirit of the Laws, b. xxi. c. 13. Escheat, we may remember, was one of the fruits and sequences of foedal tenure, the word itself is originally reach or Norman, in which language it signifies chance or ideat; and with us it denotes an obstruction of the ourse of descent, and a consequent determination of the enure by some unforeseen contingency.

Blackstone. Commentaries, b. ij. c. 15.

ESCHECKED, i. e. Checked or checkered,

(qv.)

Diuerse also were slain on the Earle of Richmond's part at this last encounter, and among other an English knight, that bare armes, eschecked siluer and gules.

Holinshed. Edw. III. an. 1340.

ESCHE/W. Fr. Eschever; Dut. Schouwen, schuwen; Ger. Scheuen; Sw. Sky; and perhaps the A. S. Scun-ian, to shun. Menage (in v. Echever) derives from D'excavere.

To shun, to avoid, to fly from.

Hald nat of harlotes, huyre nat here tales,
Nameliche atte mete, suche men eschywe.

Piers Plouhman, p. 130. But eschewe thou unhooli and veyne spechis, for whi tho

profited mych to unfaithfulnesse.-Wiclif. 2 Tym. c. 2.

Now shul ye understonde, that al be it so that non erthly man may eschewe al venial sinnes, yet may he refreine him, by the brenning love that he hath to our Lord Jesu Crist, and by prayer and confession, and other good werkes, so that it shal but litel grieve.-Chaucer. The Persones Tale. For thy my sonne if thou wolt liue

In vertue, thou must vice eschewe.-Gower. Con. A. b. i. A tale thou shalt vnderstond,

How that a knight shall armes sewe,

And for the while his ease eschewe.-Id. Ib. b. iv.

Whylis the kynge was in his feastinge (the hande of God wryteth his destruccion) let them lerne therefore to estiew excesse dronkenes and blasphemies in banketinge and festing.-Joye. The Exposicion of Daniel, c. 5.

These curious doubts which good men doe eschew,
Make many atheists, and doe better few.

Stirling. Doomes-day. The Ninth Houre. Page. Well, what remedy? Fenton, heauen giue thee ioy, what cannot be eschew'd must be embrac'd.

Shakespeare. Merry Wives of Windsor, Act v. sc. 5. | Many little neglects I [King Charles] will not take the pains to set down: as her eschewing to be in my company, when I have any thing to speak to her [the Queen], I must manage her servants first, else I am sure to be denied.

Ludlow. Memoirs. Letters & Papers, vol. iii. p. 250.

I suppose there are but few of you but know some such among your acquaintance, and none but may be very serviceable both to God and them, by putting them in mind, as ye have occasion, that they must not only eschew evil but do good in the world. That it is not enough for them to avoid what God hath forbidden, but they must do also what he hath commanded, as ever they expect and hope for his love and favour.-Bp. Beveridge, vol. ii. Ser. 83.

ESCORT, v. "Fr. Escorte; a guide, conE'SCORT, n. } voy,

or safeguard for the way," (Cotgrave.) The word does not appear to be of any long standing in English.

Fr. Escorte; It. Scorta, formed from scorgere, and this from excorrigere, that is, dirigere, to guide or direct, (Menage.)

To day shut out, still onward press,
And watch the seasons of access;
In private haunt, in public meet,
Salute, escort him through the street.

Francis. Horace. Satires, b. i. Having contrived, by making forced stages while the troops of my escort marched at the ordinary rate, to make a stay of five days at Benares, I was thereby furnished with the means of acquiring some knowledge of the state of the province, which I am anxious to communicate to you.

Burke. Works, vol. ii. Letter from W. Hastings.

At the same time the Spanish fleete was escried by an English pinasse, captaine whereof was M. Thomas Fleming, after they had bene aduertised of the Spaniards' expedition by their scoutes and espials.-Hackluyt. Voy. vol. i. p. 596.

The very next day, being the 20th of July, about high noon, was the Spanish fleete escried by the English, which with the south-west wind came sailing along, and passed by Plimmouth.-Id. Ib.

ESCUAGE. Fr. Escu, scutum ; "Qui silicet

clypeos in bello gestare obligantur; those who were bound to carry shields in war," (Skinner.)

The pecuniary satisfaction of which Blackstone speaks, was a compensation for actual service; money paid in lieu of shields or shield-bearers; i. e. of soldiers.

The cheefe cause that mooued the lords to this conspiracie, rose by reason the king demanded escuage of them that refused to go with him into Poictow. Holinshed. King John, an. 1215.

The next was a duty reserved anciently out of every knight's fee which, at first, was constantly paid as a quitrent, but being very small, came, in time, to be neglected by the kings, that contented themselves with the military attendance of the knights in their wars; and with levying sometimes a greater duty, upon great or urgent occasions, under the name of escuage, which was burthensome and odious, till the proportions and occasions came to be ascertained. Sir W. Temple. Introd. to the History of England.

This pecuniary satisfaction at last came to be levied by assessments, at so much for every knight's fee; and therefore this kind of tenure was called scutagium in Latin, or servitium scuti; scutum being then a well known denomination for money: and, in like manner, it was called in our northern French, escuage; being indeed a pecuniary, instead of a military service.-Blackstone. Commentaries, b. ii. c. 5.

E'SCULENT, adj. Lat. Esculentus, that

E'SCULENT, n.

may be eaten; from esca, food, and esca from edere, es-um, to eat. Any thing eatable, or that can or may be eaten. Thou never hadst in thy house, to stay men's stomachs, A piece of Suffolk cheese or gammon of bacon, Or any esculent, as the learned call it.

Massinger. A New Way to Pay Old Debts, Act iv. sc. 2.

Of hearbs and plants some are good to eat raw, others only after they are boyled or have passed the fire, but a

number of hearbs are not esculent at all.

But this preferment of one before another does not consist in giving secular advantages before the other, temporal honours and precedences in processions, in escutcheons and atchievments, but in doing the duty of that which is incum bent, and making the other minister to that which is more necessary.—Bp. Taylor. Rule of Conscience, b. iii. c. 3.

Ham. What are thy children? Who maintains 'em? How are they escotted?-Shakes. Hamlet, Act ii. sc. 2. ESCROW. A scrowl, (qv.) as it is explained in the example.

A delivery may be either absolute, that is to the party or grantee himself; or to a third person, to hold till some conditions be performed on the part of the grantee: in which last case it is not delivered as a deed, but as an escrow; that is, as a scrowl or writing, which is not to take effect as a deed till the conditions be performed; and then it is a deed to all intents and purposes.-Blackstone. Com. b. ii. c. 20. ESCRY. To detect or discover. See DESCRY, and ASCRY.

House.-Ludlow. Memoirs, vol. ii. p. 155.

For what, gay friend, is this escutcheon'd world,
Which hangs out death in one eternal night;
A night, that glooms us in the noon-tide ray,
And wraps our thoughts, at banquets, in the shroud.
Young. Complaint, Night 2,

Hence without blushing (say whate'er we can)
We more regard th' escutcheon than the man;
Yet, true to nature and her instincts, prize
The hound or spaniel as his talent lies.

Cawthorn. Nobility. A Moral Essay, (1752.) The addition of the escocheon of Edward the Confessor to his own, [Surrey's] although used by the family of Norfolk for many years, and justified by the authority of the heralds, was a sufficient foundation for an impeachment of high treason. Warton. History of English Poetry, vol. iii.

The first example explains the usage.

The philosophy of the Pythagoreans, like that of the other sects, was divided into the exoteric and esoteric; the open, taught to all; and the secret, taught to a select number.

Warburton. The Divine Legation, b. ii. Note [BB.]

The first observation I shall make on this long passage is, that the same subject, namely, the nature of superior beings, was handled in a two-fold manner; exoterically; and then the discourse was of the national Gods: esoterically; and then it was of the first cause of all things. 2. That the exoteric teaching admitted fable and falsehood, fabulosa vel licita: the esoteric only what the teacher believed to be true, nihil fabulosum penitus.-Id. Ib. b. iii. s. 2.

ESPA'LIER. "Fr. Espalier,-an hedgerow of sundry fruit-trees set close together, their boughs interlaced one within another, and held in with stakes, rales, or pales," (Cotgrave.) And see Menage.

From yon old walnut-tree a shower shall fall;
And grapes long-lingring on my only wall
And figs from standard and espalier join.

Pope. Horace, Sat. 2.

Lat. Specialis, from species. See SPECIAL.

Particular, peculiar, principal or chief, distinguished.

And then shuln ye kepe this for a general reule. First ye shuln clepe to youre conseil a few of youre frendes that ben especial. Chaucer. The Tale of Melibeus.

But now wold I fain that ye wold condescend in especial, and telle me how liketh you or what seemeth you by oure conseillours that we han chosen in oure present nede. Id. Ib.

There was together wyth others, Dumnorix the Heduan, of whom we haue spoken before, him in especiallye Cesar determined to haue with him, bicause he knew him to be a man desyrous of alteration, and desyrous of souereinty, of great courage, and of great authority, amonge the Galles. Golding. Cæsar, fol. 111.

But I being somewhat acquainted with the world, haue found out another sort of men, whom of all others I would be loth should reade any of my doinges, especially such things as either touched Christ, or any good doctrine.

Wilson. The Arte of Rhetorique, Prol. to the Reader. For plaine it is, that the state allowed and gave rings only to certain especiall lieutenants when they were to go in embassage to forraine nations.-Holland. Plinie, b. xxxiii. c. 1.

Lat. But wondrous strange, that any difference,
Especially of such a deadly nature,
Should e'er divide so eminent a friendship.

Massinger. The Parliament of Love, Act v. sc. 1. Your precious diamond in especialness.

Loe. Blisse of Brightest Beautie, a Sermon, (1614,) p. 25. And therefore that which Saint Paul thought of so great importance, as to give especial orders to Timothy, to press upon the Ephesian citizens, will always be very fit to be seriously recommended to you in this place; and more especially at this time, since it is the proper work of the day. Sharp. Works, vol. i. Abraham, the father of the faithful, and especial friend of God, was called out of his country, and from his kindred, to wander in a strange land, and lodge in tents, without any fixed habitation.-Barrow, vol. iii. Ser. S.

p.

90.

In the character of Destroyer also we may look upon this Indian Deity as corresponding with the Stygian Jove or Pluto; especially since Cali, or Time in the feminine gender, is a name of his consort, who will appear hereafter to be Proserpine.-Sir W. Jones. Gods of Greece, Italy, & India.

E'SPERANCE. "Fr. Espérance, hope, trust, confidence, affiance," (Cotgrave.) From Espérer, to hope; Lat. Sper-are.

O jeste, vnto thy very foes

for whether may haue more,

(If Fortune frowne and grefes grow on)
esperance to his store?-Drant. Horace, b. ii. Sat. 2.
And heere I draw a sword,

Whose worthy temper I intend to staine
With the best blood that I can meete withall,
In the aduenture of this perillous day:
Now Esperance, Percy, and set on.

Shakespeare. 1 Pt. Hen. IV. Act v. sc. 2.
When Henry Hotspur, so with his high deeds inflam'd,
Doth second him again, and through such dangers press,
That Douglas's valiant deeds he made to seem the less,
As still the people cried, "A Percy esperance."
Drayton. Poly-Olbion, s. 22.
ESPIRITUAL, i. e. spiritual, (qv.)

So faire it was, that trusteth well

It semed a place espirituell.-Chaucer. Rom. of the Rose. ESPOUSE, v. Fr. Espouser; It. Sposare; ESPOUSAL, n. Lat. Spondere, sponsum ; ESPOUSAL, adj. which Vossius says, ex eo est, ESPO'USER. quia sponderent in σTovon, quo libatio, vel libamen, item fœdus notatur. Nam in fœdere libabant, quod oneydew, Græcis; to make libations, (sc.) by way of pledge, treaty, or engagement.

Fr. Espouser,-to wed, to marry; also, to defend, embrace, undertake, entertain as his own; take wholly upon him, (Cotgrave.)

And eke vpon hir lorde she thought,
Of that he so vntruely wrought,
And had his espousaile broke,

She maketh a uowe it shall be wroke.-Gower. Con. A. b. v. And in ye moneth of January next ensuynge, and ix. daye of the same kynge, Phylip spoused his second wyfe Blaunche, sometyme the doughter of the Quene of Navarn, lately dissesid, which was suster vnto the Erle of Foyz; which espousayles were secretly done in the manour of Robt. Erle of Bray.-Fabyan. Philippi, an. 349.

We love our friends, because they are our image, and we love our God, because we are his. So then, the beloved

opinion being thus wedded to the intellect; the case of our our tot

Glanvill. Vanity of Dogmatizing, c. 13.

In the interim the earl was commanded not to deliver the aforesaid proxy of the prince for the disposorios or espousal, until Christmas.-Howell, b. i. s. 3. Let. 27.

After she was layd, there came in Maximilian's ambassadour with letters of procuration, and in the presence of sundry noble personages, men and women, put his legge (strip't naked to the knee) betweene the espousall sheets. Bacon. Hen. VII. p. 80.

Thereupon, hoping that a parliament would espouse his quarrel, and furnish him with money for the carrying on of his design, he summoned one to meet at Westminster, on the 3d of April 1640.-Ludlow. Memoirs, vol. i. p. 7.

A due expression of asperity against the enemies of God, the king and the publick peace, is not the reviling mentioned or intended in the text, the scene of which is properly private revenge, not a zealous espousal of the publick injuries.-South, vol. viii. Ser. 7.

In Rome had you espous'd the vanquish'd cause,
Inflam'd her senate and upheld her laws,
Your manly scenes had liberty restor'd,
And given the just success to Cato's sword.

Philips. To Mr. Addison, on Cato. The espousers of that unauthorized and detestable scheme have been weak enough to assert, that there is a knowledge in the elect, peculiar to those chosen vessels.

Allen. Ser. p. 11. July 19, 1761.

Great, gracious master, whose unbounded sway,
Felt thro' ten thousand worlds, those worlds obey;
Wilt thou for once thy awfull glories shade,
And deign t' espouse the creature thou hast made.
Langhorne. The Duchess of Mazarine.

ESPY', ESPY', n. ESPIAL. ESPIER.

v.

(Anciently also written Aspy, qv.) Fr. Espier; It. Spiare; Sp. Espiar; Dut. Spien, speuren, spicden; Ger. Spacher, spueren, spuehren; A. S. Spyrian, which Somner interprets, vestigare, investigare, indagare, exquirere, scrutari, explorare; to search out by the track or trace, to inquire, and make diligent search.

To look out, to observe or behold, to see; to seek or search after, to watch, to detect, discover. And thei aspieden and senten aspieris that fayneden hem just.-Wiclif. Luk, c. 20.

But whan thou hast for hire, and thee, and me,
Ygeten us these kneding tubbes thre,
Than shalt thou hang hem in the roofe ful hie,
That no man of our perveyance espie.

Chaucer. The Milleres Tale, v. 338

The mother of the Soudan, well of vices,
Espied hath hire sones pleine entente,
How he wol lete his olde sacrifices.

Id. The Man of Lawes Tale, v. 4744

Thou spake right now of thilke traitour deth,
That in this contree all our frendes fleth ;
Have here my trouth as thou art his espie;
Tell wher he is, or thou shalt it abie.

Id. The Pardoneres Tale, v. 12,650 Wherfore, Melibeus, this is oure sentence; we conse you aboven alle thing, that right anon thou do thy diliges in keeping of thy propre persone, in swiche a wise that tou ne want non espie, ne watche, thy body for to save. Id. Tale of Melitens

He had a sompnour redy to his hond,
A slier boy was non in Englelond;
For subtiltie he had his espiaille.

Id. The Freres Tale, v. 6905

For espyall and mystrowynges Thei did than such thynges That euery man might other know.-Gower. Con. A. b. vi He had knowlege by his espialles, that the Freche arr intended to land in the Isle of Wight, wherefore he repaire

to that cost, to se his realme defeded.

Hall. Hen. VIII. an. Ji Likewise the huntesman, in hunting the foxe, will se espie, when he seeth a hole, whether it be the foxe borcu or not.-Wilson. The Arte of Logike, fol. 37.

But still when him at hand she did espy,
She turnd, and semblaunce of faire fight did make:
But when he stayd, to flight againe she did her take.
Spenser. Faerie Quecne, b. iii. c. 1

Which well I proue, as shall appeare by trial,
To be this maides with whom I fastned hand,
Knowne by good markes and perfect good espial:
Therefore it ought be rendred her without denial.

Id. Ib. b. T. C.

When the Romans were come first by great journies: revenge the losse of their countrimen, and to recover t colonie, their espials and vaunt-couriours whome they hi sent out dispersed along the high waies, brought word, th the legions of the Samnites followed. Holland. Livics, p.

At length two monsters of unequal size,
Hard by the shore, a fisherman espies,
Two mighty whales! which swelling seas had tost
And left them prisoners on the rocky coast.

Waller. The Battle of the Summer Islands, C.
Soon was the fatal Saracen espied,
Known by his foreign arms and scaly hide;
Where weak old age, and those unnerv'd with fear,
To catch each rumour lent a trembling ear.
Hoole. Orlando Furioso, b. xv

Secure, unnoted, Conrad's prow pass'd by,
And anchor'd where his ambush meant to lie;
Screen'd from espial by the jutting cape,
That rears on high its rude, fantastic shape.

Byron. The Corsair, e. Fr. Escuyer; It. Scudiero; St Scutiger or scutifer, from the La See the quotation from Hell

Which Alexäder not only graunted, but willed a wea to be deliuered to hys hads, as other esquiers vsed. Brende. Quintus Curtius, fol. 1"

After his esquire or armour-bearer that stucke close to side was wounded, himselfe covered with a roufe of shic. couched close together, escaped this great danger and parted.-Holland. Ammianus, p. 253.

Esquire (which we call commonly Squire) is a Fren word, and so much in Latine as scutiger vel armiger, a such are all those that bear armes, or armoires, testimoni of their race from whence they be descended. They were the first costerels or bearers of the armes of barons or knigh and thereby being instructed in martiall knowledge, a that name for a dignity giuen to distinguish them fr common souldiers, called Gregarii milites, when they we together in the field.-Holinshed. Desc. of England, b. ii. c.

But his wife and his children are dear to him [the iness bent] and have an equal right, by all the laws of God an man, to be fed and clothed with those of the esquare farmer, who litigates his claim.-Knox, Ess. 10. ESSAY, v. E'SSAY, n. E'SSAYER.

E'SSAYIST.

See ASSAY. Fr. Essayer; St Ensayar; It. Assaggiare; a (as Skinner thinks) from th Lat. Sapere. Menage, from e and sapor. But the A. S. Sage is testis, and se testimonium. "The Gemot sohton lease saga;" th Council sought false witness. Othre sage," othe witnesses, (Matt. xxvi. 59 and 65.) The Germa

Sager is also testimonium dicere, to declare testimony, to give evidence. The A. S. adjective sag-ol is veridicus, one who gives a verdict (veredictum) or true saying. And thus the word is traced to the A. S. Secgan, asecgan, to say.

And to say, assay. or essay, is, consequentially,To prove, to take proof, to make trial, to try; and further, to make trial or experiment, to attempt.

Then to the stream, when neither friends, nor force,
Nor speed, nor art avail, he shapes his course;
Thinks not their rage so desperate to essay
An element more merciless than they.

Denham. Cooper's Hill.

He also, by his fingers, directed the standers-by to fetch him a great hollow stone for a font, which sundry of his father's servants essayed in vain, as much above their strength, till the two priests (his designed godfathers) did goe and fetch it easily at his appointment

Fuller. Worthies. Buckinghamshire.

To write just treatises, requireth leisure in the writer, and leisure in the reader, and therefore are not so fit, neither in regard of your highness's princely affairs, nor in regard of my continual service, which is the cause that hath made me choose to write certain brief notes set down rather significantly than curiously, which I have called Essays. The word is late, but the thing is ancient; for Seneca's epistles to Lucilius, if you mark them well, are but Essays, that is, dispersed meditations, though conveyed in the form of epistles.-Bacon. To Prince Henry.

Such are all the essayists, even their master Montaigne. B. Jonson. Discoveries.

Is there any equity or the least colour of reason in this; for a man to take an essay of the nature of any species of things from such particular instances, as in their kinds are monstrous?-Wilkins. Natural Religion, b. i. c 4.

[Saith Tully] the essay (specimen) of any kind is rather to be taken from the best and most usual, than from the worst and most depraved part of it.-Id. Ib.

Tully was the first who observed that friendship improves happiness and abates misery, by the doubling of our joy and dividing of our grief; a thought in which he hath been followed by all the essayers upon friendship that have written since his time.-Spectator, No. 68.

Yet such a tongue alike in vain essays
To blot with censure or exalt with praise.

Hoole. Orlando Furioso, b. xxxviii;

Thus the fond swain his Doric oat essay'd,
Manhood's prime honours rising on his cheek:
Trembling he strove to court the tuneful maid
With stripling arts.

Mason. A Monody to the Memory of Mr. Pope. All the priests, all the loyalists, all the first essayists and novices of revolution in 1789, that could be found, were promiscuously put to death. Burke. Preface to M. Brissot's Address.

"If then," said the gentleman, mustering up all his courage, "if I am not to have admittance as an essayist, I hope I shall not be repulsed as an historian; the last volume of my history met with applause."-Goldsmith. A Reverie. Fr. n. Essence; It. Essentia or essenza; Sp.Essencia; Lat. Essentia, corrupted from Existentia,(see EXIST,) standing out, (sc.) from the even, level or smooth surface; and thus causing a (new or fresh) sensation.

E'SSENCE, v. E'SSENCE, n. ESSENTIAL, n. ESSENTIAL, adj. ESSENTIALLY. ESSENTIALITY. ESSENTIATE, V. ESSENTIATING, n.

And thus essence in its general application is equivalent to (see To Be) the English word

Being; and it is also applied to certain supposed causes, qualities or states of being. The word becomes very puzzling in the hands of metaphysicians. (See Locke, b. iii. c. 3, and seq.;) and see the quotations from him. It is in popular language applied to

The smell, scent, odour, perfume; the principal, constituent, concentered qualities.

And yet minde I not that euerie merit should hereby be vnderstanded, but onelye that whiche is recompensed by essentiall rewarde (as they call it) in heauen.

What wonder though the soul of man

Fisher. On Prayer.

(A sparke of heaven that shines below)

Doth labour by all meanes it can,

lake to itselfe, itself to show?

The heavenly essence, heaven would know.

He hath atchieu'd a maid

That paragons description, and wilde fame.
One that excels the quirkes of blazoning pens,
And in the essentiall vesture of creation,
Do's tyre the ingeniuer.-Shakes. Othello, Act ii. sc. 1
What fear we then? what doubt we to incense
His utmost ire? which to the highth enrag'd,
Will either quite consume us, and reduce
To nothing this essential, happier far
Then miserable to have eternal being.

Milton. Paradise Lost, b. ii.

Thrones, dominations, princedoms, vertues, powers,
Essential powers, nor by his reign obscur'd,
But more illustrious made.

Id. Ib. b. v.

It can imply to us nothing but this, that our whole faith is laid up in the Scriptures; and this faith is perfected, as to the essentiality of it, in the death and resurrection of Christ, as being the whole economy of our pardon and justification.-Bp. Taylor. Liss. from Popery, pt. ii. b. i. § 4.

And the reason of this is not only that the substantialness and essentiality of a promise relates to the actual execution of it, but farther, likewise, because often it falls out that the person promising may have honestly and faithfully intended it, and promised it, and yet in the issue prove

unable to perform, as we see among men it often falls out;
and then in that case and respect the promise doth in reality
fall short of its eventual truth.
Goodwin. Justifying Faith, pt. i. b. i.

For howsoe'er disgraced she [Wisdom] doth seem
Yet she her own is able to reward,

And none are so essentially high
As those that on her bounty do rely.

Drayton. Pastorals, Ecl. 8.

Carl. 'Tis an axiome in naturall philosophy, what comes nearest the nature of that it feeds, converts quicker to nourishment, and doth sooner essentiate.

B. Jonson. Every Man out of his Humour, Act v. sc. 5.

If it were granted, that if it were simply necessary to the essentialing of a church, to be able to demonstrate in all times, both the visible number of professours of the truth, as also a visible succession of pastours, we are able to demonstrate both these, for our defence, to be as unquestionable in our church as in the church of Rome.

Hammond. Works, vol. ii. p. 701.

Essence may be taken for the very being of any thing, whereby it is, what it is. And thus, the real, internal, but generally in substances, unknown constitution of things, wherein their discoverable qualities depend, may be called their essence. This is the proper original signification of the word, as is evident from the formation of it; essentia in its primary notation signifying properly being.

Locke. Hum. Underst. b. iii. c. 3. s. 15.

Painted for sight, and essenc'd for the smell,
Like frigates fraught with spice and cochinel,
Sail in the ladies: how each pirate eyes
So weak a vessel, and so rich a prize.

Pope. Satires of Donne, Sat. 4. They do not deny that we have all the essentials of true churches, true doctrine, true sacraments, and an implicit covenant between pastors and people.

Stillingfleet, vol. ii. Ser. 6.

The king principally insisted on that article concerning bishops, whom he accounted to be by divine right, or rather essentially necessary to the support of arbitrary power. Ludlow. Memoirs, vol. i. p. 228.

For what can be more ridiculous, than to imagine that matter is as essentially conscious, as it is extended? Clarke. On the Attributes, Prop. 10.

We prosecuted the experiment so long without seeing any effect wrought upon the essence-bottles, that we began to

despair of seeing them rise.-Boyle. Works, vol. i. p. 59.

For these as for essentials we engage
In wars and massacres with holy rage;
Brothers by brothers' impious hands are slain,
Mistaken zeal, how savage is thy reign!

Jenyns. On the Immortality of the Soul.

If the human race then be, as we may confidently assume, of one natural species, they must all have proceeded from one pair; and if perfect justice be, as it is most indubitably, an essential attribute of God, that pair must have been gifted with sufficient wisdom and strength to be virtuous, and, as far as their nature admitted, happy, but intrusted with freedom of will to be vicious, and consequently degraded.-Sir W. Jones. Origin of Families and Nations.

The literature of Asia will not, perhaps, be essentially useful to the greater part of mankind, who have neither leisure, nor inclination to cultivate so extensive a branch of learning.-Id. Pref. to a Gram. of the Persian Language. ESSOIN. Fr. Essoine or Exoine, (from the

Stirling. Choruses in the Tragedy of Croesus, chor. 1. Lat. Exonerare, to relieve from a burden.)

How much more those essentiall parts of his,
His truth, his loue, his wisedome, and his bliss,
His grace, his doome, his mercy, and his might,

By which he lends vs of himselfe a sight.

Spenser. Hymne to Heavenly Beautie.

"Fr. Exoiner,-to excuse one from appearing in court or going to the wars, by oath, that he is impotent, sick, or otherwise necessarily imployed," (Cotgrave.)

Withouten any essoyne, vengeance salle falle the not lite,
Forsakes thou God's gyft, thou dos him grete despite.
R. Brunne, p. 104

He gaf a thousand mark, withouten essoyne.-Id. p. 136.
But yet for strengthe of matrimonie

He might make non essonie,

That he ne mote algates plie

To go to bed of companie.-Gower. Con. A. b. i.
Ranging into their right and proper ray,
Errours, demurs, essoigns, and traverses;
The heads of hydra, springing out of death,
That gives this monster, malice, still new breath.
Daniel. To Sir Thomas Egerton.

But, with rejoinders or replies,
Long bills and answers stuff'd with lies,
Demur, imparlence, and essoigne
The parties ne'er could issue join.

Swift. Cadenus & Vanessa. And thereon the Court sits to take essoigns or excuses for such as do not appear according to the summons of the writ; wherefore this is usually called the essoign day of the term. Blackstone. Commentaries, b. ill. c. 18.

EST. The termination of our superlative adj. and second pers. sing. of the verb :-Es-ed, es'd,

est.

ESTABLISH, v. ESTABLISHEr. ESTABLISHMENT.

}

Fr. Establir; It. Stabilire; Sp. Establecer; Lat. Stabilire, to make steadfast, stabilis, from stare, to stand.

To make steadfast or able to stand; strong to stand; to cause to stand firmly, or to hold fast and firmly together; to set up firmly; to confirm, to fix, to settle.

For as, sayth Solomon; whoso that had the science to know the peins that ben established and ordeined for sinne, he wold forsake sinne.-Chaucer. The Persones Tale.

I not no prelate may done so
But it the Pope be, and no mo
That made thilke establishing

Now is not this a propre thing?-Id. Rom. of the Rose. Now because they shall not of temeraryous presumpeyon reiecte this olde father, I shall establyshe his wordes by S. Austen.-A Boke made by John Fryth, fol. 35.

And this was chefely to occupy their ydell heades, whyles they were practysinge and bryngynge to passe other matters for the full establyshmente of Antychristes reygne. Bale. English Votaries, pt. ii.

And thus of that charge of scepticism, with which he begins as the occasion of his writing; having premised which, he endeavours to lay the sure foundations of science, and to establish certainty in knowledge.-Glanvill, Ess. 2.

Some allow them as the first founders and establishers of them; which crime toucheth none but their popes, and councels; the people are cleere and free from this.

Hooker. A Learned Discourse of Justification, &c.

There he with Belge did awhile remaine,
Making great feast and ioyous merriment;
Vntill he had her settled in her raine,
With safe assuraunce and establishment.

Spenser. Faerie Queene, b. v. c. 11. I have beene always wont to commend and admire the humility of those great and profound wits, whom depth of knowledge hath not led to by-paths in judgment, but (walking in the beaten path of the church) have bent all their forces to the establishment of received truths.

Bp. Hall. Meditations & Vowes, Cont. 2. Oh, let us all close with the standing public methods which God hath established in the church for the bringing us to virtue and eternal happiness; and not be hankering after new and fanciful ways of our own chusing.

Sharp, vol. i. Ser. 6.

It was therefore most agreeable to the infinite wisdom of God for providing for a constant establishment of the faith of his church in all ages, neither to permit the Gospels to be written till the churches were planted, nor to be put off to another generation.-Stillingfleet, vol. iv. Ser. 2.

If such the operations of his power,
Which at all seasons and in ev'ry place
(Rul'd by establish'd laws and current nature)
Arrest th' attention! Who? O who shall tell
His acts miraculous.

Smart. On the Power of the Supreme Being. The authority, therefore, of a church-establishment is founded in its utility; and whenever, upon this principle, we deliberate concerning the form, propriety, or comparative excellency of different establishments, the single view under which we ought to consider any of them, is that of a "scheme of instruction;" the single end we ought to propose to them is," the preservation and commmunication of religious knowledge."-Paley. Political Philosophy, vol. ii. c. 10.