description of personified Autumn 'streaked with purple dyes,' like Epod. 2. 18 decorum mitibus pomis caput Autumnus agris extulit'? 13. ferox aetas. 'Her time of life makes her shy, and time is flying.' To the rest of the sentence, 'aetas,' in its general sense, alone is the subj.; the epithet has no further relation to it. Cp. Od. 1. 21. 7, 8 'nigris aut Erymanthi silvis aut viridis Cragi,' and 3. 23. 15, where parvos' is the epithet of 'Deos,' so long as they are the obj. of coronantem,' not when they are the obj. of tentare.' Dill., however, follows Mitsch. in taking 'ferox' of the flight of time, 'like an unbroken horse,' as Ov. Fast. 6. 772 'fugiunt freno non remorante dies.' 14. dempserit, apponet, a ground for not being impatient. 'If y f you are losing the years fast, she is gaining them as fast.' Each fresh year of life is a year added or a year taken away, according to our point of view. Compare the double phrase by which Horace expresses the lapse of time in Od. 3. 30. 5 annorum series et fuga temporum.' So Seneca de Cons. ad Marc. 20 'Quo quisque primum lucem vidit iter mortis ingressus est, accessitque fato propior; et illi ipsi qui adiiciebantur adolescentiae anni vita detrahebantur.' Cp. Soph. Aj. 476 #aр' μap ἡμέρα . . προσθεῖσα κἀναθεῖσα τοῦ γε κατθανεῖν. Το the impatient lover time seems to be robbing him of year after year, and to be making no difference to Lalage, to be 'galloping' with him while it crawls' or stands still with her, cp. Epp. 1. 1. 20 foll. Such expressions as A. P. 175 anni venientes, recedentes' (cp. Od. 2. 11. 5), Soph. Trach. 547 ὁρῶ μὲν ἥβην τὴν μὲν ἕρπουσαν πρόσω | τὴν δὲ φθίνουσαν are not in point. They refer not to different ways of viewing the same time, but to different epochs of life. They suppose an åμn, a definite point to which life ascends and from which it descends. Horace does not mean here to represent his lover as going down the hill of life.

15. proterva fronte, a return to the metaphor of stanzas I, 2.

17. dilecta, sc. 'a te.' 'Lalage, whom you love with a passion you never felt for any other.' His pre-eminent love for Lalage is the measure both of the happiness for which he is bidden to wait and of the impatience with which he waits for it.

Pholoë fugax, see on Od. 1. 33. 6 'asperam Pholoën.' Her flight is one which attracts pursuit, 'fugit ad salices et se cupit ante videri.' non, non, ve, cp. Od. 2. 9. 1-6 'non,' 'aut,' 'nec,' 'aut.'

19. pura, Od. 3. 29. 45' sole puro,' free from mist or cloud.

renidet, in what is its first sense, 'shines again'; Od. 2. 18. 2

aureum. . renidet lacunar'; Epod. 2. 66 'renidentes lares.'

22. mire, with 'falleret.'

hospites, strangers who came in.

ODE VI.

'Septimius, my dear friend who would accompany me to the ends of the earth, let me spend the end of my life at Tibur, or if not there, then at Tarentum. Let us go there together and live there till I die.'

Septimius has been naturally supposed to be the same person whom Horace introduces to Tiberius in Epp. 1. 9. The Schol. Cruq. further identifies him with Titius, the poet on the staff of the same Tiberius in Epp. 1. 3. 9Romana brevi venturus in ora, Pindarici fontis qui non expalluit haustus.' It may probably be the same person who is named as the common friend of the poet and the emperor in Augustus' letter preserved in the Suetonian life of Horace.

This is one of the Odes which is assigned by several of Horace's chronologists to a date earlier than B.C. 31 (see Introd. to Books i-iii. § 2). We must not, perhaps, lay very much stress on the fact that the year 29 is the earliest time at which we know of public attention being called to the difficulty of subduing the Cantabri (v. 2); but the positive arguments for the early date seem slight. If the words 'lasso maris et viarum militiaeque' are to be pressed (see note on v. 1), they would carry the Ode back not only beyond 31, but to a time when Horace was really fresh from his campaign, and before he could well have become familiar with Tibur and Tarentum. Macleane justly remarks that the tone of the Ode is not that of a young adventurer freshly come to Rome to begin life. Nor is the argument stronger from the supposed incompatibility of his roving tastes with his possession of the 'unica Sabina,' which he obtained in B.C. 34. Cp. his language in Epp. 1. 7. 44 mihi non tam regia Roma Quam vacuum Tibur placet aut imbelle Tarentum.'

Line 1. Gades aditure. The beginning of the Ode is taken from Catullus II. 1 'Furi et Aureli comites Catulli, sive in extremos penetrabit Indos,' &c. Here this proverbial test of friendship is more specially in point, You are such a fast friend that you would go to the furthest and most dangerous places with me, much more will you come to Tibur or Tarentum.' Dill. points out that the three places named represent distance (remotis Gadibus,' 2. 2. 10) and danger, either of war or shipwreck. We may notice, perhaps, that they correspond also, though not in the same order, to the three things of which the poet professes to have had enough, maris, viarum, militiae.' This softens the difficulty

of which Orelli complains, that Horace should speak of himself in mature life as weary of toils which he had long left behind him. The whole line of thought has been ruled by his imitation of Catullus. 'You would go with me anywhere, but don't let us put our friendship to such a test, we have had enough in our time of wanderings and fighting, we are growing old, let us go to Tibur, or to Tarentum.'

3. barbaras Syrtes. The coast is given a bad name not only for its dangers (see on Od. 1. 22. 6, where there is the same conjunction), but for the savageness of its inhabitants. Virg. Aen. 4. 41 'inhospita Syrtis.'

5. Argeo, 'Apycía, as 'Lesbous' instead of the Latin form 'Lesbius,' Od. 1. 1. 34. For the historical reference, see on Od. 1. 7. 13.

7. maris et viarum, Epp. 1. 11. 6'odio maris atque viarum'; so 'viator' is opposed to ‘navita,' Od. 3. 4. 32. The genitive seems to go both with 'lasso' (as Virg. Aen. 1. 178 'fessi rerum ') and with 'modus,' see on Od. 1. 3. 6.

10. pellitis, Varro de R. R. 2. 2 explains this epithet, 'ovibus pellitis, quae propter lanae bonitatem ut sunt Tarentinae et Atticae pellibus integuntur, ne lana inquinetur.'

ovibus, dat. after 'dulce,' 'pleasant to the sheep.'

Galaesi, the niger Galaesus' of Virg. G. 4. 126, which flowed into the Gulf of Tarentum, a few miles from the city; see Liv. 25. II.

11. regnata, Od. 3. 29. 27 'regnàta Cyro Bactra'; Virg. Aen. 3. 14 'terra.. regnata Lycurgo.' The legend of Phalanthus, who headed the insurrection of the Partheniae, and after its failure was allowed to lead a colony of them to Italy, where he seized and ruled Tarentum, is gathered from Justin 3, 4, and Strabo 6. p. 278 foll.

6

13. terrarum, with angulus,' as 'angulus mundi,' Prop. 4. 9. 65. 'The corner of the world' gives the idea of retirement, secessus litus amoeni.'

14. ridet ubi. For the lengthening of the short syllable, see on Od. 1. 3. 36.

15. decedunt, 'give way to,'' are second to'; for a similar metaphor cp. Virg. G. 2. 97 'firmissima vina, Tmolus et assurgit quibus.' Cic. de Sen. 18 enumerates the compliments paid to old age, 'salutari, appeti, decedi, assurgi.' For the Tarentine honey, cp. Od. 3 16. 33 Calabrae apes.'

certat, with the dat. as in Epod. 2. 20' certantem uvam purpurae'; so 'pugnare,' Sat. 1. 2. 73; 'luctari,' Od. 1. 1. 15.

16. baca, Sat. 2. 4. 69 'Pressa Venafranae quod baca remisit olivae.' Venafrum was an inland city in the north of Campania, in the valley of the Vulturnus, and on the Via Latina. Cicero (pro Planc. 9) speaks of the neighbourhood as very populous, 'tractus celeberrimus.' It is classed

by Horace with Tarentum, as one of the places to which a Roman would go for a holiday, Od. 3. 5. 55.

17. ver longum, a mild winter and a cool summer: 'quas et mollis hiems et frigida temperat aestas,' Stat. Silv. 3. 5. 83.

18. Aulon, felix vitibus Aulon,' Mart. 13. 125. 1; mons Calabriae,' Acr. The name, which is a common one, suggests rather a hollow between hills. It is perhaps preserved in the name 'Melone,' still given to a slope near the seashore, about eight miles south-east of Tarentum, Dict. Geog.

amicus fertili Baccho. This was clearly read by Statius, who writes, Silv. 1. 2, 'Qua Bromio dilectus ager collesque per altos Uritur et prelis non invidet uva Falernis.' Bentley is displeased at the epithet 'fertili,' and accepting the reading 'fertilis,' which is found in several good MSS., and in Servius, on Virg. Aen. 3. 553, alters amicus' to 'apricus.' But for 'fertili''the giver of fertility,' cp. Ov. Met. 5. 642 'dea fertilis' of Ceres. Keller retains amicus,' but adopts 'fertilis,' in which case the two adjectives will be='fertilitate amicus.'

19. minimum invidet, 'invidet enim tantum qui inferior est,' Porph. 21. beatae, in the same sense as 'beata arva,' Epod. 16. 41, ='fortu

natae.'

22. arces, 'loca excelsa,' Orelli. It may be doubted, however, whether 'arx' is ever used simply for a height' without a conscious reference, literal or metaphorical, to its use for purposes of defence. Here, whether we take it for the heights behind Tarentum or in its usual Horatian sense of the city itself, it is probably intended to suggest also the idea of a 'safe retreat,' a fortress that care cannot storm. Cp. his metaphor for his Sabine farm, ubi me in montes et in arcem ex urbe removi,' Sat. 2. 6. 16, and possibly the same idea in 'igneae arces,' Od. 3. 3. 10. It was the occurrence of the word in this passage probably that suggested the false reading 'Aulonisque arces' for 'Caulonis' in Virg. Aen. 3. 553.

ibi, emphatic, repeating 'ille,' as 'tu.. amici' repeats ‘te mecum.' There we will live and there I will die.' 'Eleganti figura Septimium sibi superstitem fingit,' Porph.

calentem. . favillam, of the solemn weeping at the pyre before the ashes were extinguished by the pouring of wine, adhuc vivente favilla,' Stat. Silv. 2. 1. 2. Cp. Virg. Aen. 6. 212-228, 11. 184-194, especially v. 191, and Tib. 3. 3, especially v. 25.

ODE VII.

'What, Pompeius at home again safe in limb and rights! Pompeius who shared with me the dangers and the snatched pleasures of the campaign under Brutus. After Philippi we separated. Mercury carried me off in safety, you were swept back again into the war. Surely you owe Jove a feast of thanksgiving. My lawn shall be the scene of the revel. Who would think of sobriety when a lost friend is found?'

'Ad Pompeium Varum,' Acr.: and so the Ode is inscribed in the oldest MSS. Nothing is known of Pompeius. He has been by some editors wrongly identified with Pompeius Grosphus, the rich owner of pastures in Sicily, Epp. 1. 12. 21, Od. 2. 16.

At what point of the civil war Pompeius abandoned it and availed himself of an offered amnesty, or what interval had elapsed since then, there is no indication. Horace writes as if he had heard nothing of his old friend for some years, and he has by this time a lawn of his own on which he can entertain a guest. The name of Pompeius suggests that he may have followed, after the battle of Philippi, the fortunes of Sextus Pompeius, who maintained the war by sea against the Triumvirs till the year B. C. 35.

Line 1. tempus in ultimum, Catull. 64. 151 'supremum tempus,' 169 'extremum tempus,' utmost peril.' 'Tempus' após, a crisis,

time of special import.

2. deducte.. duce, perhaps (as Dill". and Ritter think) with a slight play on the two words, as though that were the point to which Brutus' leadership led them.

3. quis redonavit ? merely a question of wonder, 'how came you here'? not intended to be answered by 'Maecenas' or 'Augustus.' This wonder at seeing Pompeius safe again is the thought which gives its unity to the poem. A god saved me, but I saw you carried back again into the stormy sea; what can have rescued you? What limits can we set to our gratitude or to our rejoicing'? 'Redonare' is a word only found in Horace, see Od. 3. 3. 33.

Quiritem, a full Roman citizen'; 'capite non deminutum,' Dill"., Orell., Ritter. Conington in his Translation takes it as opp. to 'miles,' ' a man of peace,' supporting it by the story of Julius Caesar reducing the mutinous 10th legion to order by addressing them as 'Quirites,' the term implying that they were disbanded, Suet. J. C. 70.

5. Pompei. For the form, cp. 'Voltei' (dissyll.), Epp. 1. 7. 91. prime, 'praecipue,' Acr. Ritter would interpret it ' earliest,'