28. Palinurus, the south promontory of the gulf of Velia, on the west coast of Lucania. Virg. Aen. 5. 833 foll., 6. 381. It is still 'Punta di Palinuro.' There is no other allusion in Horace's poems to this escape from shipwreck, unless his remembrance of it is the source of the images of Od. 1. 28; see also on 2. 17. 19, 4. 4. 43 and Introd. to Epod. 1. For Sicula unda' see on 2. 12. 2.

29. utcunque, whensoever.' See on Od. 1. 17. 10.

30. insanientem, Virg. E. 9. 43 ' insani feriant sine litora fluctus.' Bosporum, 2. 13. 4, 2. 20. 14.

32. litoris Assyrii, probably of the Syrian desert, Assyrius being used loosely for 'Syrius' by the poets. See Od. 2. 11. 16, and cp. Virg. G. 2. 465.

viator, opposed to 'navita,' as 'viae' to 'mare,' 2. 6. 7.

33. Britannos, Catull. 11. 11 (if that be the right reading) 'horribilem insulam ultimosque Britannos.' Tac. Ann. 14. 30 accuses the Druids of human sacrifices.

34. Concanum, a tribe of the Cantabri. Virgil attributes the mixing of milk with horse's blood to the Geloni (G. 3. 463), Statius to the Massagetae (Ach. 1. 307). Silius (3. 360) joins the Massagetae and the Concani.

35. pharetratos, Virg. Aen. 8. 725 'sagittiferosque Gelonos.' All the localities have epithets to express the savagery of the inhabitants except 'Scythicum amnem,' where 'inviolatus' has the same effect by implying that others could not visit the Tanais with equal safety.

37. vos supplies the connection with the preceding stanzas, as if it were 'vos eaedem.' The same Muses who protect the poet are the solace of Caesar, glad to have done with war and to listen to their gentle counsels.

altum, Sat. 2. 5. 62 'ab alto Demissum genus Aenea,' Virg. Aen. 10. 875' altus Apollo.' Cp. Od. 1. 6. 11 ‘egregii Caesaris.'

simul simulac.' Od. 1. 12. 27, Sat. 2. 3. 226, &c.

38. abdidit; this is the reading of A, and is the only one which has distinct support from a Scholiast, Acron interpreting it by interius recondidit.' Cp. Epp. 1. 1. 5 of the retired gladiator, 'latet abditus agro.' Orelli, following B, has 'addidit,' which is used in the same connection, as if it were the technical word, in Tac. Ann. 13. 31 'Coloniae Capua atque Nuceria additis veteranis firmatae sunt.' Bentley supports 'reddidit' (which also has respectable MS. authority) by Tac. Ann. 1. 17 'praetorias cohortes quae post sedecim annos penatibus suis reddidit.' In point of sense, abdidit' or 'reddidit' is much preferable to 'addidit,' as helping the general idea that the war is over. It is the soldiers, not the towns, that Horace is thinking of. 'Addidit' views the action from the side of the towns.

41. consilium, a trisyllable, the penult. being lengthened before 1, and the semiconsonantal i=y. So in 3. 6. 6 Hinc omne principium. Cp. Virgil's use of 'tenuia,' G. I. 397; fluviorum,' ib. 482, &c.

dato gaudetis almae. They not only give gentle counsels, but when they have given them they rejoice to further them; for in respect to them, as in all other respects, they are 'almae.' This epithet stands last, as summing up the beneficent character of the Muses, which has been the theme of the first half of the Ode, and as leading us by the association of contrast to the impersonations of brute and insensate force, whose vain efforts and doom are the subject of the latter half. 42. scimus ut, we all know how.' been professedly addressed to the Muses. is really a homily addressed to Horace's nessed, so he hints, a repetition of the Gigantomachia. The same comparison is hinted in Od. 2. 12. 6-10.

The preceding stanzas have Scimus' reminds us that it contemporaries, who had wit

43. immanemque, the 'que' adding only another designation of the same object.

If we must go by a mere majority of older MSS. we must read 'turbam' here, and 'turmas' in v. 47.

44. caduco, Kaтaißáтηs kepavvós, Aesch. P. V. 358. Here, as in 2. 13. 11, the adjective has something of that sense of proneness to fall,' which Bentley (ad loc.) rightly holds to be proper to it. The bolt hung ready to fall: a touch launched it. The adjective heightens our feeling of the ease with which the Titans were swept away. Bentley condemns it here, as merely equivalent to 'cadente,' and would therefore alter it to 'corusco,' which would hardly be an epithet of sufficient point to occupy the emphatic place.

45-48. The universality of Jove's rule is indicated not only by the nouns 'terram,' 'mare,' &c. which describe its triple empire in earth, in Hades, in heaven, but also by the triple contrast of the epithets expressed or implied: the 'dull earth' (bruta,' 1. 34. 9) and the 'sea stirred by every wind,' 'the [busy] cities of the living and the sad realm of the shades,'' the ['quieti ordines' of the] gods and the turmoil of mortal men.' However much they differ in all else, they are all alike subject to his sway. For Horace's manner of marking a contrast by giving an epithet to one only of the two things contrasted see on 2. 3. 9, 3. 13. 7, 4. 4. 10. Note also that the epithets actually given are all such as imply some difficulty or unlikelihood in the way of his rule. He can sway the earth, however insensate it be; the sea, however stormy; the sad shadow-world, as well as the world of men; the turmoil of earth, as well as the quiet gods.

48. unus, for all their variety they have one ruler.

aequo, calm and just. It is the key-note of the stanza; it heightens

our idea of his power, and describes its nature. The construction is,

qui temperat terram et mare, et regit urbes regnaque,' &c.

49. Newman criticises, not without justice, the inconsistency between this stanza and the last. Magnum illa terrorem intulerat' mars the effect of the picture of imperial calm. Jove, it would seem, was frightened; the ultimate victory was due to other gods. Horace almost seems to forget that he has localised the majesty of heaven in Jupiter. His object now is to exalt Pallas, the representative of mind. The power of heaven was cowed, but the mind was unshaken.

50. fidens brachiis, xeípeσoi menoidóтes, Hom. I. 12. 135; but Horace intends, by the collocation of 'horrida,' to give the force of 'fidens brachiis quibus horrebat.' It is of the hundred-handed giant and his fellows that he is thinking.

51. fratres, Otus and Ephialtes. Hom. Od. 11. 307 foll.

407,

tendentes imposuisse. This is quoted by Madv. (L. G. obs. 2) with Virg. Aen. 6. 77'si pectore possit Excussisse deum,' for the poetical use (like the Greek aorist') of the perf. inf. for the pres. inf. ; but they both seem to come under the regular use (which he distinguishes in his Opusc. Academ. 2. 119), in cases where there is definite reference to a completed action. The object in view was not only to place Pelion on Olympus, but to leave it standing there. This reference is clear in the old use of the perf. inf. after 'volo' in prohibitions ('ne quis habuisse velit,' Sctum de Bacch. So Horace, 'Ne quis humasse velit,' S. 2. 3. 187; it is analogous to the perf. conj. in direct prohibition. This, and not any aoristic use, seems to be the explanation of 'ne libeat iacuisse,' in Virg. G. 3. 436). So also in the use after 'nolo,' Sat. 1. 2. 28; 'malo,' S. 2. 8. 79; 'curo,' Epp. 1. 17. 5, 1. 18. 59; 'caveo,' A. P. 168. So, again, in 'veraces cecinisse,' C. S. 25; licet dixisse,' Od. 3. 29. 43; 'gaudet pepulisse,' 3. 18. 15; 'gaudet posuisse,' 1. 34. 16; 'iuvat collegisse,' 1. 1. 4.

opaco Olympo, 'frondosum Olympum,' Virg. G. 1. 282; Пýλιov eivooiquλλov, Hom. Od. 11. 304. Horace has returned to the Homeric arrangement of the mountains (omitting Ossa), which Virgil had inverted. But in so doing he has left the epithet with what, in his arrangement, is the least appropriate substantive. In Homer and Virgil, the nodding woods' on the top add to the picture.

52. The labouring rhythm of the line is probably meant to be imitative. 53. Typhoeus, Pind. P. 1, Virg. Aen. 9. 715.

Mimas, Eur. Ion 214.

54. Porphyrion, Pind. P. 8. 17 Baoiλeùs yiɣávтwv.

statu, of the attitude of one offering fight.

55. Rhoetus, Hor. Od. 2. 19. 23.

56. Enceladus, Virg. Aen. 3. 578.

57. Palladis, see note on v. 49. The goddess of wisdom is the central figure. By her side ('hine.. hinc') are ranged all the other gods; but of the three named to represent them if one is characterised by fiery zeal, the other two suggest queenly dignity and poetic grace.

58. avidus, absol. as in Tac. Ann. 1. 51 ‘avidae legiones'; more usually with a genitive, as avidus pugnae,' Virg. Aen. 12. 430. Homer's λιλαιόμενος πολέμοιο.

60. 'Whom they could never hope to find unarmed and unprepared for battle.' The following stanza is intended to accumulate images of Apollo, his grace of form and his pursuits, which contrast with the uncouth and brutal Titans,' his haunts by streams and woodland, the fount of the Muses, the long hair of youth and of the bard (see on 4. 6. 26). We may note, also, in illustration of vv. 63, 64, that when Virgil would express Aeneas' beauty and grace of movement, he compares him to Apollo leading the dance in Delos, when he revisits it from Lycia (Aen. 4. 144).

61. lavit. For the form see on 2. 3. 18.

63. natalem silvam, Virg. 1. c. maternam Delon.' For other notices of Apollo's migration between Patara and Delos see Herod. 1. 82, Pind. 1. 39.

65. Eur. Fr. Temen. 11 ῥώμη δέ γ' ἀμαθὴς πολλάκις τίκτει βλάβην.

66. temperatam, ‘under control'; possibly, as Conington suggests, with a reference to the use of 'temperare vinum'; 'tempered,' 'softened,' by the admixture of mind. Orelli points out how the repetition of 'vis,' 'vim,' 'vires,' marks the application of the preceding stanzas. 69. testis mearum sententiarum. It is rather a rough and prosaic turn for Horace; but he is probably trying to be Pindaric. See on 4.4. 18. On the variance of the MSS. between Gyas and Gigas see on 2. 17. 14.

70. integrae, i. q. 'intactae,' tŷs del naplévov.

71. temptator, ἅπαξ λεγ. from the Greek πειραστής.

75. peredit, has eaten a way through, so as to set them free.

76. impositam, according to Pindar and Aeschylus, on Typhoeus ; according to Virgil (Aen. 3. 578) on Enceladus; according to Callimachus (Hymn. in Del. 141), on Briareus.

celer, for all its haste.

77. Tityi, 2. 14. 8, 3. 11. 21, 4. 6. 2, Hom. Od. 11. 576 foll., Pind. P.

4. 90.

78. additus, cp. Virg. Aen. 6. 90 'nec Teucris addita Iuno Usquam aberit,' with Conington's explanation of it as a slight extension of 'comitem se addere,' 'comes addi' (ib. v. 528).

80. Pirithoum, 4. 7. 27, for his attempt to carry off Proserpine. Theseus, who aided him, and for a time shared his punishment, was released by Hercules.

ODE V.

'Jove's thunder proves him the sovereign of the sky. Augustus shall prove himself a god upon earth by adding to the empire Britain and the hateful Farthians-O shame to think of the disgrace not yet wiped away! -Roman soldiers living as captives, forgetjul of name and country, and country's gods. This was the danger that Regulus foresaw if prisoners were allowed to hope for ransom-" Let them die," he said, “and pity them not. I have seen with my own eyes the sight of shame: Roman standards nailed up in Punic temples with armour that was taken not from the dead but from the living:-Roman citizens with their hands bound behind their backs-Carthage peaceful and busy:—the work of our war undone. Will you buy those soldiers back again? It will be a waste of money. The deer caught in the net does not fight again if you loose it, nor does the man who has once feared death make a soldier again. He does not know what war means." He put aside his wife and children, and hung his head as one disgraced, till the senate listened to his advice; then he went back to torture and death with as light a heart as if he were going for a holiday.

Another phase of Augustus' rule. He is to retrieve the deeply-felt disgrace of Charrae, and to restore the healthy military spirit of ancient Rome. We have in the story of Regulus at once a measure of the disgrace to be retrieved, It is the very disgrace which he feared and foretold and went back to the torture in order to prevent,'-and a picture of the true Roman spirit which is to be reawakened.

The whole sentiment of the speech may be compared with Liv. 22. 59-61. The story of Regulus' mission to Rome is not found in Polybius, a fact which has been held to throw doubt on its truth. It is summarized in the Epitome of Liv. 18. With Cicero it is a commonplace. It is told at length in the De Off. 3. 27, a passage of which Horace recalls several turns of thought and expression. M. Attilius Regulus, cum consul iterum in Africa ex insidiis captus esset, duce Xanthippo Lacedaemonio, imperatore autem patre Hannibalis Hamilcare, iuratus missus est ad senatum ut nisi redditi essent Poenis captivi nobiles quidam rediret ipse Karthaginem. Is cum Romam venisset utilitatis speciem videbat ; sed eam, ut res declarat, falsam iudicavit : quae erat talis; manere in