T'eninpa pépovoa. The parallel of Od. 1. 35 seems to me decisive in favour of the view first given, which is supported by Orelli and Dill'. 5. figit, is setting her hand to drive.' For the lengthening of the ult. see on 1. 3. 36.

adamantinos, of hardest iron, see on 1. 6. 13. image of Fate finishing his work for him, but it idea of the hopelessness of struggling with Fate. images of 1. 35. 16-20. See note there.

It does not help the suggests the further It is parallel to the

7, 8. The thought of death and the doom of death are both represented as a halter round the neck, from which there is no release, if (we should rather put it in prose-since there is the possibility that) an irreversible Fate has already fixed the limit of our plans.

9. campestres,' of the steppes,' 1. 35. 9; ‘profugi,' 4. 14. 42.

10. plaustra. Aesch. P. V. 709 Σκύθας δ' ἀφίξει νομάδας οἳ πλεκτὰς στέγας | πεδάρσιοι ναίουσ ̓ ἐπ ̓ εὐκύκλοις ὄχοις.

rite, after their custom'; as in Virg. Aen. 9. 352 'religatos rite.. equos.'

11. rigidi, ‘hard,' of their mode of life. Epp. 2. 1. 25 ‘rigidis Sabinis.' The Schol. took it as 'frozen.'

Getae, see on 4. 15. 22.

12. immetata, άmag λey. The absence of divisions of property is a characteristic of the golden age in Virg. G. 1. 126 'Ne signare quidem aut partiri limite campos Fas erat.' The conjunction of 'immetata with 'iugera,' which is a measure of surface, has the effect of an oxy

moron.

13. Fruges et Cererem, v dià dvoîv, probably like 'gemmas et lapides,' v. 48; the double substantive is meant to express universality, 'fruits of the ground of every kind.'

14-16. This is best illustrated by Caesar's description (B. G. 4. 1) of the Suevi, from whom it is possible that Horace has transferred it to the Scythians. 'Suevi centum pagos habere dicuntur, ex quibus quotannis singula milia armatorum bellandi causa ex finibus educunt. Reliqui qui domi manserint se atque illos alunt. Hi rursus invicem anno post in armis sunt, illi domi remanent. Sic neque agricultura nec ratio atque usus belli intermittitur. Sed privati ac separati agri apud eos nihil est; neque longius anno remanere uno in loco incolendi causa licet.'

14. nec cultura placet, &c., seems therefore possibly to include the two ideas that no individual was employed in tillage for more than a year together, and that the same piece of ground was not tilled for more than a year. 'None cares to till the soil for more than a single year, and when one has fulfilled his toil a successor relieves him on the same terms of service.'

16. aequali sorte, sc. for a year's turn.

vicarius, as Cicero calls Murena, the consul elect, vicarium diligentiae meae,' Mur. 37.

There

17, 18. Holds her hands from harming her motherless step-children. For the use of temperat' cp. Cic. Verr. 3. 59 Te putet quisquam sociis temperasse'? Ritter takes it, after the Schol., as=' pocula temperat,' 'innocens' implying that she mixes no poison in the cup. is no authority for the absolute use of temperare' in this sense. 19. dotata, on the strength of her dower. Plaut. Men. 5. 2. 16‘Ita istaec solent quae viros subservire sibi postulant dote fretae feroces.' Id. Aulul. 3. 5. 61 Nam quae indotata est ea in potestate est viri; dotatae mactant et malo et damno viros.' It is constr. with 'regit,' but not with 'fidit'; cp. 2. 5. 13, 3. 23. 14.

regit, fidit, the point is the inversion of lawful relations.

21. The ample dower they bring is their parents' worth,' the pure blood and healthy traditions of virtuous households. Contrast 3. 6. 17 foll.

22. metuens alterius viri; the gen. as 'rixarum metuens,' 3. 19. 16, q. v.

23. certo foedere; 1. 3. 18 'irrupta copula.' It is one of Horace's abl. absol. (see on 2. 1. 12), neither exactly the abl. of the ground of the action with 'metuens' nor the abl. of the quality with 'castitas': it adds a circumstance which completes and explains both substantive and participle, the marriage bond was inviolable': 'foedus,' of the covenant of marriage; cp. Virg. Aen. 4. 339 'neque haec in foedera veni.'

24. They dare not sin, or if they sin they die,' Conington. For the constr. of 'nefas. . aut' cp. 3. 12. I, 2. A few MSS. read 'pretium mori,' one 'pretium emori.' If this were adopted we might still take it as above. Bentley, and after him several editors, make nefas,' &c. a continuation of the 'dos,' rò àéμuтov elvai, K.T.A. 'the fact that they dare not sin,' &c.; but the Latin is awkward.

C

pretium, Town. The word does not necessarily imply either reward or punishment. Juv. Sat. 13. 105 Ille crucem sceleris pretium tulit, hic diadema.'

25. It appears from Porph. that in his time some copies marked the beginning of a new Ode here, for he condemns such a division. See on Od. 1. 7. 15 and Epod. 2. 23.

6

26. civicam, of citizens against citizens.' See on 1. 2. 21 'audiet cives acuisse ferrum.'

27. Pater urbium. It is impossible to doubt that Horace had in mind the historic title of great patriots, 'Pater Patriae,' which, though it had not yet been conferred on Augustus by the Senate, may yet have been currently given to him by his partisans (see on 1. 2. 50); but the

form 'Pater urbium' is taken rather from the more special designations given to their benefactors by particular towns. Orelli quotes an inscription to Augustus from Jadera, a colony in Illyria, IMP. CAESAR. DIVI F. AUG. PARENS COLONIAE MURUM ET TURRES DEDIT. Cicero bids his brother (ad Q. Fr. 1. 1) deserve the title of ' parens Asiae.' benefactor is to be recognised as such from city to city, to his statue with the memorial of his public services.

This general have in each

28. subscribi, i.e. to have his name inscribed at the bottom of the statues.

29. refrenare licentiam, cp. 4. 15. 9, where Horace proclaims that Augustus has accomplished this task, 'ordinem Rectum evaganti frena licentiae Iniecit.'

30. quatenus, ' since,' Sat. I. 1. 64, 2. 3. 76, Juv. 12. 102; it is a use in Lucretius 2. 927, see Munro's note.

31, 32. For the sentiment cp. Epp. 2. 1. 10-14, and the verses attributed to Menander: Δεινοὶ γὰρ ἀνδρὶ πάντες ἐσμὲν εὐκλεεῖ [ ζῶντι φθονῆσαι κατθανόντα δ' αινέσαι.

32. quaerimus, Tooûμev, 'requirimus,' 'we look for without finding.' invidi goes with both clauses; it is the clue to the apparent inconsistency.

33. querimoniae, lamentations in the senate, in society, in literature, over the evils of the time.

35. leges sine moribus, cp. 4. 5. 22, where Augustus is represented as having touched both springs of reformation: 'Mos et lex maculosum edomuit nefas.'

37, 38. pars, latus; cp. 3. 3. 55 Qua parte debacchentur ignes'; 1. 22. 19 'Quod latus mundi nebulae malusque Iuppiter urget.'

37. inclusa, 'fenced in,' as if the heats were intended to bar it from human intrusion. Terra domibus negata,' ibid. Virg. Aen. 7. 227 'si quem... dirimit plaga solis iniqui.'

39. solo, ablative of place.

40 foll. The whole passage is an echo of parts of Od. 1. 3. Cp. v. 43 with audax omnia perpeti,' &c. The 'mercator' is always Horace's type of the eager pursuit of wealth. Od. 1. 31. 10 foll., Epp. I. I. 45 foll. To cross the sea is to fly in the face of the 'prudens Deus,' who put that barrier between land and land.

callidi; cp. Soph. Ant. 335 foll., summing up the triumph of man's wit: τοῦτο καὶ πολιοῦ πέραν πόντου χειμερίῳ νότῳ χωρεῖ . . περιφραδὴς ȧvýp. The apodosis to the whole sentence is the original 'Quid leges proficiunt'? Horrida.. navitae' and 'magnum. . arduae' are both constructed after 'si.' The asyndeton serves to point out that the last two clauses are not fresh instances of that general thirst for wealth which belies sumptuary laws, but two explanations of the merchant's boldness:

if the sea is rough the seaman is cunning (for the relation of the twe adjectives see on 1. 3. 10) to overcome its difficulties, and in any case there is the prevailing motive behind, the dread of the one great shame. poverty.

42. magnum opprobrium; Sat. 2. 3. 92 'Credidit ingens Pauperiem vitium.'

44. arduae, pred. That the hill is steep is the reason why men tura out of the path.

45-50. Orelli well compares with this burst Epod. 16. 17 'Nulla sit hac potior sententia,' &c. The emphasis of position and repetition is shared between vel and nos; 'vel,' 'vel' emphasising the indifference of the smaller consideration, anywhere that you please,—give it to the gods or throw it into the sea'; and so the importance of the greater one, *only get quit of it once for all': 'nos,' 'nos' singling out the poet and the audience whom he addresses from the rest of the world; let us at least,' the 'melior pars' of Epod. 16.

45. in Capitolium. Ritter sees in these words proof that the poem was written at the time of Augustus' triple triumph in B. C. 29, but the words need not imply more than that Horace already imagines the triumphal procession in which, amid the popular joy, the mischievous gold will be conducted to the capitol. Its destination was probably suggested by the gifts which Augustus had made, or was about to make, to that temple. Suet. Aug. 30 'in cellam Capitolini Iovis sedecim millia pondo auri gemmasque ac margaritas quingenties H. S. una donatione contulit.' Cp. generally, Od. 3. 3. 49-52.

48. gemmas et lapides. For the same distinction the editors quote Ov. de Med. Fac. 20, 21 Conspicuam gemmis vultis habere manum : Induitis collo lapides oriente petitos'; Mart. 11. 50. 4 'Gemma vel a digito vel cadit aure lapis.' One might fancy from these lines that 'gemma' meant specially a stone set and graven; and passages are quoted in which 'lapis' is used specially of a pearl. In any case the double substantive will mean 'jewels of every kind'; see above,

V. 12.

49. summi mali, 'dictum ut summa res publica, summa salus,' Orelli, 'the occasion of the chief offending.'

50. bene = 'vere,' 'to any good purpose.' Cp. the uses of 'male,' 'male sanus,' &c.

51. eradenda . . elementa. If any full metaphor is felt, it would seem to be of rubbing out the characters on a waxed tablet. The OTOXEía, rudiments, alphabet, of avarice must be effaced, the mind must become once more καθαρὸς πίναξ.

cupidinis, masc., see on 2. 16. 15; here, as there, it is the desire of

money.

54. rudis, with 'nescit'; it is antithetical to 'doctior'; 'knows not, for he has never been taught this lesson.'

57. Graeco. For the comparison of true Roman sports to the more fashionable Greek ones cp. Sat. 2. 2. 9 foll. 'leporem sectatus equove Lassus ab indomito vel si Romana fatigat Militia assuetum Graecari, seu pila velox.. Seu te discus aget,' &c. The 'trochus' was a hoop; see Dict. Ant.

58. vetita legibus; Ov. Trist. 2. 470 'Haec [alea] est ad nostros non leve crimen avos'; Cic. Phil. 2. 23 Licinium Denticulam de alea condemnatum.' The definite laws are not known.

59. cum.. fallat, seems to give the reason of the foregoing facts. You cannot wonder at it when the father himself is engaged as he is. periura fides; cp. 1. 18. 16 Arcani fides prodiga.' You trust his honour, you find it forsworn.

60. consortem socium, 'the partner of his fortunes.'

'Consors' was used for a 'coheir,' as 'sors' for 'patrimonium,' Fest. s. v. It seems to be more widely used for those whose fortune is in the same bottom.

62. properet, trans. as 'deproperare,' Od. 2. 7. 24, 'festinare,' Epp.

1. 2. 61.

scilicet, 'this is the end of the whole matter.' The thirst for money, which can never be satisfied, is the cause to which Horace traces the cheating of the father and the gambling of the son, and in it he returns to the lesson of the Ode, of the first line as of the last.

improbae; not to be confined to 'crescunt,' for it describes the nature of wealth, which for ever grows, yet comes no nearer to satisfying: it is like a pitcher of the Danaids: τὸ μὲν εὖ πράσσειν ἀκόρεστον ἔφυ πᾶσι βροτοῖσιν.

ODE XXV.

In this Ode, as in 2. 19, Horace has tried to catch the inspiration of a Greek dithyramb. In that one he professes to recall the effects which the sight of Bacchus had upon him: in the present one he is actually under the influence of the afflatus. 'He is hurried away, whither he knows not: his eyes are opened on strange caverns and river-banks and woods. His tongue will be loosed in a moment to sing no humble theme, and in no common strain, the glories of Caesar: he follows the god, for he must, and it is delightful, but it is fearful too?

The glory of Caesar is only mentioned as the subject of the coming