History of the Six Days of Creation," "Practical Treatise on the Construction of Lightning Rods," "How to Use the Microscope," "The Shakespearean Cyclopedia," and other works. A few months ago the professor completed one of the useful and comprehensive works on Shakespeare, entitled "The Shakes

PROF. JOHN PHIN, PH.D.

pearean Cyclopedia and Glossary." He spent some forty years upon the work. It appeared late last year and was favorably commented upon by the press of this and other countries. Besides the above works Professor Phin has issued many valuable books, has contributed largely to scientific publications and is quoted as an authority by both the Century and the Standard Dictionaries. Eight months ago he established a monthly journal entitled Self-Education,

intended to aid young mechanics in home study. He is a life member of the American Institute, a charter member of the New York Microscopical Society, honorary member of the Hamilton Club, Paterson, N. J., president of the Paterson Scientific and Literary Association, and last, but not least, an honored member of the New York Press Club. Professor Phin may be justly termed a selfmade man. He is, though not a young man in years, youthful and entertaining, beloved by many. At the entertainment he was presented with a handsome cane by the members of the Press Club and friends, and also received many other valuable tokens of esteem from those who were unable to attend. Among those who sent messages of kindliest regards was Vice-Chancellor Stephenson, who has known Professor Phin and has been his close friend for many years. Many letters and telegrams of regret were received. The members of the reception committee were St. George Kempson, Harry Masterton and C. F. Hoskins. Mr. Kempson presided at the post prandial exercises, during which nearly every one present had expressed some words of kindly feelings toward "dear old professor," as he is affectionately called. Altogether the occasion was one to be pleasantly remembered. The following were among those present at the dinner: Joseph Howard, Jr., president of the New York Press Club; Frank A. Burrelle, the Burrelle Press Clipping Bureau; C. D. Platt, treasurer the New York Press Club; Colonel J. T. Hobbs, chairman board of directors the New York Press Club; Professor Lincoln A. Rogers, Paterson, N. J.; Richard L. Neville, Edward Lyman Bill, treasurer New York State Commissioners, World's Fair, St. Louis; George Fackrell Cham

bers, editor The Recorder, South Brooklyn; John H. Regan, counsellor at law; Joseph W. Mackay (known as the "Human Violin"); J. W. McCleland, D. McDougall, editor THE CALEDONIAN; E. H. Baring, Charles J. Peker, of the staff of Self-Education; Dr. Charles J. Perry, of the Perry Drug Stores; James E. Gayner, counsellor at law; William H. Richards, C. F. Hoskins, of Story,

Sturgis & Co., bankers; Henry Masterton, The American Tobacco Journal; St. George Kempson, The New York Insurance Journal.

In the August number (1903) of THE CALEDONIAN an able article appeared from the pen of Dr. Phin, "The Scottish Language in Shakespeare's Writing." which has been greatly praised for its research and power.

JOSEPH CHAMBERLAIN.

the most startling and dramatic event of its kind since the retirement of Bismarck." Thus a writer in the London

Daily Telegraph characterizes the resignation of Joseph Chamberlain from the British Cabinet. In his letter of resignation the Colonial Secretary frankly gives as his reasons for quitting the cabinet the fact that his program for "a preferential agreement with our colonies involving any new duties, however small, on articles of food which have hitherto not been taxed," is evidently "unacceptable to the majority in the constituencies." Mr. Chamberlain feels, therefore, that he can best promote the cause he had at heart "from the outside," and resigns with the avowed purpose of starting a campaign of education on the tariff question. Premier Balfour, in his reply, expresses sympathy with Mr. Chamberlain's idea of drawing the colonies and the mother country into closer commercial relations, but agrees that "public opinion is not yet. ripe" for a tax on foodstuffs. The Premier is understood to favor a tariff on manufactures such as will allow of "retaliation" or "reciprocity" for other countries; but Mr. Chamberlain's plan for a preferential duty that will favor the colonies requires a foodstuff duty, as foodstuffs are the main colonial products. Mr. . Balfour's tariff policy, therefore, does not

go as far as Mr. Chamberlain deems necessary, but it goes too far for Mr. Ritchie and Lord George Hamilton, two strong

ENGLISH COLLEGE ENDOWMENTS.

cabinet. Austen Chamberlain, the son of Joseph Chamberlain, and at present Postmaster-General, is to succeed Mr. Ritchie as Chancellor of the Exchequer, and it is

ARTHUR JAMES BALFOUR, Premier of the British Empire.

thought that Lord Milner may be the new Secretary for the Colonies.

The early downfall of the Balfour ministry is freely predicted as a consequence of these cabinet secessions; but the newspapers differ considerably in their prediction of events beyond that point. According to some, the Liberal party will enjoy only a brief triumph, followed by a return of Mr. Chamberlain to power; but more believe that Mr. Chamberlain's career is ended.-Literary Digest.

for Colleges.

In his presidential address before the British Association for the Advancement of Science, in session at Southport, England, lately, Sir Norman Lockyer dwelt upon the need for better equipment and endowment for the English colleges. "Our position as a nation," said the speaker, "our success as merchants, are in peril chiefly-dealing with preventable causes-because of our lack of completely efficient universities and our neglect of research. We in Great Britain have eleven universities competing with 184 State and privately endowed in the United States and twenty-two state-endowed in Germany. The German state gives to one university more than the British Government allows to all the universities and university colleges in England, Ireland, Scotland and Wales put together.

"What are the facts relating to private endowment in this country? If we take the twelve university colleges, the forerunners of universities, unless we are to perish from lack of knowledge, we find that private effort during sixty years has found less than £4,000,000; that is, £2,000,000 for buildings and £40,000 a year for income. This gives us an average of £166,000 for buildings and £3,300 for yearly income. In the United States during the last few years universities and colleges have received more than £40,000,000 from this source alone; private effort supplied nearly £7,000,000 in the years 1898-1900. Next consider the amount of state aid to universities afforded in Germany. The buildings of the new University of Strasburg have already cost nearly a million; that is, about as much as has yet been found by private effort for buildings in Manchester, Liverpool, Birmingham, Bristol, Newcastle and Sheffield. The government annual endowment of the same German university is more than £49,000.-Public Opin

ion.

The ethnology of the British Isles is still, despite the intelligent researches of the last fifty years, in an unsettled state. This is greatly due to the fact that the subject draws its materials from various subordinate or kindred sciences, and no man has yet appeared who has been able to grasp with equal power the reins of all these sciences. The archæologist deals with the monuments and other physical remains of man's past, helped by the anatomist in deciding upon "skins. and skulls," a subject also dealt with by the anthropologist, whose sphere of science is man-his race, physique and beliefs. The historian depends on his written or printed documents; while the latest to lend his aid, as a real, not an empirical, scientist, is the philologist. Much was done in former time in using language to decide racial points; but it is since Grimm and Zeuss some sixty years ago put philology on scientific lines that any good has accrued from this subject. It is still a science known thoroughly, especially for purposes of ethnology, only by a few.

Without going back to the cave-men, and others of paleolithic times, when Britain and its isles formed a continuous part of Europe, we come to neolithic times, when unmistakably we have man of the New Stone Age. These neolithic men were comparatively small of stature, long-headed and dark-haired. They buried in long barrows. The Bronze Age begins with the intrusion of a race tall in stature, broad-headed and fair-haired, with beetling brows-a splendid race

physically and mentally. They buried in round barrows. Some-indeed, mostethnologists regard these men as the first wave of the Celts; some say of Gadelic, or perhaps Gadelic and Pictish. They are allied by physique to several past and present races on the Continent-the modern Walloons, for instance, and the old Helvetii. The view maintained by the Editor is that the Gadels or ancient Gaels and the Picts both belonged to the great Aryan race, and originally possessed the tall stature, blond hair and long heads which are postulated for the pure Aryan. The Aryan race, or rather the Aryan-speaking race, is a discovery of modern or scientific philology. It was discovered some 60 years ago that the languages of the various nations-barring a very few-dwelling from Ireland to Ceylon, spoke languages that ultimately came from one original tongue. In short, the chief Indian languages, Persian, Slavonic, Lettic, Teutonic, Greek, Latin and Celtic, are descended from one mother-tongue. For a long time it has been a matter of dispute where this original language had its habitat. It is now agreed that southern Russia and ancient Poland formed the home of the

Aryan tongue. Aryan tongue. The dispersion of the Aryan-speaking people began some four thousand years ago. The Celts lay on the upper reaches of the Danube until the dawn of history begins; the Latins and they were nearest of kin of any of the other leading branches. The Celts spread over Germany to the shores of the North Sea, and then, about 600 B. C.,

or, indeed, earlier, they entered Gaul and pushed on their conquests into Spain, and later into northern Italy. They were at the height of their power in the fourth century, spreading from the west of Ireland to the mouth of the Danube, and in 279 they overran Asia Minor, settling down to the limits of Galatia about 250 B. C. Such an "empire" might satisfy Rome itself. But it had no center, and soon crumbled, after two hundred years' domination.

The Celts all unite on one philologic peculiarity every Aryan initial p has been lost. In the course of their dispersion over Europe they divided into two dialects over the Aryan sound qv (as in Lat. quod, Eng. quantity). The one dialect made it k or q purely, the other made it p; and we speak of P and Q Celts for brevity's sake. The Belgic Gauls, the Britons and Welsh, and the Picts, were P Celts; the Gadels and Gaels of all ages were Q Celts. Most of Gaul spoke the P variety of Celtic. The Celts, of course, pushed westward into Britain. It is usually thought that the Gadels came first. The common notion naturally is that they swarmed into England about 600 B. C., and were thence driven westward into Ireland by the advancing Belgic tribes. Undoubtedly Gadels. were in Wales and Devonshire in the fifth century, A. D., settled as inhabitants. These, however, are accounted for as the invaders of the Roman Province of Britain during the invasions of the Scots and Picts. from 360 to 500. Indeed, in 366 and for a few years, the Province of Britain was ruled, or misruled, by Crimthann, HighKing of Ireland. Theodosius arrived in 369, and drove out the invaders. As early as 200, settlements were made by expelled Gaels in South Wales. Besides this, Gaelic inscriptions of the fifth and

sixth centuries in Ogam are found in South Wales and one or two in old Cornavia. Professor Rhys is the great protagonist for the view that the Gadelic tongue was continucus in Wales from the time of the first Gadels till the seventh century. On the other side, Prof. Kuno Meyer asserts that "no Gael ever set his foot on British soil save from a vessel that had put out from Ireland," a dictum with which the present writer agrees.

The tradition among the Gaels of Ireland themselves is that they came from Spain to Ireland. It is more likely that, starting from Gaul, they skimmed. along the southern shore of Englandperhaps the Picts were then in possession of the country-and thus arrived in Ireland. Their own traditions and there being no other trace of them in Britain before the Christian era prove this contention. As already said, the date of their arrival must be about 600 or 500 B. C.

About the same time the Picts came across, possibly from what was afterwards the land of the Saxon invaders of England, and may have colonized Scotland first, bringing there the red-haired, large-limbed Caledonians of Tacitus. In any case, the Picts must have been the predominant race in Britain in the fourth century B. C., when the Greek voyager, Pytheas, made his rounds of the Northern Seas. He calls the people of Britain Pretanoi or Prettanoi; this might be a Celtic Qretani, present Gaelic Cruithne, possibly from cruth, figure, so called because they tattooed themselves, whence Lat. Picti, painted men. The fact that Pictavia was also the name of a large Gaulish province makes this last statement doubtful. It may, however, be inferred that this Greek form Prettania gave rise