180 Qualemcunque potest, quales ego vel Cluvienus. sunt et videntur innominabiles. Silentium 80. Cluvienus.] It is impossible to say who is meant by this name. The Scholiast throws no light upon it. He only says it was "delirus poeta vel indoctus." 81. Ex quo Deucalion,] Horace has this phrase (C. iii. 3.21): "Ex quo destituit Deos Mercede pacta Laomedon." Juvenal says that the passions of mankind, such as they have been ever since the flood, are the subjects he has chosen for his pen. The story of Deucalion and Pyrrha, and how men and women sprung up from the stones they threw behind them, is told at length by Ovid (Met. i. 260 sqq.). The mountain on which the vessel landed is said by Ovid, and was generally supposed, to be Parnassus; and the divinity whose oracle Deucalion consulted, was Themis. Sortes,' for the answer of an oracle, is taken from the Italian practice, particularly in the temples of Fortuna, whose responses were delivered by lots (Cic. Div. ii. 41. 56), wooden tablets with different inscriptions shaken out of a box ('sitella,' 'cista,' 'urna,' 'arca'), and not by word of mouth, as the Greek oracles were delivered. Virgil has Lyciae sortes' twice over (Aen. iv. 346. 377). 'Sortes poscere' is an unusual phrase. Poscere' is stronger than 'petere,' which is more commonly used. Poscere divos' is not analogous. That is to ask a favour of the gods, as " Quid dedicatum poscit Apollinem Vates?" (Hor. C. i. 31. 1.) 83. caluerunt mollia saxa,] This seems to be taken from Ovid's description (1. c.): "Saxa (quis hoc credat, nisi sit pro teste vetustas ?) Ponere duritiem coepere suumque rigorem, mam.' 86. discursus,] Forcellini interprets this by "discursationes, conatus, labores, ad opes aut dignitates adipiscendas," and quotes Pliny (Epp. viii. 23), “quo discursu aedilitatem petiit." It seems to signify generally the distractions of a busy life. Farrago,' which is derived from far,' is properly a mixture of various grains given to cattle (Georg. iii. 205). Here it means a medley of miscellaneous topics. Persius uses it in a different sense (v. 77, see note). Libelli' might mean a volume of satires or this present satire only, as in Horace (S. i. 10. 92), “I puer atque meo citus haec subscribe libello," where I think 'libellus' means the satire; but many commentators take it for the book (see Intr.). [Ribbeck has 'nostri farrago libelli est.'] 88. Major avaritiae patuit sinus?] 'Sinus' means the fold of the toga over the breast within which the purse (crumena) usually hung. A large purse would require a large sinus.' Ovid has (Am. i. 10. 18): Quo pretium condat non habet ille sinum." So Heinrich takes it. The old commentators differ. Grangaeus takes it this way. Britannicus explains it from the bellying of a sail with a fair wind; and Owen translates thus, "And when did vice with growth so rank prevail ? Or avarice wanton in so fair a gale?" Holyday, "When open lay to avarice a larger haven?" Mr. Mayor says, "When did the gulf of avarice yawn wider ?" comparing the passage quoted by Forcellini from Seneca (Oed. 582), "Subito dehiscit terra et immenso sinu Laxata patuit." I have no doubt the first explanation is right. 88. alea quando Hos animos?] "When has the gambling spirit run so high?" (Owen.) This is a pretty literal translation. "When had gambling such spirit as it has now (hos animos) ?" Ruperti's explanation of hos' as "tot animos sc. cepit, occupavit" (i.e. when did gambling seize upon so many minds ?) is very bad. Heinecke is 66 Hos animos? Neque enim loculis comitantibus itur no better, who takes hos animos' for 'hos Romanos,' or proposes 'potius' to change 'hos' into 'haec,' and to explain it thus: Quando alea haec, i.e. talis, ut nunc est ; talis aleae cupiditas animos, homines, sc. cepit." Habuit' is easily supplied, as the Scholiast suggests. The verb is often omitted in such questions where there is indignation, as below (vi. 641): Juvenal says elsewhere (xiv. init.) that fathers taught their young children to game. The 'alea' was always vetita legibus' (Hor. C. iii. 24. 58), but never checked from the declining times of the republic. Augustus (Vit. c. 70, 71), Caligula (c. 41), Claudius (c. 33), and Domitian (c. 21), are all put down as gamblers by Suetonius; and Claudius wrote a treatise on the subject. Compare S. viii. 10: "Effigies quo Tot bellatorum, si luditur alea pernox Ante Numantinos?" 89. Neque enim loculis comitantibus] He says men do not now go to the gaming table with their purse and play for the contents of that, but stake their chest containing all the ready money they had. 'Tabula' is the board on which the dice were thrown. As to neque enim,' see Key's Lat. Gr. 1449: "Enim' must commonly be translated by the English conjunction 'for,' but at times retains what was probably its earlier signification, 'indeed,' as in 'enim vero,' indeed, indeed; neque enim,' nor indeed; 'et enim,' and indeed, &c.; as, 'Quid tute tecum? Nihil enim' (Plaut.). 'What are you saying to yourself? Nothing, I assure you." For ad casum' one MS. of the fifteenth century quoted by Ruperti, and two editions of the same century, Calderini and the Leipzig, have 'ad causam.' M. has that word in the text, with 'casum' in the margin. 'Causam' has no meaning. 91. dispensatore videbis Armigero!] 'Dispensator' was the cash-keeper, called also procurator' and 'calculator,' who formed one of the establishment in all rich houses. He is called 'armigero' because 90 he furnished the sinews of this warfare, the money: "Utpote qui ludenti domino nummos subministret (Britannicus). Grangaeus says the 'arma' in 'armigero' are the dice, as below (xiv. 5), "parvoque eadem movet arma fritillo." This is wrong, I think. 92. Simplexne furor sestertia centum] The Greeks would say ἁπλῆ μανία, madness and nothing more. Heinrich explains it "non simplex furor, sed duplex vel triplex," which may be right, though I prefer the other. Taking the 'sestertium'at the value in our money of 77. 16s. 3d., a hundred 'sestertia' would be 7817. 58. The Romans did not understand high play if this was enough to make a satirist angry: but the more than madness lay in the selfishness of the man who (as Heinrich explains it) after losing all his money stakes his slave's jacket, and losing that also never restores it. The commentators compare Persius (i. 54), "Scis comitem horridulum trita donare lacerna:" but reddere' means here to restore, and is never equivalent to the simple form 'dare.' 94. Quis totidem erexit villas,] This reminds us of Horace's complaint more than a century earlier (C. ii. 15): A Secreto' only means by himself,' as Virg. Aen. viii. 670, "secretosque pios." couple of courses was enough for the old Romans according to Servius on Aen. i. 729. "For some ages the Roman nobility commonly used nothing but ‘far' and 'puls,' and if a marriage or other joyful feast fell out, they thought it a mighty thing if they added a few small fishes and a few pounds of pork" (Lipsius, De Magn. Rom. iv. 5). Suetonius gives Augustus credit for moderation and good taste combined, because his custom was ordinarily to have but three courses, and at his finest dinners only six Secreto coenavit avus? Nunc sportula primo (c. 74). Various sumptuary laws regulating 95. Nunc sportula primo Limine parva sedet] He says that the 'sportula' is now a shabby affair, and that instead of being given in the atrium' as a regular entertainment (coena recta ') in the way clients used to be received by their patrons, it was now set out at the door, to be scrambled for by the hungry rabble, closely watched by the master, lest any should get it under false pretences. Sportula,' a little basket, was the name given to a dole which first under the emperors it became customary for rich men to give to those dependents who chose to pay their respects to them at their early reception in the morning, and to dance attendance upon them at other times. It was given sometimes in the shape of meat, at others in a small sum of money, usually 100 quadrantes, or one and a half denarii, about eleven pence (v. 120, and v. 127 note). Gifford has confounded the public 'sportula' with the private. The former, not the latter, was established by Nero and abolished by Domitian. 96. turbae rapienda togatae.] Ruperti says this is spoken contemptuously, because under the emperors only the poorer and vulgar sort wore the 'toga.' This is nonsense. He refers to Horace, S. i. 2. 63. 82, which only shows that women of bad character wore a 'toga' instead of a stola.' The toga' was worn out of respect to the great man, and it was counted bad taste for any person of respectability to go abroad without it. At one time it became common for persons of family to go to the theatre without the 'toga,' and Augustus put a stop to the practice. Turba togata,"gens to 95 1 100 gata,' were commonly used for the Romans. 97. trepidat,] This word expresses any hurried action or emotion. Inspicit et trepidat' means he looks in the man's face anxiously, with a sharp scrutinizing eye. Ille' can hardly be any but the master, who is supposed to condescend so far as to look on and regulate the distribution. Some take it for the dispensator' or balneator,' which is the name Martial gives to the servant who distributed the sportulae.' "Quos (quadrantes) dividebat balneator elixus" (iii. 7. 3). 99. jubet a praecone vocari Ipsos Trojugenas;] The 'praeco' may mean the 'nomenclator,' whose particular duty was to attend the morning visits and to know all his master's acquaintance by sight and name, with their circumstances and all about them. See Hor. Epp. i. 6. 50, n. The master bids this man call up the respectable people first; for, says Juvenal, proud gentlemen of the old families condescend to join us humble folk in begging. The poorer they got the more they stuck to their pedigree, and nothing would satisfy them short of the blood of Aeneas in their veins. See below (viii. 42), "Ut te conciperet quae sanguine fulget Iuli ;" (ib. 56) "Dic mihi, Teucrorum proles;" (ib. 181) "At vos, Trojugenae;" (xi. 95) "Clarum Trojugenis factura ac nobile fulcrum." See also Horace, S. ii. 5. 63, n.: "Ab alto demissum genus Aenea." 101. Da Praetori, da deinde Tribuno.] See S. iii. 128. Martial has an epigram addressed to Paulus, a senator, beginning "Cum tu laurigeris annum qui fascibus intras Mane salutator limina mille teras" (x. 10), where limina terere' corresponds to 'vexant limen' in the last line. Horace (S. i. 8. 18) says of the Esquiline, thieves and beasts were wont hunc vexare locum,' to infest it. It must be supposed that some Natus ad Euphraten, molles quod in aure fenestrae times magistrates (who were now sunk very 104. Natus ad Euphraten,] He may mean from Cappadocia, from which part the Romans got a good many of their slaves (vii. 15). See Martial x. 76: "Civis non Syriaeve Parthiaeve Nec de Cappadocis eques catastis." 'Fenestrae' are the holes made for earrings, and they are called 'molles,' which means effeminate. The man says he has five houses, which he lets out for shops, and they are worth 400,000 sesterces, which was an equestrian fortune; unless with Heinrich we understand 'quinque tabernae' to be those spoken of by Livy as banking houses in the forum: "Septem tabernae quae postea quinque et argentariae quae nunc Novae appellantur" (xxvi. 27). In that case the man means his transactions at the quinque tabernae' bring him in this income. I incline to this interpretation. With quadringenta' sestertia' must be supplied. See iii. 153, sq.; v. 132; xiv. 323; and Hor. Epod. iv. 15, n. 106. purpura major] That is, (as the Scholiast says) the 'latus clavus,' or broad purple stripe on the tunic worn by senators, as opposed to the angustus clavus' worn by equites.' (See Dict. Ant.; and Hor. S. i. 5. 36, n.; ii. 7. 10, n.) A 'tribunus militum' of the first four legions was entitled to a seat in the senate, and therefore to the latus clavus;' but it was allowed to others who were not senators under the empire. 107. si Laurenti custodit in agro] Laurentum, supposed to be at the site of 105 Torre di Paternò, is near the coast, and about eight miles from Ostia. It was a winter resort of the Romans, and abounded with villas. Large flocks of sheep were fed there, and the marshes in the neighbourhood were famous for wild boars, which Horace, however, does not recommend (S. ii. 4. 42). Corvinus was a cognomen of the Messalae, who were a branch of the Valeria Gens, one of the oldest families in Rome. (Hor. C. iii. 21, Int.; S. i. 6. 12, n., “contra Laevinum, Valeri genus.") This gentleman of old family is supposed to be reduced to keeping sheep as a mercenarius.' A person is said 'conducere rem faciendam,' in which case he receives pay ('merces') or conducere rem utendam,' in which case he pays another for the thing used. (See note on Hor. C. ii. 18. 17, and Long on Cic. in Verr. Act. i. c. 6, there quoted.) 108. ego possideo plus] That 'possidere' was used generally in the sense of possessing property, and not confined to the 'possessores' technically so called, is obvious from this and many passages. The possessores' of the republican period were occupiers of public lands; and this man could not be a 'possessor' in that sense any more than Pallas or Licinus. He makes himself out to be vastly rich, and yet he is here begging. 109. Pallante et Licinis.] The man's speech ends here. Pallas was a freedman of Claudius, in whose reign he got together a large fortune, for the sake of which he was put to death by Nero, A.D. 63. Licinus was a Gaulish slave manumitted by C. Julius Caesar, and made by Augustus governor of Gallia, which he robbed, and thereby grew very rich. The Scholiast says it was to stop people's mouths that he built a Vincant divitiae, sacro nec cedat honori Nondum habitas, nullas nummorum ereximus aras, the plural Licinis, where only one person is meant, see note on Horace, S. i. 7. 8. 110. sacro nec cedat honori] The person of the 'tribunus plebis' was inviolable, 'sacrosanctus' (Liv. ii. 33). Martial has (viii. 66) "Et Caesar genero sacros honores;" and Virgil (Aen. iii. 484), “Nec cedit honori." Some editions have 'ne cedat.' It where the declivity commenced called (Horace, C. iv. 2. 35) Sacer Clivus, which led down to the Forum Romanum. was begun by Claudius and finished by Vespasian, who deposited in it the spoils of Jerusalem brought to Rome by Titus. (Joseph. B. J. vii. 37.) It was burnt down in the reign of Commodus, about 120 years after it was built. Fides had a temple on Mons Capitolinus, which was said to have been founded originally by Numa, and was afterwards restored in the consulship of M. Aemilius Scaurus, A. U. c. 639. No less than three temples of Victoria are mentioned, one of which was in the Forum, another on Mons Palatinus, and a third on Mons Aventinus. That on the Palatine -quorum titulus per barbara colla pe- built by Evander. In his first consulship was said by tradition to have been originally pendit 111. pedibus qui venerat albis ;] The Scholiast has a note here, which need not be attended to. Slaves newly imported are generally said to have been chalked on the soles of their feet when exposed for sale. (See Dict. Ant., Art. Servus,' 872, b.) Ovid says, 66 Gypsati crimen inane pedis" (Am. i. 8. 62); and Propertius speaks of slaves for sale, 112. divitiarum Majestas,] This condenses Horace's " Virtus, fama, decus, divina humanaque pulchris Divitiis parent' (S. ii. 3. 95). 113. funesta Pecunia] Compare Horace, Epp. i. 6.37, "Et genus et formam regina Pecunia donat," where I have quoted the Christian writers on whose authority Pecunia is said to have been worshipped. Seneca (de Provid. c. 5) says, "Non sunt divitiae bonum. Itaque habeat illas et Ellius leno: ut homines Pecuniam cum in templis consecraverint videant et in fornice." From which it would seem there were statues of Pecunia in the temples. 115. Ut colitur Pax atque Fides,] This group is found in Horace, C. S. 57: "Jam Fides et Pax et Honos Pudorque Priscus et neglecta redire Virtus Audet," where I have a note on each of these divinities. The temple of Pax was one of the handsomest buildings in Rome, and was situated on the Via Sacra, about the point M. Marcellus built a temple to Virtus near the Porta Capena, from which the Via Appia began. 116. crepitat Concordia nido.] "Concordia, who twitters when the birds salute their nest; that is, her temple sounds with the twittering of the birds. There was a beautiful temple to Concordia in the Carinae, originally built by Furius Camillus after the expulsion of the Gauls, A. U. c. 364, and restored by Livia, Augustus' wife. See Ovid, Fast. vi. 637: "Te quoque magnifica, Concordia, dedicat aede Livia quam caro praestitit illa viro." See also Fast. i. 639, sq. There was another that stood between the Capitol and the Forum, in which the senate sometimes held their meetings. Sall. B. Cat. 49. Cic. Phil. ii. 8. Some say that the crow, others that the stork was the bird sacred to Concordia. John of Salisbury says (Nugae, &c. i. 13), "Ciconia quoniam avis Concordiae est concordiam invenit et concordiam facit." Aelian (de Animalibus, 1. iii.) gives this honour to the crow. Whichever it was Juvenal supposes some bird to have built its nest on the temple of Concordia. Some MSS. have ciconia,' the first syllable of which is short, and it would have no mean |