[They were the first actual colonists in South Africa, and the "station" was thus converted into a "settlement."]

1658. The first vineyard.-The first vineyard in South Africa is planted by van Riebeck on a farm beyond Rondebosch, thenceforward called, on that account, Wynberg.

1659. JULY 29. Settlers and Hottentots.- Van Riebeck writes to the Governor-General and Council, Batavia, concerning the hostility of the Hottentots, who object to the Dutch breaking up the best land and grass and "trying to establish themselves everywhere." They threaten, he says, to destroy the houses, and then to surprise the fort and force the Dutch to abandon the country.

- DEC. 15. "Always be a burden."-The Batavia Government authorise van Riebeck to increase the garrison by obtaining soldiers from passing ships, and declare that the residency at the Cape, "producing no return, would always be a burden on the Company."

1672. "In matters of commerce the fault of the Dutch... "The Dutch East India Company purchase the Cape districts from the Hottentot chiefs for "tobacco, beads, brandy, bread, and other trifles." [These goods were nominally worth £1,600; their actual value was £9 12s. 9d.]

1679. The expansion begins.-Stellenbosch founded by the Governor, Simon van der Stel, and so called from

Stel, his own name, and Bosch, the maiden name of his wife. [This was the first important extension of the settlement, which then consisted of about 300 men and 90 women. The number was increased shortly after by a party of immigrants from Holland, including a number of girls from orphan asylums, sent out as wives for the farmers.]

1687.-Occupation of the Drakenstein valley.

1688. French settlers.-Arrival of 180 Huguenot settlers. [They wished to form a separate French colony, but this was not allowed, and they were compelled to mingle with the Dutch settlers, with whom they thus soon formed one people.]

1689. "Far from the madding crowd."-Explorations eastward. "Trekking" from the "crowded " districts of the settlement, and also from the rule of the Dutch East India Company's servants, already in active force.

1700. The first barrier range crossed.-Extension of the Colony to the Tulbagh basin, the first barrier range being thus crossed.

1707. Dutch rule.-Governor Wilhem Adriaan van der Stel, son of Simon, is recalled, owing to charges of maladministration brought against him by the burghers.

1709. The language question.-French immigrants forbidden to use the French language in official communications and in their Church services.

1713. The original Kruger.—Jacob Kruger [original founder of the Kruger family in South Africa] arrives at Capetown in the Dutch East India Company's service. [The European population of Capetown at this time was 1,890, and the number of their houses was 300.]

1737. The missionary element introduced.-George Schmidt, Moravian missionary, begins work among the Hottentots. [For further development in regard to missionaries, see 1792.]

1745. How the Colony grew.-Magistracy established at Swellendam. [Trekking was still continuous, owing to the desire of Dutch settlers to get away alike from the "crowded" districts and from the rule of the Dutch East India Company. As they trekked, however, and set up fresh towns, the Company's control followed in the shape of magistracies. See 1784]

1754. SEPT. 3. The treatment of slaves.-By a code of laws issued at Capetown, any slave who raises his hand against his master is to be put to death "without mercy," and any slave who loiters outside the church doors at service time is to be "severely flogged by the ministers of justice."

1761-2. Explorations north.-An expedition from Cape Colony crosses the Orange River and explores Namaqualand as far as 26° 18′ south.

1778. Colonists and Kaffirs.-The Great Fish River declared to be the boundary of Cape Colony to the east. [It was hoped in this way to establish a dividing

line between the colonists, who were steadily spreading northward and eastward, and the Kaffirs, who were advancing southward and westward, and were, too, showing a decided liking for the cattle of the Europeans.]

1779. Settlers and Dutch rule.-The settlers present a memorial to the Dutch East India Company in which, among other things, they beg that the Fiscal, the highest law officer of the Government, may be restrained from arbitrarily committing burghers to prison and from compounding crimes by private fines; that the practice of deportation to the Indian factories may be prohibited; that authentic copies of the ordinances in force should be furnished from Holland, or that a printing press should be set up and a printer appointed; and that the burghers should be allowed to purchase goods direct from Holland, and also consign produce there direct, without the intervention of the Cape officials. [The reply was a distinct refusal, the settlers being scoffed at for wishing to put themselves on an equality with the "privileged free citizens of the United Provinces."

"It would be a mere waste of words," it said, "to dwell on the remarkable distinction to be drawn between burghers whose ancestors nobly fought for and conquered their freedom from tyranny . . . and such as are named burghers here, who have been permitted, as matter of grace, to have a residence in a land of which possession has been taken by the Sovereign power, there to gain a livelihood as tillers of the earth, tailors, and shoemakers."]

1781. Great Britain at war with the Netherlands. -Great Britain having, in 1780, declared war against

the Netherlands, a British fleet is sent to take possession of the Cape; but the French, who are now in alliance with the Dutch, hear of our intention, and hurry off a strong opposing force, which arrives first on the scene, with the result that the English commodore abandons the idea.

1783.-Peace restored between Great Britain and the Netherlands.

1784. Dutch rule follows the trekkers.-Magistracy established at Graaff Reinet in order to bring under the control of the Company's servants the farmers who had trekked to that district. [See 1795.]

1789. A deputation to Holland.-Delegates of the colonists proceed to Amsterdam to protest against the rule of the Dutch East India Company's servants. [They complained of "tyrannical interference with the people, alike as burghers and as individuals," and also, among other things, "that they were not allowed to punish their slaves at will." A Commission of Inquiry was sent out and some minor reforms were made, but these were not sufficient to allay the discontent.]

1790. Bankruptcy.-The Dutch East India Company is declared bankrupt.

1792.-Three Moravian missionaries establish the station of Genadendal for the benefit of the Hottentots. [See 1807.]

1793. France declares war.-France declares war against Great Britain and Holland.