to the Turks, Turkey was well known to the Americans, and the active and intelligent people of that continent have been long endeavouring to establish diplomatic and commercial relations with it. This attempt was made during the administration of Washington. Mr. King, the American Minister at London, employed an English gentleman, well acquainted with the Turks, to negociate a treaty; but he and his instructions fell into the hands of the French, and all traces of them were lost in the prisons of Verdun. A variety of attempts were afterwards made through other channels, and by individuals of nations the Turks knew something about; but they all failed through the jealousy of those nations; they supposed that the profits of the Turkey trade was little enough for themselves, and they seemed to unite in excluding so active and enterprising a people from any share in it. At length, Mr. Rhind, the American Consul, we believe, at Odessa, undertook it. He came to Constantinople as a private individual engaged only in his own affairs, and he commenced his operations during the Ramazan, a period when the Turks were never known to transact any business. He entrusted the secret to nobody but himself and the Reis Effendi, and by ajudicious and liberal application of funds at his disposal, he completely effected his object, and to the astonishment of the diplomatic world of Pera, when the Ramazan was over, they found a new people recognized among them, and received on the terms of the "most favoured nations." It further appeared, that the tact and sagacity of Mr. Rhind, had converted what he made out to be an important concession to the Turks, into a most valuable benefit to his country. By a secret article, the Turks were allowed to have ships built in America; and thus, while we of the old world were destroying the fleets of our ancient allies at Navarino, those new comers had secured for them the valuable privilege of cutting down and clearing away their useless forests, that encumbered their soil, to supply their loss.

But though the Americans had not been known as a people in Turkey, a few individuals of that nation had occasionally appeared" their visits few and far between ;" and seemed as if the Peraites had formed their opinion of the natives from one of them. A Mr. R— had appeared one Sunday at the service of the Palace Chapel, and when it was over, he paid a visit to the English Consul GeneVOL. III.

ral.

Consul, day?" Jewish

"Well, Mr. R," said the "you have been at service to"Yes," said he, "I was at a Synagogue on Friday, at a Turkish Mosque on Saturday, and at a Christian Church on Sunday,-and which of them is the right way ?" "Oh, I suppose," said the Consul, "you know that." "That I do not," said he; "I think one is just as good as the other." The impression therefore was, that all Americans were free-thinkers, and the people of Pera reported them so.

The Envoy or Charge d'Affaires, appointed to carry the treaty with Turkey into effect, was Commodore Porter, and of him the English knew nothing, except through the periodicals. While in the American Navy, he had written a foolish book, in which there were many things not to be excused even in a young naval officer: But we all know what the conversation generally is at the messtable of naval British officers, and what are the usual contents of a sailor's letter to his friends, so we can comprehend how it is in an American ship, and make some allowance for it. But the reprobation of the reviews was uncompromising, and the impression left of the Americans was, that they were a godless and licentious race, and that the commodore was the most godless and licentious

even of the Americans. When this monster however did appear, he turned out to be a serious, moral, exemplary family man, and surrounded by people of the same class. The first thing he did on his arrival at Pera, was to send for the Rev. Mr. Godell, the American Missionary, with his wife and children, to live with him, and he regularly celebrated divine service at his house, as chaplain. The gentlemen attached to his mission, and all who came to Constantinople in consequence of this residence there, were persons not only of good education, pleasing and gentlemanly manners, and good moral character, but also pious and serious, even beyond those of the same class in England; and they formed not only the most pleasing and intellectual, but also the most religious society of any natives in Pera. Godell has engaged the American Education Society to establish schools for the instruction of the rising generation of Greeks-in this the commodore, and all his countrymen at Pera, cordially cooperated—one of them subscribed a hundred dollars for the purpose; so that five large schools, on the Lancastrian system, were formed for them in the several

Mr.

βασιλεὺς τυραννος ἔστι. But we regret to see his hostility to England and Englishmen is but ill concealed, and though he speaks most kindly and cordially of individuals, his general feeling is that of great soreness and irritation against the country, evidently arising from the galling and bitter irony with which his nation has been treated by most of our writers. As we heartily wish that this painful and unnatural feeling between the two countries should cease, we shall, as far as our poor influence extends, set ourselves a good example; we shall therefore close our notice, and not search for a single fault in the work of an American to amuse our readers.

Juvenile Sunday Library. Vol. I. Lives of the Apostles and Early Martyrs of the Church. By the Author of "The Trial of Skill." London: Hatchard and Son, 1833.

We do not know a more commendable, we may add, a more enviable class of writers, than those who bring their opportunities, inclination, and abilities, to bear upon the instruction-the religious instruction of the young. To this class

the author of the beautiful volume before us belongs, and is an honour. The selection of her subjects evinces a studied and remarkable acquaintance with the feelings and habits of the age to which the clear and admirable style in which they are severally set forth, cannot fail to render them deeply interesting.

We could not add to the cogency with which, in her address to the reader, the author urges her arguments for the early instilling of a reverence for the Sabbath, and its important duties; her positions are undeniable; the language in which they are advanced is as simple and impressive as her benevolent motives are praiseworthy and pure. We would earnestly press upon the heads of families and schools the necessity of proposing, in every most attractive form, to the minds of the young, those vital truths to which, from his birth, man seems to be averse. But this enmity can be overcome by wise and salutary discipline in his tender years; when religion may and should be taught him, not as a disagreeable task, but a desirable enjoyment. This is the object which the author of the Sunday Library is studious to effect, and in which we sincerely trust she may succeed as she de

serves.

It may be right to add, that this volume, the precursor, we hope, of many as excellent, is brought out in the best style of printing and binding at a most reasonable price.

An Analysis of Butler's Analogy of Religion, Natural and Revealed. By the Rev. Richard Hobart, A.M. T.C.D. Dublin: Curry and Co. and Simpkin and Marshall, London. 1834. This little book will be found, we have no doubt, very useful in the place which it is intended to occupy, or, as it is modestly expressed in the preface, "where the abstruseness of the original work might render it less efficient, or even, in some degree, prevent its perusal." But we are inclined to go farther and say, notwithstanding the many weighty objections we have heard urged against it, that books of this description will bo found of no slight advantage, even to students of higher pretensions than those who merely wish to obtain a competent knowledge of their author, to pass an examination or to take a degree. To the latter class of persons, who are for the most part either unable or too idle to extract or arrange the pith of an author for themselves, a complete and clearly condensed analysis like the present is not merely useful but of primary importance. But to students of a higher order, we also think, books of this class may oftentimes be useful. No two minds receive the same impressions from the same author; passages which hardly strike one reader at all, will be observed and made use of by another, to paint the exact shade of the author's opinion. Remarks, analogies, and comparisons will be made by one, which will entirely escape the other; consequently a book of this sort, when written like the present, by one who has a deep, accurate, and philosophical knowledge of his author, will be found by the class of readers we allude to, highly useful, not as superseding the necessity of his own labour in reading and re-reading the author himself, but as supplying him with an arrangement of the same subject by another mind equally intent, with his own, on acquiring an intimate acquaintance with the same work.

We are not aware that there is any book of its kind so difficult to be properly analysed as Bishop Butler's Analogy. A book of such deep erudition--such accurate reasoning-so many various allusions to different systems of ethics, cannot be analysed by any mere cursory reader. It is a book, indeed, whose author and itself are equally raised above our humble commendation. To the analysis of such an author no slight talents are requisite ; and to his task Mr. Hobart has brought those of no mean order; if to this be added long attention to, and intimate knowledge of, the course of which the analogy forms a part, we shall by no means have ex

hausted the pretensions of Mr. Hobart to undertake the labour. We can safely recommend it as by far the best analysis we have seen. The neat manner in which it is brought out, the clearness of the type, and excellence of the paper, are highly creditable to the publishers, and afford a good specimen of what may now be done in Dublin in that line.

The Poems of William Drummond, of Hawthornden, with Life, by Peter Cunningham. London Cochrane and M'Crone, 1833.

Too much praise cannot be bestowed upon that species of literary exertion, becoming so common at present, which is devoted to what may be called the restoring of the best models of the ancient poetical school. The "furor" to which we have of late years been indebted for some of the most splendid productions of

the muse, has cooled considerably, and the attention is easily directed to the achievements of our earlier bards, from the somewhat languid effusions of our own times. This opening, as it were, of a new and valuable mine, may, we trust, be attended with all the success which its most eager advocates could anticipate; treasures are being daily brought to light, of which the present age scarce knew the existence; and the language of poetry promises to be at once improved and enriched by the exquisite and expressive phraseology of the olden time, which the bad taste of succeeding generations despised as being old fashioned, and consigned to disuse. To Mr. Cunningham, and all who, like him, bring their taste and ability to bear upon similar tasks, we would apply, with sincerity, the no trivial commendation of a master in the art.

The volume before us contains a most interesting biography of Drummond, to which our limits will not permit us to allude further than to say, that it is replete with valuable literary information, and forms an indispensable addition to the general contents of the work.

"The Wandering Muses, or the River of Forth feasting," is the most exquisitely wrought panegyric which it was ever the good fortune of a prince to receive. The sonnets are deservedly classed among the best specimens, either ancient or modern, They abound in classical allusions, and though they savour a good deal of the Italian model-Petrarch and Marino, and their French imitator, Bellai, having been among Drummond's guides, in most instances still the very quaintness of his imitations has its attractions. On the whole, this is a volume which should find its way into the library of every one who has any pretensions to literature, and any anxiety to form a correct poetical taste. We should be glad to find the talent of Mr. Cunningham exercised similarly upon as interesting and important a subject.

Literary Souvenir. By A. A. Watts. London,

1834.

We know not why this elegant volume has so great a power over our feelings; but such is the case: and yet no cause for wonder. Unassuming in its "coat of

Horat. Ep. ii. 2.

forest green," it relies on internal strength and beauty, and seeks to take the public eye, less by a passing gaudiness of livery than by elegance of style, superiority of illustrations, and sweetness of poetry.

Does the "gentle public" need a proof; nay, they shall have it then. The pens of the Howitts are here, and they write not to jar upon the senses; the pencils and burins of great men are employed to cater to the eye, while the delicious verses of the editor (Watts) flow in exquisite harmony on the ear; there are some lines of Alaric on the "Sister of Charity," which will chime in our memory for many a day. Mrs. Abdy has contributed some gems, and as a coup de grace upon our Irish friends, there are two tales founded on incidents in this country, partaking strongly of the spirit of their writers. The tale which has seized most strongly on our fancy is the " Eventful Passages in an Unhappy Life," of the deepest interest: but if we dwell on each article as it deserves, we shall not be published these six months, for each time we open the volume, a new turn in the tale, a fresh beauty in the illustrations, seizes our attention, and instead of quietly penning this slight token of our approbation, we shall continue to ponder over the fascinating pages of this best of Annuals, forgetful of duty and every thing, save our present delight.

Original Songs by Robert Gilfillan. Edinburgh: John Anderson; Whittaker and Treacher, London; James Burnet, Leith.

There is not a more exquisite collection of poetical gems to be met with, than the contents of this delightful volume. The modest and gifted author declines competition with those whom he conceives to be the unrivalled of his own native land-Burns, Tannahill, and Macneill, and others, still living, whose names we are left to divine. For quantity, Gilfillan may not have overtaken them yet-for the quality of the pieces which he has already composed, we place him second to none. That simplicity, which is justly ranked akin to the sublime, and which so eminently characterises the effusions of the Scottish bards, is as easily traceable in the poems before us, as in those of his better known, and, therefore, more talked of, competitors. But Gilfillan is not a poet of mere ephemeral repute; his fame is extending widely and deservedly, and

must eventually secure him a niche among the illustrious of his country. His productions are remarkable for great depth of feeling, a happy turn of thought, and highly musical expression. His forte is the tender; nothing can exceed his easy development and illustration of the passions and affections.

We cannot help extracting one of his poems, selected at random, so if it is not a favourite of his own, he must not be angry. The fact is, we are too enthusiastic about the whole, to be particular in proving the justice of what we have observed by bringing forward any precise portion of it. Our judgment of Gilfillan's claims upon the feeling and admiration of the public is not founded upon a single song or poem in his collection. We have passed some delightful hours over the book itself, between reading and musing, and as every succeeding ballad confirmed our first impressions, any one of them will prove that they are correct.