862. laeta parum: equivalent to tristior; too sad for a youth. The shade seems to have already a forecast of his brief life in the world above. deiecto-vultu: 'with downcast eyes.'

863. virum: i.e. the elder Marcellus. sic: as described in the foregoing words; arrayed in glittering arms, noble in appearance, and yet sad and dejected.

864. Filius? (is it) his son?' anne: ne is appended to an without affecting its meaning.

865. strepitus: the allusion is to the large retinue of friends and clients attending him, and to the crowds saluting him when seen in public at Rome. Aiready the spirits in Elysium, in anticipation, seem to bestow similar honors upon him. quantum instar in ipso: 'what majesty is his!' ipso in contrast with comitum.

866. nox: night hovers about him, casting the shadow of her wings upon his forehead, and thus prefiguring his early death.

867. ingressus: sc. dicere.

870. Esse: 'exist' or 'live.'

871. Visa (est): sc. futura. propria: 'enduring,' 'permanent.' Cf. 73. fuissent: would be future perfect in direct discourse; here pluperfect subjunctive because dependent upon the idea of thinking implied in the secondary tense, visa (est).

872. virum: as in I, 440, 507. The whole populace was assembled on the Campus Martius at the funeral of Marcellus. His remains were deposited in

the splendid mausoleum of Augustus, built five years before on the bank of the Tiber.

876. avos: i.e. the shades of the fathers.

878. Heu, etc.: alas that his piety, his faith, worthy of the golden age, and his warlike spirit, are destined to so brief a period for their display.

879-881. The subjunctive here denotes that Marcellus would have achieved much had the fates permitted him to live.

882. si qua: see note on I, 18.

883. Tu Marcellus eris: if you can but overcome the cruel decrees of fate, so as to live longer on earth, you will fully prove to the world by your actual achievements all the greatness that is inherent in your character; 'you will become that Marcellus' which the Roman world will expect to see unfold from your youthful promise. date lilia: Anchises is transported by his emotion to the scene which shall transpire centuries hence, and imagines himself scattering flowers before the tomb. Cf. V, 79.

885, 886. inani Munere: 'a vain office'; vain, because the dead receives no benefit from it.

887. Aēris: juin with campis; in the ample airy fields or grounds of Ely. sium, described above, II. 640 sqq.

890. Exin: for exinde; correlated to the foregoing postquam. 892. quo quemque modo: cf. III, 459.

893-896. This description of two gates by which dreams ascend to the upper world is derived by Virgil from the Odyssey, XIX, 562-567. It is inserted here by the poet, interrupting for a moment the regular narrative, in order to explain beforehand the expression porta eburna, which is to follow. 893. fertur: 'is reported,' 'said.'

Lower World

894. veris umbris: 'to real shades'; actual ghosts of the dead.

896. Sed, etc.: 'but (by this ivory gate, notwithstanding its beauty) the Manes send delusive dreams to the upper world (caelum).'

897-899. Anchises conducts Aeneas and the Sibyl to the ivory gate as the one which affords the easiest and quickest ascent to the upper world. They are thus saved the toil of reascending by the way they came, which according to the words of the Sibyl (11. 128, 129), would have been a work of great labor.

897. tum: connects this sentence with 1. 892, the narrative having been interrupted by the description of the two gates.

900. Caietae: on the coast between Naples and Terracina. 'straight along the shore.' Cf. VIII, 57.

recto litore:

BOOK VII

Arrival of Aeneas in Latium, and commencement of hostilities between the Latins and Trojans.

1-36. Aeneas buries his nurse on a promontory of Latium, which he names after her, Caieta. He then sails by the promontory of Circeium, the abode of the sorceress Circe, enters the mouth of the Tiber, and disembarks on the Laurentine bank of the river.

1. Tu quoque: 'thou also'; as well as Misenus and Palinurus. See VI, 234, 381. The place is still called Gaeta.

3. nunc: 'now'; even in the poet's times. sedem: for sepulcrum. The passage may be rendered, and even now thy honored name preserves the memory of thy resting place, and a name marks thy ashes.' The name Caieta

is the honos; this preserves the memory of her burial place. ossa que nomen signat: more distinctly expresses the idea in servat honos sedem.

10. Circaeae terrae: the promontory of Circeium, on the coast of Latium. 11. Solis filia: Circe.

11, 12. lucos resonat: 'makes the groves resound.'

13. nocturna in lumina: 'to illumine the night'; in

with the accusative denoting the object or end.

15. exaudiri: historical infinitive.

18. formae luporum: for lupi. Cf. V, 822.

21. Quae monstra talia: 'such fearful transformations as these.'

27. posuere : sc. se; were calmed.' Cf. X, 103.

28. tonsae: 'the oars.' Arbores is understood.

35. Flectere: instead of ut flectant.

37-44. Second invocation to the muse, at the opening of the second grand division of the poem, which describes the battles of the Trojans and Italians under Aeneas and Turnus. Fig. 60.- Erato

(1.37)

37. reges: e.g. Latinus, Turnus, and Mezentius. Erato: the name of one of the muses for the general term, muse. So often Calliope, Melpomene, etc. tempora rerum : 'circumstances'; 'aspect of things'; i.c. in Italy. Sc. fuerint.

42. actos animis: impelled by passion.'

45. moveo: 'I enter upon.' Cf. I, 262.

45-106. Latinus, the king of Latium, had an only daughter, whom his queen, Amata, had destined for the hand of Turnus, chief of the Rutulians. But before the arrival of the Trojans, Latinus had been warned by the oracle at Albunea that his daughter was to marry a foreign prince.

46. regebat: 'was ruling.'

47. Fauno: a deified prince of ancient Latium, regarded as a god of shepherds, as well as a god of prophecy. He was identified by the Greeks and later Romans with the Greek Pan. Marica: the guardian deity of the river Liris. She is here called Laurentian, or Latian, because Latium was bounded at one period by the Liris.

48. Accipimus: 'we learn' by tradition. No doubt this is a genuine Italian tradition, unmixed with the fables of the Greeks, which confounded Saturnus, Faunus, Mavors, and other Italian deities, with the Greek Kronos, Pan, Ares,

etc.

51. primaque — est: 'but he (proles virilis), when growing up, was snatched away in early youth.' -que has here a slight adversative force. 52. tantas sedes: 'so great a kingdom.' filia: Lavinia.

56. regia coniunx: Amata.

59. Laurus: as in the palace of Priam. See II, 512 sqq.

68. Externum: as the bees had come through the air, trans aethera, and not from the immediate neighborhood, the arrival of foreigners was portended; as they had settled upon the summit of the sacred laurel, this indicated the occupation of the palace and kingdom by the strangers.

69. partes easdem: 'the same quarter' to which the bees have directed their course.

70. dominarier: H. 244, 6; LM. 389; A. 128, c, 4; B. 116, 4, a; G. 130, 6; (H. 240, 6).

74, 75. ornatum, comas, coronam: 'in respect to her apparel,' etc., the accusative with a passive verb, in imitation of the Greek. See note on oculos, I, 228.

78. ferri: 'was noised abroad.'

79. canebant: 'they (i.e. the prophets) foretold.'

80. pcrtendere: 'that she was destined to bring.' Others trans., 'it portended.'

81. oracula Fauni: the oracle of Faunus was in a grove near the fountain of Albunea, a deified prophetess. To her a sulphurous fountain was consecrated near Tibur, but the place mentioned here may not have been so far away. The name is applied both to the nymph and the fountain.

82, 83. sub alta Albunea: i.e. under the height from which the fountain of Albunea descended.

83, 84. nemorum — sonat: the best interpretation seems to be to regard Albunea as the antecedent of quae, with maxima agreeing with it, and nemorum a partitive genitive depending on maxima. name of the locality — including the forest.

-

tion rising from the sulphurous fountain.

Albunea then is the general mephitim: the noxious exhala.

87. cum tulit-incubuit: this is a general account of the manner in which

this oracle gave the desired information; it was revealed to the priest by visions and voices while he was sleeping on the hides of the victims previously slain in sacrifice. In the present instance Latinus acted as priest himself; for in Latium the priestly office was a royal prerogative.

91. Acheronta: 'Acheron'; put for the powers of the lower world. Avernis: in Hades.'

97. mea: the voice is that of Faunus, the ancestor of Latinus.

104-147. While the Trojans are partaking of food on the shore, and using their loaves of bread for dishes on which to lay the gathered fruits, after the bread itself was finally eaten, Ascanius exclaims, “We are eating our tables!"—and thus the prediction of the Harpy and of Anchises is fulfilled.

109. adorea liba: 'wheaten loaves'; usually for sacrifice, but not here. 110. epulis: 'their food'; i.e. the sylvan fruits they have gathered in the neighborhood.

III. Cereale solum : the wheaten surface'; the wheaten table.

114, 115. orbem, quadris: describe the loaves, which were either circular, or stamped into squares.

119. Eripuit—pressit: 'the father caught the word instantly (primam) from the lips of (the boy) speaking, and, amazed by the divine revelation, followed up (the omen)'; i.e. with the words following.

123. Anchises: cf. III, 257, and note.

136. primam: 'first of the deities'; to be worshiped before all others on taking possession of a new land. Cf. primum, III, 437

139. Phrygiam Matrem: Cybele. See III, 111.

140. duplices parentes: 'his two parents'; Anchises in Hades and Venus in Olympus.

147. vina: i.e. the wine cups.

148-194. On the following day the Trojans explore the neighborhood of their camp around the Tiber and the Numicius, and Aeneas sends a hundred envoys to confer with King Latinus, while he commences the building of his new camp or city of Troy.

150. Diversi: 'in different directions.' haec stagna: sc. esse depending on explorant, or a verb implied in it; they ascertain that these are the still waters of the fountain Numicius.' The Numicius, or Numicus, a little stream on the coast of Latium, issues from a swamp.

154. ramis Palladis: with boughs sacred to Pallas'; the olive, emblema of peace. velatos: 'veiled'; it is used here not of wreaths bound round the head, but borne in the hand, because being carried in the hand, they shade the person. Cf. VIII, 116; XI, 101.