Besides the Classical and Gothic, there are five other stocks in Europe; or, changing the expression, the whole indigenous population of Europe may be thrown into seven groups. Three of these have already been mentioned-the Gothic, the Sarmatian, the Classical.

The fourth, the Keltic, comprises the ancient Gauls of Gallia, and the ancient Britons of England, as well as the present Bretons of Brittany, Welsh of Wales, Manxmen of the Isle of Man, and Gaels of Ireland and Scotland.

The Ugrians, or Finns, make the fifth group; and a large group it is. Besides which it is the only one common to Europe and Asia. Lapland, Finland, Esthonia, and Hungary, are the present Finn or Ugrian areas in Europe. Hungary, however, the Finn population is of recent introduction, the present Ugrian indigena being the Lapps, Finlanders, and Esthonians.

In

The Basques of the Pyrenees, the only remnants of the old Iberian population of Spain, form the sixth stock.

The Albanians of Albania the seventh.

The Turks of Turkey, and the Maltese, are not enumerated; not being indigenous.

§ X. VALUATION OF ETHNOLOGICAL

GROUPS BY THE WRITERS OF

ANTIQUITY.

It is not enough to know how a modern writer classifies the varieties of his species. The reader of Tacitus must try to ascertain the view that the ancients took of them. We must not be surprised to find it less scientific than our own.

Of the Classical stock they had a clear notion; i.e., they put at its full value the differences between the group to which they themselves belonged, and the groups to which the socalled Barbarians belonged. But this notion was clear in one direction only. It only comprehended the points of difference. The resemblances which brought the Slavonians and Goths into the same group with themselves—the group called Indo-European-were unknown.

Between a Goth, a Kelt, and a Sarmatian, in their more extreme forms, they also drew a clear distinction; although

their way of denoting it was less precise than our own, and not always expressed in the same terms.

Of the Ugrians they knew little. Nevertheless, Tacitus and others distinguish between the Finns and the Germans.

The Albanians, I think, were distinguished from the Greeks clearly; but from the nations on their northern frontier indistinctly. The term Illyrian comprises the Albanians, and something more.

The Iberians were clearly distinguished from all other stocks but the Keltic-from that indistinctly.

Upon the whole, the ancients may be said to have overvalued the difference between themselves and the other six stocks, and to have undervalued the difference between the other groups of Europe; and this is just what the Spaniards and English did and do with the present American aborigines.

These observations have been made upon the assumption that the only point which required illustration was the extent to which the ancients and moderns differed in their views of the same phenomena; an assumption which supposes that the number of stocks at the beginning of the historical period was neither more nor less than it is at present, and that their mutual relations were the same. This, however, may not have been the case. Stocks may have become extinct; or, instead of the broad and trenchant lines of demarcation which now separate the great groups from each other, there may have been a series of imperceptible transitions. In either of these cases it would be incorrect to say that the modern view is more scientific than the ancient. The latter, instead of seeing the same things in a different light, may have seen a different state of things.

§ XI. ON CERTAIN ISOLATED MEMBERS OF THE GERMAN FAMILY

-REAL OR SUPPOSED.

The connexion of the American with the Englishman is clear. Nearly as clear is that between the Englishman and the German. In either case there has been a continuous extension of the original population; and that within the period of clear and authentic history.

But what if we found Englishmen in countries which no Englishman was known to have invaded? isolated Englishmen? Englishmen cut off from the rest of their nation and language? In this case we should have a truly ethnological fact; since history, properly so called, would be silent.

Or what if we found apart from the other Germans, similarly isolated populations, whose language was indeed German, but of an uncertain affinity-connected with the Dutch as much as the English, the Norse as much as the Frisian.

What if the language were lost, and nothing but similarity of manners, or some vague tradition connected them with the assumed parent stock?

The problem would become still more complicated.

Now such problems really exist. There are Goths beyond the pale of England, America, Germany, and Scandinavia. They require notice.

1. The Germans of the Vicentine.- Two (perhaps more) passages mention the reception, on the part of Theodoric the Ostro-Goth, of certain Alemannic Germans, within the boundaries of Italy. One is a letter of his own to Clovis :"Motus vestros in fessas reliquias temperate: quia jure gratiæ merentur evadere, quos ad parentum vestrorum defen sionem respicitis confugisse. Estote illis remissi, qui nostris finibus celantur exterriti."—Cassiod. Variar. ii. 41.

The other is from the Panegyric of Ennodius:-" Quid quod a te Alamanniæ generalitas intra Italiæ terminos sine detrimento Romanæ possessionis inclusa est? cui evenit habere regem, postquam meruit perdidisse. Facta est Latiaris custos imperii semper nostrorum populatione grassata. Cui

feliciter cessit fugisse patriam suam, nam sic adepta est soli nostri opulentiam."

At the present moment the Sette communi near Verona, and the Tredice communi near Vicenza, are inhabited by an isolated population, whose language is a peculiar, and insufficiently studied, dialect of the German-apparently of the High-German division. The Alemanni of the time of Theodoric are the Germans, whom this settlement is most generally supposed to represent.

2. The Germans of the Crimea.- Procopius mentions under the name of Γότθοι Τετραξῖται, a small Gothic population on the Palus Mæotis Η Μαιώτις καλουμένη λίμνη ἐς τὴν ἀκτὴν πόντου τοῦ Εὐξείνου τὰς ἐκβολὰς ποιεῖται . παρὰ δὲ τὸν χῶρον αὐτὸν, ὅθεν ἡ τῆς λίμνης ἐκβολὴ ἄρχεται, Γότθοι οἱ Τετραξῖται καλούμενοι ᾤκηνται, οὐ πολλοὶ ὄντες.—Bell. Goth. iv. 4.

He praises the bravery with which they withstood the Utuguri.*

In the following extract the Αβασγοί are the Circassians with whom these Goths came more in contact than any other Europeans :-Εἴτε δὲ τῆς Ἀρείου δόξης ἐγένοντό ποτε οἱ Γότθοι οὗτοι, ὥσπερ καὶ τὰ ἄλλα Γοτθικὰ ἔθνη, εἴτε καὶ ἄλλο τι ἀμφὶ τῇ δόξῃ αὐτοῖς ἤσκητο, οὐκ ἔχω εἰπεῖν, ἐπεὶ οὐδὲ αὐτοὶ ἴσασιν, ἀλλ ̓ ἀφελεία τε τανῦν καὶ ἀπραγμοσύνῃ πολλῇ τιμῶσι τὴν δόξαν. Οὗτοι ὀλίγῳ πρότερον (λέγω δὲ, ἡνίκα πρῶτόν τε καὶ εἰκοστὸν ἔτος Ἰουστινιανὸς βασιλεὺς τὴν αὐτοκράτορα εἶχεν ἀρχὴν) πρέσβεις τέτταρας ἐς Βυζάν τιον ἔπεμψαν, ἐπίσκοπον σφίσι τινὰ δεόμενοι δοῦναι· ἐπεὶ ὅστις μὲν αὐτοῖς ἱερεὺς ἦν, τετελευτήκει οὐ πολλῷ πρότερον. Ἔγνωσαν δὲ ὡς καὶ Ἀβασγοῖς ἱερέα βασιλεὺς ἔπεμψε, καὶ αὐτοῖς προθυμότατα Ἰουστινιανὸς βασιλεὺς ἐπιτελῆ ποιήσας τὴν δέησιν ἀπεπέμψατο.—Bell. Goth. iv. 4.

In the eighth century they withstand the Khazars:Οὗτος ὁ ὅσιος πατὴρ ἡμῶν Ἰωάννης ἐπίσκοπος ἦν Γοτθίας ἐπὶ Κωνσταντίνου καὶ Λέοντος τῶν βασιλέων, ὁρμώμενος ἐκ τῆς περατικῆς τῶν Ταυροσκυθῶν γῆς, τῆς ὑπὸ τὴν χώραν τῶν Γότθων τελούσης, ἐμπορίου λεγομένου Παρθενιτῶν,

* Probably allied to the Huns.

Λέοντος καὶ Φωτεινῆς υἱὸς γεγονώς... ὁ δὲ ὅσιος οὗτος ἐπίσκοπος Ιωάννης μετὰ ταῦτα μετὰ τοῦ ἰδίου λαοῦ τοῖς ἄρχουσι τῶν Χαζάρων ἐξεδόθη, διὰ τὸ συσταθῆναι αὐτῷ τῷ κυρίῳ Γοτθίας, καὶ τοῖς ἄρχουσιν αὐτοῦ καὶ παντὶ τῷ λαῷ, πρὸς τὸ μὴ κατακυριεῦσαι τῆς χώρας αὐτῶν τοὺς εἰρημένους Χαζάρους. Ἀποστείλας γὰρ ὁ Χαγάνος παρέλαβε τὸ κάστρον αὐτῶν τὸ λεγόμενον Δορὸς, θέμενος ἐν αὐτῷ φύλακας τοξάτους, οὓς καὶ ἐξεδίωξεν ὁ εἰρημένος ὅσιος ἐπίσκοπος μετὰ τοῦ λαοῦ αὐτοῦ, καὶ τὰς χλησούρας ἐκράτησεν.—Vit. S. Joannis, ex Cod. Vatic. ap. Boll. Jun. 5, 190, 191.

A.D. 1255, they spoke German :-"Il y a des grands promontoires ou caps sur cette mer depuis Kersona jusqu'aux embouchures du Tanais et environ quarante châteaux entre Kersona et Soldaia, dont chacun a sa langue particulière. Il y a aussi plusieurs Goths, qui retiennent encore la langue Allemande."-Reis. Rubruquis.

So they did in 1436:-" Dritto dell' isola di Capha d' intorno, ch'è su 'l mar maggiore, si truoua la Gothia, e poi l' Alania, laqual và per l'isola verso Moncastro.. Gothi parlano in Todesco. So questo, perche havendo un famiglio Todesco con me, parlauano insieme et intendeuansi assai ragioneuolmente, cosi come s'intenderia un Furlano con un Fiorentino."-Josafa Barbaro.

A.D. 1557-1564, Busbequius describes the appearance of one of them as "procerior, toto ore ingenuam quandam simplicitatem præ se ferens, ut Flander videretur aut Batavus.” He further learned-" gentem esse bellicosam, quæ complures pagos hodieque incoleret, ex quibus Tartarorum regulus, cum expediret, octingentos pedites sclopetarios scriberet, præcipuum suarum copiarum firmamentum: primarias eorum urbes alteram Mancup vocari, alteram Sciuarin."

Finally, he gives a short vocabulary of their language.— See Legatio Turcica.

The nearest representatives of the proper Goths of the Lower Danube are these Goths of the Crimea, whose language is now said to be extinct, but who require further investigation.

The Germans of both the Vicentine and the Crimea are well authenticated, and unequivocally Germanic populations. This is not the case with