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BOOK III.

Pt. I. Ch. I. a D. 1, 8, 6, 1.

See Maine, 'Early Law and Custom,' ch. iii.

all, and thus called 'res communes,' or are designed for public use' res publicae,' in a twofold sense."

Et quidem naturali iure communia sunt omnium haec aer et aqua profluens et mare et per hoc litora maris.-Est autem litus maris, quatenus hibernus fluctus maxime excurrit.— §§ 1, 3, I. h. t.'

Scaev. In litore iure gentium aedificare licere, nisi usus publicus impediretur.-D. 43, 8, 4.2

Marcian. in tantum, ut et soli domini constituantur, qui ibi aedificant, sed quamdiu aedificium manet.-1. 6 pr., D. h. t.3

(2) Or because they are devoted to religious purposes, or have been consecrated by a religious act,— res divini iuris,' whether 'sacrae,'' sanctae,' or ' religiosae.'

Gai. ii. §§ 4-5: Sacrae sunt, quae Diis superis consecratae sunt; religiosae, quae Diis Manibus relictae sunt.-Sed sacrum quidem hoc solum existimatur, quod ex auctoritate populi Romani consecratum est, veluti lege de ea re lata aut senatusconsulto facto."

Sacra sunt, quae rite et per pontifices deo consecrata sunt, veluti aedes sacrae et dona, quae rite ad ministerium dei dedicata sunt.-§ 8, I. h. t.

1 Now by the Law of Nature the following things are common to every one: the air, flowing water, and the sea, and consequently the shores of the sea.-The sea-shore extends as far as the highest winter-tide goes out.

2 By the i. g. one is allowed to build upon the shore, unless the use by the public be thereby prevented.

3 -so that even those building there become sole owners, but only so long as the structure remains.

4 Things sacred are those which have been consecrated to the gods above; things religious those which have been given up to departed spirits. But that alone is accounted sacred which has been consecrated by authority of the Roman people, as if a statute have been passed, or by a decree of the senate, concerning such matter.

Now sanctuaries are such things as solemnly and by the

Gai. ii. § 6: Religiosum vero nostra voluntate facimus, mortuum inferentes in locum nostrum, si modo eius mortui funus ad nos pertineat.1

Ibid. § 8: Sanctae quoque res, velut muri et portae, quodammodo divini iuris sunt.2

:

Marcian. Sanctum est, quod ab iniuria hominum defensum atque munitum est.-1. 8 pr., D. h. t.3

3

Ulp. Purus locus dicitur, qui neque sacer neque sanctus est neque religiosus.-D. 11, 7, 2, 4.*

4

These res extra commercium' can in no wise be object of private rights and of private dispositions, so long as they are not restored to private commerce by a special legal act.

Ulp. Bona civitatis abusive publica dicta sunt, sola enim publica sunt, quae populi Romani sunt.-D. 50, 16, 15."

Flumina [paene] omnia et portus publica sunt: ideoque ius piscandi omnibus commune est in portu fluminibusque.-§ 2, I. h. t. Cf. Marcian. in l. 4, § 1, D. h. t.

Gai. Riparum usus publicus est iure gentium

pontifices have been set apart to God; e.g., sacred houses, and presents which have been solemnly designed for the service of God.

1 But we can of our own will make a place belonging to us religious by conveying a corpse into it, provided the interment of such corpse devolves upon us.

Hallowed places also, such as walls and gates, in a manner appertain to divine law.

That is hallowed which has been secured and protected against illegal acts of men.

4 Such a place is called 'pure' as is neither sacred, nor hallowed, nor religious.

5 Improperly has property of a city been called 'public,' for things are alone public that belong to the Roman people.

6 [Almost] all rivers and harbours are public; therefore the right of fishing in harbours and rivers is common to all persons.

BOOK III.

Pt. I. Ch. I.

BOOK III. Pt. I. Ch. I.

a =quamcumque rem, si scias eius etc. v. add.: emptionem esse.

sicut ipsius fluminis. . . . Sed proprietas illorum est, quorum praediis haerent.-1. 5 pr., D. h. t.'

Ulp. Loca publica utique privatorum usibus deserviunt, iure scilicet civitatis non quasi propria cuiusque.-D. 43, 8, 2, 2.2

:

Papin. Si res non in usu publico sed in patrimonio fisci erit, venditio eius valebit.—D. 18, 1, 72, 1.3

Pomp. Celsus ait, hominem librum scientem te emere non posse, nec cuiuscumque rei, si scias. alienationem (non) esse," ut sacra et religiosa loca aut quorum commercium non sit, ut publica, quae non in pecunia populi sed in publico usu habeantur, ut est campus Martius.—1. 6 pr. eod.*

§ 71. RES MOBILES-IMMOBILES.

'Res mobiles' are all movables, inclusive of things which are readily set in motion.

Cels. Moventium item mobilium appellatione idem significamus, nisi tamen apparet defunctum animalia dumtaxat, quia se ipsa moverent, moventia vocasse.-1. 93, de V. S. 50, 16.5

1 The use of river-banks is public according to the i. g., as of the river itself.-But the ownership therein belongs to them with whose lands it is in contact.

The public places serve also for private use, that is, by virtue of the right of the State, not as though belonging properly to any one.

If a thing be not public, but the property of the treasury, the sale thereof will be valid.

4 Cel. says you cannot knowingly purchase a freeman, nor anything whatever if you know it to be unsaleable; as sacred and religious places, or those which do not admit of being traded with, as public places which do not belong to the public purse but are regarded as put to public use, such as the Campus Martius.

5 And further, by the designation moventia and mobilia we denote the same thing unless, however, it appear that the deceased spoke only of animals as moving by reason of their setting themselves in motion.

'Res immobiles' are ground and soil, and whatever is attached thereto. (Solum et res soli, i.e. solo cohaerentes.)

(1) Special parts of the soil are: fundus' (praedium); 'ager' and 'area'; 'villa' and 'aedes.'

Iavol. Fundus est omne quidquid solo tenetur; ager est, si species fundi ad usum hominis. comparatur.-1. 115 eod.'

Ulp. Locus est non fundus, sed portio aliqua fundi, fundus autem integrum aliquid est; et plerumque sine villa locum' accipimus. . Non magnitudo 'locum' a 'fundo' separat, sed nostra affectio: et quaelibet portio fundi poterit fundus dici, si iam hoc constituerimus; nec non et fundus locus' constitui potest: nam si eum alii adiunxerimus fundo, locus fundi efficietur.-§ Sed fundus quidem suos habet fines; locus vero latere potest, quatenus determinetur et definiatur.—1. 60 pr., § 2 eod.2

Flor. Fundi appellatione omne aedificium et omnis ager continetur; sed in usu urbana aedificia aedes, rustica villae dicuntur. Locus vero sine aedificio in urbe area, rure autem ager appellatur. Idemque ager cum aedificio fundus dicitur.—1. 2II eod.3

a

BOOK III.

Pt. I. Ch. I.

by a Dirksen, s. v.

1 Fundus is everything whatsoever that is comprised ground. An ager exists if some kind of fundus be adapted to human use.

2 Locus is not a fundus, but a certain part of a fundus; whilst a fundus is some whole; and generally we understand by it a place without a country house. . . . It is not the great size↳ Infra. which distinguishes a 'locus' from a 'fundus,' but our disposition; and every part of a fundus can be called a fundus, if we have so already determined. Indeed, one can also make a fundus into a locus, for if we shall have added it to another fundus, a 'place' of the fundus will be created.—But whilst a fundus has its boundaries, the scope of the limitation and marking out of a locus may be beyond discovery.

Under the designation fundus is included every building and field; but by habit we call town-buildings aedes, country-buildings villae. But a place without a building is in the town called

BOOK III.

Pt. 1. Ch. I.

(2) Estates are divided, according to their agricultural purpose, into 'praedia rustica' and 'praedia urbana.'

...

Ulp. Urbana praedia omnia aedificia accipimus, non solum ea quae sunt in oppidis, sed et si forte stabula sunt vel alia meritoria in villis, vel praetoria voluptati tantum deservientia, quia urbanum praedium non locus facit, sed materia. Proinde hortos quoque, si qui sunt in aedificiis constitui, dicendum est urbanorum appellatione contineri; plane si plurimum horti in reditu sunt, vinearii forte vel etiam olitorii, magis haec non sunt urbana.-1. 198 eod.'

(3) Of special importance in the older Roman Law is the division of 'solum Italicum' and 'solum provinciale' (praedia stipendaria, tributaria), the latter of which was conceived of as property of the State, and to it the legal relations of the ius civile were not applicable.

Gai. ii. § 7 In provinciali solo . . . dominium populi Romani est vel Caesaris, nos autem possessionem tantum et usumfructum habere videmur.2

Ibid. ii. § 21-provincialia praedia, quoruni alia stipendiaria, alia tributaria vocamus: stipendiaria sunt ea, quae in his provinciis sunt, quae

an area, but in the country an ager. And again, an ager with a building is called a fundus.

1 By town-houses we understand all buildings, not only those that are in towns, but it may be also stables or other quarters amongst homesteads, or stately buildings serving alone for pleasure, because it is not the place, but the character, that makes an estate urban. Wherefore, if any gardens also are situated amongst buildings, we must state that they are comprised under the designation of things urban; certainly if gardens are for the most part in produce, vineyards it may be, or even kitchen gardens, these are rather not urban.

2 On provincial soil, the ownership belongs to the Roman people or to the Emperor, whilst we are considered to have only the possession and the enjoyment.

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