BOOK III. Pt. 1. Ch. 11. Flor. Eius rei stipulatio, quam acceptilatio sequatur, a Gallo Aquilio talis exposita est: "Quidquid te mihi ex quacumque causa dare facerc oportet oportebit praesens in diemve, quarumque rerum mihi tecum actio quaeque adversus te petitio vel adversus te persecutio est eritve, quodve tu meum habes tenes possides: quanti quaeque earum rerum res erit, tantam pecuniam dari stipulatus est A. As spopondit Ns. N.; quod N°. N. Ao. Ao promisit spopondit, id haberetne a se acceptum Ns. N. Am. Am. rogavit. As. A. N°. N°. acceptum fecit.'-1. 18, § 1, D. h. t.ala cf. I. 3, 29, 2. The pactum de non petendo' (informal agreement for release) confers upon the debtor, as a rule, only cf. D. 13, 1, an exceptio to the action. 7 pr. Fest. s. Iniuria.' D. Paul. Quaedam actiones per pactum ipso iure 47, 10, 11, 1. tolluntur, ut iniuriarum, item furti.-1. 17, 1, 89, 119. D. de pact. 2, 14.2 Pap. Naturalis obligatio iusto pacto ipso iure tollitur, quod vinculum aequitatis, quo A distinction is made between pactuin de non petendo in rem and in personam. 1 A stipulation of the kind that is followed by acceptilatio has been drawn up by Gall. Aquil. as follows: What you should or will have to give or do to me, now or under a temporal condition, and such matters in respect of which I shall have an action against you, whatever is or shall be my claim against you, or proceedings against you, or what you have, hold, or possess of mine, for so much as each of these things shall be worth, for the payment of so much money has A. A. stipulated and N. N. given his undertaking. What N. N. has promised and undertaken to A. A., N. N. has asked A. A. whether he acknowledged the same; A. A. has acknowledged it. 2 Some actions are ipso iure extinguished by bargain, as those about outrage, and theft likewise. 3 A natural obligation is extinguished ipso iure by a lawful agreement, because the bond of equity by which alone it was maintained is unloosed by the equity of a convention. Gai. iv. 116, sq., BOOK III. Pt. 1. Ch. II. Cf. § 28. Ulp. Pactorum quaedam in rem sunt, quaedam in personam in rem sunt, quotiens generaliter paciscor, ne petam; in personam, quotiens ne a persona petam, id est ne a Lucio Titio petam. Utrum autem in rem an in personam pactum factum est, minus ex verbis quam ex mente convenientium aestimandum est.-1. 7, § 8, D. de pact.' A further distinction obtains between pactum de non petendo in certum tempus (agreement for respite) and in perpetuum.a Gai. iv. § 122: Dilatoriae exceptiones sunt, quae ad tempus valent, veluti illius pacti conventi quod factum est verbi gratia, ne intra quinquennium peteretur, finito enim eo tempore non habet locum exceptio. By an informal agreement (contrarius consensus s. mutuus dissensus), all obligations contracted nudo consensu can be extinguished before they have yet been performed by either party. 1 3 Paul. Emptio et venditio sicut consensu contrahitur, ita contrario consensu resolvitur antequam fuerit res secuta.-1. 3, D. de resc. vend. 18, 5.3 Si Titius et Seius inter se consenserunt, ut fundum Tusculanum emptum Seius haberet cen Some agreements relate to the thing, some to the person. Those are in rem whenever I undertake in general not to sue; in personam, whenever it is that I will not sue the (particular) person, i.e., that I will not sue L. T. But whether an agree ment has been made in rem or in personam is to be gathered rather from the language than from the intention of the parties thereto. 2 Dilatory pleas are those which hold good for a time; as for example, that of a covenant that no claim shall be made for, say, five years; for at the end of such time a plea is inadmissible. A purchase and sale, just as it is contracted by consent, so, before fulfilment, it is again dissolved by an agreement to the opposite effect. Pt. I. Ch. 11. tum aureorum, deinde re nondum secuta (i.e. BOOK III. : Pomp.:-post pretium solutum infectam emptionem facere non possumus.-1. 2, de resc. vend.2 Ner. Ab emptione venditione locatione conductione ceterisque similibus obligationibus quin integris omnibus consensu eorum, qui inter se obligati sint, recedi possit, dubium non est. . . . Nec quidquam interest, utrum integris omnibus, in quae obligati essemus, conveniret, ut ab eo negotio discederetur, an in integrum restitutis his, quae ego tibi praestitissem, consentiremus, ne quid tu mihi eo nomine praestares.-1. 58, de pact.3 $142. NOVATIO.a a Cf. Pollock, NOVATIO, occupying a middle place between 'solutio' sq.; Bell, s. and the agreement for release, is the extinction of an 1 If Tit. and Sejus have agreed together that Sej. should purchase the Tusculan estate for one hundred aurei, and then while the matter is still inchoate (i.e., before the price has been paid, or the land delivered) they consent to a withdrawal from this buying and selling, they are mutually released. The same holds in respect of letting and hiring and all contracts which spring from consent. 2 We cannot undo the purchase after payment made of the purchase-money. 3 There is no doubt but that by the consent of those who have mutually bound themselves we can withdraw from a purchase and sale, letting and hiring, and all like obligations, if everything remain in the same state. . . . And it makes no matter whether an agreement has been made that we should withdraw from such transaction when all as to which we were bound remained unfulfilled, or whether it was after the return of what I performed for you we agreed that you should do nothing for me in that behalf. 'Novation.' Pt. I. Ch. II. a § 119. BOOK III. obligation by entering into a verborum obligatio (stipulatio debiti)—or into a literarum obligatioa— which relates to the object of the previous obligation (id quod debetur), and has to take its place; so that, consequently, a new causa debendi' is constituted for This must not an already existing debt. be confounded with the cases in D. 41, 1, 9, 5; 6, 2, 9, I (§ 89); and D. 17, 1, 34 pr., 12, 1, 15 (§ 120). Cf. Vat. fgm. 263; D. 39, 5, 21, I; and inf. 144, ad init. 6 Ulp. Novatio est prioris debiti in aliam obligationem, vel civilem vel naturalem, transfusio atque translatio, hoc est cum ex praecedenti causa ita nova constituatur, ut prior perimatur; novatio enim a novo nomen accipit et a nova obligatione. -1. I pr., D. h. t. (de novat. 46, 2).' The novating, or substituted, obligation (stipulatio) can be created between the same persons, as: 'Quidquid te mihi ex empto dare facere oportet, tantam pecuniam mihi dare spondes ?'; or between the previous creditor and a new debtor, which is so-called expromissio, as: Quod Titius mihi debet, id tu mihi dare spondes?'; or finally, between the previous debtor and a new creditor, to whom the debtor is delegated, or assigned, by the previous creditor, which is delegatio in the narrower sense, as: Quod Titio debes, id mihi dare spondes?'c Gai. iii. § 176: Praeterea novatione tollitur obligatio, veluti si quod tu mihi debeas a Titio dari stipulatus sim: nam interventu interventu novae personae nova nascitur obligatio et prima tollitur translata in posteriorem.* Ulp. Non tamen si quis stipuletur, quod mihi debetur, aufert mihi actionem, nisi ex voluntate Novatio is the commutation and transformation of an earlier debt into another obligation, either one of civil or natural Law, that is, if from a pre-existing title a new one is so formed that the earlier one is destroyed. For novation has its name a novo (from what is new) and from the new obligation. 2 An obligation is, besides, dissolved by novation; for example, if I stipulate for the payment by Tit. of what you owe to me; for a fresh obligation arises by the introduction of a new person, and the first one is dissolved by being transferred into the later one. mea stipuletur; liberat autem me is, qui quod a BOOK III. Pt. 1. Ch. II. extract below (ibid.). Id. Delegare est vice sua alium reum dare Compare creditori, vel cui iusserit.-1. II pr. eod. The following are the requisites of Novation. (1) Every obligation, civil or natural, can be novated. Ulp. Illud non interest qualis praecessit obligatio, utrum naturalis an civilis an honoraria, et utrum verbis an re an consensu ; qualiscumque igitur obligatio sit, quae praecessit, novari verbis. potest dummodo sequens obligatio aut civiliter teneat aut naturaliter, ut puta si pupillus sine tutoris auctoritate promiserit.—1. 1, § 1, D. h. t.3 (2) The pre-existing (praecedens, prior) obligation is only destroyed, if a new (posterior), valid, although inoperative, obligation obtains. Pomp.: Novatio non potest contingere ea stipulatione, quae non committitur.-1. 24 eod.* Gai. iii. 176: -prima tollitur translata Sc. obligatio. in posteriorem, adeo ut interdum licet posterior stipulatio inutilis est, tamen prima novationis iure tollatur; veluti si quod mihi debes, a Titio post mortem eius vel a muliere pupillove sine. tutoris auctoritate stipulatus fuero: quo casu rem 1 But he who stipulates for that which is owing to me does not deprive me of an action, unless he stipulate by my consent; but he that promises what I owe, even against my will, releases me. 2 To delegate is to give in one's own place another debtor to the creditor, or to whom he shall direct. It makes no difference what obligation has preceded, whether one by natural or civil Law, or a magisterial one, and whether it rested upon words, or a thing, or consent. Of whatever kind, therefore, the obligation was that preceded, it can be novated by words, provided the subsequent obligation binds either by civil or by natural Law; as for example, if a ward has made a promise without his guardian's sanction. A novation cannot come about by such stipulation as is not enforced. |