Imp. Ant. Pius: Cautio ratihabitionis tunc exigitur a procuratore, quotiens incertum est, an ei mandatum est.-C. 2, 12, I.' Ulp. ex parte actoris in iudicium deducunt : procurator cui mandatum est, tutor, curator furiosi vel pupilli, actor municipum.-D. 44, 2, II, 7.2 Gai. iv. § 99: Tutores et curatores eo modo quo et pro curatores satisdare débere, verba edicti faciunt; sed aliquando illis satisdatio remittitur.3 Ulp. Vulgo observatur, ne tutor caveat ratam rem pupillum habiturum, quia rem in iudicium. deducit.-D. 26, 7, 23.* Id. Licet verum procuratorem in iudicio rem deducere verissimum est, tamen et si quis, cum procurator non esset, litem sit contestatus, deinde ratum dominus habuerit, videtur retro res in iudicium recte deducta.-D. 5, 1, 56.* a BOOK IV. Chapter 11. Moreover, the defendant could by a plea (exceptio cognitoria, procuratoria) rebut the representative that was not qualified," or was not authorised (falsus pro- §§ 57, 194 curator)—as in fact not having legitimatio ad causam ' -without in the latter case prejudice being done to the claim of the party entitled to the action (dominus) by the absolution of the defendant." Security for ratification is required from a procurator when ever it is doubtful whether he has a commission. 2 On the part of the plaintiff, the matter is carried before the iudex by a procurator with a commission, a tutor, a curator of a madman or ward, the representative of a municipality. The words of the Edict require that tutors and curators should give security in the same manner as procuratores, but sometimes security is waived in their case. It is commonly ruled that a guardian need not give security for the ward's ratification of his acts because of his taking proceedings. Although it is perfectly true that one who is really a procurator can carry a suit before the iudex, yet if any one, not a procurator, has raised the issue, and the principal has subsequently given his ratification, it is considered retrospectively that the matter was rightly carried before the iudex. Cf. Gai. iv. § 123. BOOK IV. Chapter 11. 4 Cf. § 200. Gai. iv. 124: Non solum autem ex tempore, sed etiam ex persona dilatoriae exceptiones intelliguntur, quales sunt cognitoriae veluti si is qui per edictum cognitorem dare non potest, per cognitorem agat, vel dandi quidem cognitoris ius habeat, sed cum det cui non licet cognituram suscipere: nam si obiiciatur exceptio cognitoria, si ipse talis erit, ut ei non liceat cognitorem dare, ipse agere potest; si vero cognitori non liceat cognituram suscipere, per alium cognitorem aut per semet ipsum habet agendi potestatem, et tam hoc vel illo modo evitare potest exceptionem ; quodsi dissimulaverit eam et per cognitorem egerit, rem perdit.' THE PARTES FORMULAE. $197. THE ORDINARY CONSTITUENTS. Every normal formula necessarily consisted of two parts the intentio, that is, the statement of the plaintiff, which has to be confirmed by the judgesometimes the signification of the legal claim in dispute, at other times the assertion of a definite fact that originates a right "-as the condition of the condemnation of the defendant; and the condemnatio, the conditional instructions for condemnation (and absolution), which at the same time gives precision to the object of the condemnation. According as the intentio relates 1 Dilatory pleas are regarded as relating not merely to time, but also to the person, of which sort are those affecting cognitores, as in the case of a person who by the Edict cannot nominate a cognitor, and yet takes proceedings by one, or in the case of a man who has the right of nominating a cognitor, but nominates a person unsuitable for the office: for if an exceptio cognitoria is raised, and the principal is not entitled to nominate a cognitor, he can sue in person; whilst if the cognitor cannot lawfully undertake the office, the principal has full power to sue either by means of another cognitor or in person. By either of these ways he can avoid the plea; but if he make light of it and sue by the cognitor, he loses the cause. a BOOK IV. Chapter 11. to a real right belonging to the plaintiff, or the delivery of a certain thing or sum of money, or to a performance to be ascertained by the judge "a dis- « ct. § 105. tinction is made between a certa' and an 'incerta' formula. The latter, besides the intentio, contained at demonstratio setting forth the legal ground of the claim (i.e., the juristic fact originating the claim). The intentio-associated with the demonstratio, which with it constitutes a united whole-as the adequate formal expression for the right maintained by the plaintiff, and to be proved in iudicio, formed the basis of the whole system of Procedure and was decisive for the result of the proceedings. In respect of the so- Cf. § 202. called 'iudicia divisoria,' an adiudicatio was associated with the condemnatio. Gai. iv. §§ 39-44: Partes autem formularum hae sunt demonstratio, intentio, adiudicatio, condemnatio. § Demonstratio est ea pars formulae, quae ideo inseritur, ut demonstretur res de qua agitur, velut haec pars formulae: QVOD AVLVS AGERIVS NVMERIO NEGIDIO HOMINEM VENDIDIT § Intentio est ea pars formulae, qua actor BOOK IV. Chapter II. "Sc. in formulis. ABSOLVE. -§ Non tamen istae omnes partes simul inveniuntur, sed quaedam inveniuntur quaedam non inveniuntur: certe intentio aliquando sola invenitur, sicut in praeiudicialibus formulis, qualis est qua quaeritur, aliquis libertus sit, vel quanta dos sit, et aliae complures; demonstratio autem et adiudicatio et condemnatio nunquam solae inveniuntur.' When condemnation ensued, it was always for a sum of money. According as its extent was alleged in the condemnatio as part of the formula itself, or was left to the finding and settlement by the judge, a 1 Now the parts of a formula are these: the 'demonstratio,' the 'intentio,' the' adiudicatio' and the 'condemnatio.' § The demonstratio is that part of a formula which is inserted for the purpose of setting forth what is the matter in issue; as for instance, this part of a formula: 'Whereas Aul. Ager. sold a slave to Numer. Negid.'-§ The intentio is that part of a formula in which the plaintiff embodies his demand; as for instance, this part of a formula: 'If it appear that Num. Neg. ⚫ught to give to Aul. Ag. 10,000 sesterces.' Or this: Whatever it appears that Num. Neg. ought to give or do for Aul. Ag. Or this: 'If it appear that the slave Stichus belongs to Aul. Ag. by Quiritarian Law.' § The adiudicatio is that part of a formula in which the iudex is empowered to adjudge something to one of the litigants; as for example, in the suit between co-heirs for partition of the inheritance, or between partners for a division of the partnership property, or between neighbours for a settlement of boundaries. For here the formula runs thus: 'Let the iudex adjudge to Tit. as much as ought to be adjudged.' § The condemnatio is that part of a formula in which the iudex is empowered to condemn or acquit, as for example, this part of a formula: Iudex, condemn Num. Neg. to pay 10,000 sesterces to Aul. Ag.; if it do not appear (that the case is proven) acquit him.' § But all these parts are not constantly found together in the same formula, but some are found and some are not. The 'intentio' is certainly sometimes found alone, as in pre-judicial formulae; such, for instance, as that wherein the question is whether a person is a freedman, or what is the amount of a marriage portion, and many others. But the demonstratio,' the 'adiudicatio' and the 'condemnatio' are never found alone. distinction was made between condemnatio certae and incertae pecuniae." a BOOK IV. Chapter 11. Gai. iv. §§ 48-52: Omnium autem formu- « cf. § 112; larum, quae condemnationem habent, ad pecu- Gai. iii. 224; niariam aestimationem condemnatio concepta 176. est; itaque et si corpus aliquod petamus, veluti fundum hominen vestem aurum argentum, iudex non ipsam rem condemnat eum, cum quo actum est, sicut olim fieri solebat, sed aestimata re pecuniam eum condemnat. § Condemnatio autem vel certae pecuniae in formula ponitur vel incertae. Certae pecuniae in ea formula qua certam pecuniam petimus-[v. § 43]. § Incertae vero condemnatio pecuniae duplicem significationem habet: est enim una cum aliqua praefinitione, quae vulgo dicitur cum taxatione, velut si incertum aliquid petamus; nam illic ima parte formulae ita est: IVDEX NVMERIVM NEGIDIVM AVLO AGERIO DVMTAXAT X MILIA CONDEMNA; SI NON PARET, ABSOLVE. Vel incerta est et infinita, velut si rem aliquam a possidente nostram esse petamus i.e. si in rem agamus vel ad exhibendum; nam illic ita est: QVANTI EA RES ERIT, TANTAM PECVNIAM, IVDEX, NVMERIVM NEGIDIVM AVLO AGERIO CONDEMNA; SI NON PARET, ABSOLVE.—§ Quid ergo est? iudex si condemnet, certam pecuniam condemnare debet, etsi certa pecunia in condemnatione posita non sit; debet autem iudex attendere, ut cum certae pecuniae condemnatio posita sit, neque maioris neque minoris summa posita condemnet, alioquin litem suam facit.' 1 Now the condemnatio of all formulae that have a condemnatory clause is framed by reference to a pecuniary valuation; therefore, although we are suing for some specific thing, as for instance, land, a slave, a garment, gold, silver, the iudex dces not condemn the defendant in the thing itself, as was formerly the custom, but condemns him to pay money according to the valuation of the thing. § The condemnatio is inserted in the formula for a liquidated sum, or for a sum uncertain. § It is for a liquidated sum in the formula by which we sue for a |