Exercise 41 f.-Collective Nouns, &c.

Rule 11.-When a Collective Noun conveys unity of idea, the Verb and Pronoun must be Singular. But when it conveys plurality of idea, the Verb and Pronoun must be Plural.

Exercises.- Underline the Noun of Multitude, and doubly underline the Verb and Pronouns agreeing with it:-The parliament has been dissolved. The company is assembled; it is composed of persons entertaining very different sentiments. An enlightened people are always careful to maintain their rights. The Romish church differs much from the Protestant. The English aristocracy have afforded many instances of patriotism.

Rule 12.-Intransitive and Passive Verbs may have the same case after them as before them, when both words represent the same thing.

Exercises.-Underline the Intransitive or Passive, and doubly underline the words placed in the same case:-Geography is a description of the earth. The magistrate should be the protector of innocence. He died a martyr. James appears the best scholar in his class. The man was justly called a traitor.

Rule 13.-Some Intransitives govern an Objective Case of words having a kindred meaning.

Exercises.-Underline the Intransitive, and doubly underline the Objective:-He sleeps the sleep of death. He ran a godly race. He dreamed a pleasing dream.

Rule 14.-When Intransitives have, by the addition of a Preposition, a transitive meaning, they are called Compound Transitives, or Prepositional Verbs, governing an Objective Case.

Exercises.- Underline the Compound Transitive, and doubly underline the Objective:-He laughed at such folly. They smiled upon us so as to inspire courage.

Rule 15.-The Participles of transitive verbs govern the Objective Case. Exercises.-Underline the Participle, and doubly underline the word governed:-The mind, exalting itself, looks forward to futurity. The skilful man, foreseeing the storm, makes preparation. The boys, having recited their lessons, were dismissed.

Rule 16.-Adverbs are used with verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs, to express some circumstance of time, place, manner, degree, affirmation, &c.

Exercises.- Underline the Adverb, and doubly underline the word which it modifies :—He taught me Grammar thoroughly. I shall perhaps write to you to-morrow. Speak little, but speak well. Diffidence often prevents us from asking, nay, sometimes from giving. Whatever we understand well, we can express clearly.

Exercise 41 g.-Infinitive Mood, &c.

Rule 17.-The Infinitive Mood may be governed either by a verb, participle, noun, or adjective.

Exercises.-Underline the word governing the Infinitive, and

doubly underline the Infinitive:-I expected to share his fate. Being forbidden to go, he desisted. He has no wish to contend. It is a story easy to be told. They are striving to excel.

Rule 18.-The verbs, behold, bid, dare (neuter), feel, hear, let, &c., require an Infinitive without the sign to prefixed.

Exercises.-Underline the governing Verb, and doubly underline the Infinitive-You need not trouble yourself. He made me return. I have heard him recite the story. I felt the building tremble.

Rule 19.-An Infinitive Mood or part of a sentence is frequently the Subject or Nominative Case of a verb, and then the verb must be in the third person singular.

Exercises.-Underline the Infinitive, and doubly underline the Verb agreeing with it-To live soberly and righteously is the duty of all. To be ashamed of the practice of virtue marks a feeble character. That a man so evidently guilty should be acquitted is much to be regretted.

Rule 20.-Sometimes an Infinitive Mood or a whole clause is used as the Objective Case, governed either by a Transitive Verb or a Preposition.

Exercises. Underline the governing word, and doubly underline the Infinitive Objective:-John dislikes to study. You see how large a letter I have written. You know that work is absolutely necessary. To perform that which is good I find not. He was about to spring. He was able to do little, except to talk.

Rule 21.-Sometimes an Infinitive Mood follows an Objective Case. Exercises.-Underline the Objective Case, and doubly underline the Infinitive following it :-They requested him to come. The commander ordered the soldiers to march. He urged his son to study.

Rule 22.-The Infinitive sometimes follows the words than or as.

Exercises.-Underline the Infinitive governed by THAN or AS:Nothing is more delightful than to see a youth steadily perform his duty. The remark was so singular as to surprise us. Nothing is so distressing as to see a man wilfully pervert the truth.

Rule 23.-When a Noun or Pronoun, joined with a Participle, neither agrees with a Verb, nor is governed by any word in the sentence, it is put in the Nominative Absolute.

Exercises.-Underline the Nominative Absolute, and doubly underline the Participle agreeing with it :-The lessons having been recited, the pupils were dismissed. The wind blowing in her favour, the ship reached the shore. Order having been restored, the business proceeded. There being no insurance, the loss was great.

Rule 24.-Than and as do not govern any case, but have the same case after them as before them.

Exercises.-Underline the words following THAN or As, and write over them the proper case:—He has more books than my brother.

You are not so diligent as he.
You are as careful as they.

They respect him more than me.
They are greater gainers than I.

Exercise 41 h.- Relative Pronouns, &c.

Rule 25.-Relative Pronouns agree with their Antecedents in gender, number, and person, but not in case. The Relative must be in the Nominative Case when it is the Subject; in the Possessive when it denotes the Possessor; and in the Objective when it is the Object of a Verb or Preposition.

Exercises.-Underline the Antecedent and the Verb agreeing with it, and doubly underline the Relative and the Verb agreeing with it: -The father, who sincerely studies the interest of his children, will endeavour to procure for them a suitable education. Parents whose children are too much indulged, are seldom happy in them. Much will be expected from them to whom much is given. This is the friend whom I love. That is the vice which I hate.

Rule 26.-When both the Antecedent and Relative are Nominatives, the Relative is the Nominative to the Verb next it, and the Antecedent generally to the second Verb.

Exercises.-Underline the Antecedent and its proper Verb, and doubly underline the Relative and its Verb:-He who overcomes his passions, conquers his greatest enemies. He who performs every part of his business in its due time and season, suffers no part of time to escape without profit. That wisdom which reforms the life, is the most valuable.

Rule 27.-Which and what are Adjectives when placed before nouns which they point out, and to which they belong.

Exercises.- Underline WHICH and WHAT when Adjectives, and doubly underline the words with which they agree:-What lessons have you said? Which book did he bring? What warlike pageants have we seen? What stronger breastplate is there than a heart untainted? What sighs have been wafted after that ship!

Rule 28.-What is frequently used in two different cases in the same clause; in one case as the Antecedent, in another case as a Relative Pronoun.

Exercises. In the following sentences, separate WHAT into its component parts, placing over each the case in which it stands:He related what was seen. He did not know what I said. These are what God has set before thee. I cannot hear what you say. Sink, mean memorials of what cannot die. This is what is called taste. This is what I call taste.

Rule 29.-The Compound Relatives whoever, whosoever, whatever, and whatsoever, are equivalent to he who, that which, and represent two cases like what. Whatever is sometimes used as an Adjective; as," Whatever success," &c.

Exercises.-Separate the Compound Relatives into their component parts, and place over each its proper case :-Whoever lives under an habitual sense of the divine presence, keeps up a perpetual cheerfulness of temper. Whatever gives pain to others, deserves not the name of pleasure. Aspire after perfection in

whatever condition of life you may be placed. Whatever is worth doing at all, is worth doing well.

Exercise 41 i.-Ellipsis.

Rule 30.-The term Ellipsis means an omission, and is employed either to avoid unnecessary repetitions, or to express our ideas in as few words as possible. Thus, "John has studied, but you have not; "-supply “studied.” "Give me that book;" that is, "Give that book to me."

1. Exercises.-Supply the Preposition in the following:-Bring me your book. Heat me these irons. He rode this way. He staid six months. The steam-boat went fourteen miles an hour. This book is worth five shillings.

2. Exercises.-Supply Adverbs:-In this world, we must look to the future, and think what we shall want, and we shall want it. Work -, you may amuse yourself -.

3. Exercises.-Supply Conjunctions:-They confess the power, wisdom, love of their Creator. Were we at home. I have shown him the rule, he does not understand it. Do not waste your time, life is made of it; employ it well, you wish to be happy. Had he seen the woods, he would have admired them. Oh! had I the wings of a dove.

4. Exercises.-Supply the Verb:-Charles can recite his lesson, but John cannot. He repeated more than you. We can travel more rapidly on a railroad than on a canal. He gained more than his brother by the transaction. Did not the Greeks the Persians at Marathon? Knowledge an exalted pleasure. ReHe was

ligion a permanent happiness. Past time never —. more respected than his brother.

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5. Exercises.-Supply the Ellipsis in the following:-Be ready to succour such as need thy assistance. The more I see him the better I like him. Who does the best his circumstance allows, does well, acts nobly; angels could no more. They lost their mother when very young. He that moderates his desires, enjoys the best happiness this world can affor. Few reflections are more distressing than those we make on our own ingratitude. There have been that have delivered themselves from their misfortunes by good conduct.

Exercise 41j.-Position of the Nominative, &c.

Rule 31.-The Nominative, though generally placed before the verb, is frequently placed after it ;-1. When a Neuter Verb is preceded by a Preposition and its case, or by the adverbs, here, there, thence, &c.; 2. When if or though is understood; or, 3. When the sentence is interrogative, exclamatory, or imperative.

Exercises. In the following, underline the Nominative, and place it before its Verb, and the Nominative Clause before the other clauses-Above it stood the seraphim. Among the great blessings and wonders of the creation may be classed the regularity of times and seasons. Then shall thy light break forth as the morning. Were he at leisure, I would wait upon him. Could

we survey the chambers of sickness and distress, we should often find them peopled with the victims of intemperance, sensuality, and sloth. Is not industry the road to wealth, and virtue to happiness? Oh! had I the wings of a dove.

Rule 32.-The Nominative is frequently at a great distance from the Verb.

Exercises. In the following sentences, let the Antecedent and its Verb form the first clause, and afterwards the Relative with its Verb:-He, whose constant employment is detraction and censure; who looks only to find faults, and speaks only to publish them; will be dreaded, hated, and avoided. That man, who is neither elated by success, nor dejected by disappointment; whose conduct is not influenced by any change of circumstances to deviate from the line of integrity; possesses true fortitude of mind.

Rule 33.-Do, Be, Have, are principal Verbs when used by themselves, but Auxiliaries when connected with other Verbs.

Exercises. Underline Do, BE, HAVE when Auxiliaries, doubly underline them when principal Verbs:-He does all in his power to gain esteem. He has a strong claim to our respect. They were not in the most prosperous circumstances when we last saw them. They had no intention of wounding his feelings. The butler did not remember Joseph. They had not determined what course to take. We were surprised at the news. He did his utmost to please his friend. Examples do not authorize a fault.

Exercise 41 k.-Position of the Objective Case.

Rule 34.-a. In Nouns the Objective Case generally follows the Verb; in Relative Pronouns it generally precedes; in Personal Pronouns it may either precede or follow.

Exercises.- Underline the Objective Noun, doubly underline the Objective of the Personal or Relative Pronoun, and say which word governs each case:-They have rewarded the servants. Them that honour me, I will honour. Him, whom ye ignorantly worship, declare I unto you. They who have laboured to make us wise and good, are the persons whom we ought particularly to love and respect.

b. When two Objectives follow a verb, that denoting the thing is governed by the verb, and that denoting the person by a preposition understood.

Exercises.-Place a Preposition before the Person, and underline the Objective of the Thing:-Who gave thee this authority? Give me judgment and understanding. Sell me meat for money. Tell me your name. Send him a letter.

Rule 35.-Words, especially in poetry, are often much transposed.

Exercises. In the following sentences,-1. Place the Adjectives before their Nouns;--2. The Objective Case after the Verb;-3. The Nominative before the Verb;-4. The Preposition before its case:—