The Dialect of Metzenseifen as Spoken in Cleveland, Ohio

accusative added addition adjectives adverbs alta American English appears assimilation Bavarian bean became century clause Cleveland close clusters common comparative compound conjugated consonant dative declension derived dialect diminutive diphthongs elements ending examples exist expressed final front function future Gedeon immigrants indicative infinitive initially lengthening long vowels loss lowering Masc masculine meaning medially Metz Metzenseifen modals modifiers nasal Neut neuter nominative nouns object occurs past participle pattern person phonemes phrases plural position possessive possible predicate prefixes prepositions present tense primary probably pronouns rarely remains represents result rounded secondary sentence settlements short vowels shortening sing singular speakers Standard German stem stem-final stem-vowel stops stressed strong subjunctive syllable Table tense third tongue towns umlaut unstressed usually verbs vocalized voiced weak words zãi