sion of the citadel, and, by their subsequent sorties, laid the town in ruins. The successes of the insurgents in Europe, and the revolt of Samos, [which now took place, were revenged by the Turks in the most atrocious manner, upon the unfortunate Greeks of Asia Minor. An immense number of furious Mussulmen assembled together in the vicinity of Scala Nova, committed the most terrible outrages; and the pacific city of Aïvali, where the most extensive academy of Grecian literature and science had been established, was soon afterwards involved in utter ruin. This appeared as if done in revenge for the disasters suffered by the Turkish fleet which had been compelled to retire with disgrace into the Dardanelles, after the loss of a large line of battle-ship, to which the Greeks set fire in the Gulf of Adramytium.

The successes, however, which the insurgents experienced in the Morea, together with their spirited proclamations, had the effect of drawing powerful succours to their cause from different parts of Europe, in foreign adventurers, as well as in arms and other equipments for their troops. The Greek merchants of Leghorn, alone, are said to have forwarded supplies to their countrymen of the value of 20,000/. By these means, whilst Ali Pasha continued to engage the attention of a large part of the Turkish army in Epirus, Ulysses gained considerable advantages in Thessaly, and a general insurrection of the inhabitants of Cassandra and the surrounding district, forced the Mahometans in that quarter, to retire into Salonichi for safety. Revolts took place in Cyprus and in Candia, followed by the most horrible masThe Russian minister in vain protested against these sanguinary measures of the Turkish government, and in vain endeavoured to secure privileges and protection to the suffering Christians; the ultimatum of his government being rejected, and insults offered to his own person, he left the Ottoman capital and retired to Odessa. The praise

sacres.

worthy efforts of Lord Strangford, the English minister, have had, subsequently, a much happier effect in mitigating the ferocity of Turkish vengeance.

On the 3d of August, the Greek army of the Morea, under Prince Ypsilanti, signalized itself by the reduction of Napoli di Malvoisia, a strong place on the eastern coast of Peloponnesus; whilst the naval armaments of the two powers combated for a time, with various success. Several Turkish transports were attacked and burnt on the coast of Natolia ; and, in the beginning of October, the Ottoman fleet chased a small squadron of the enemy into the Port of Galaxithi, on the Gulf of Lepanto, which it destroyed together with the town. After this exploit, and furnishing Patrass with all the necessary materiel of war, it swept the coasts of the Morea; and then separated into two divisions, one of which threatened Hydra, without daring to attack it, carried off a quantity of small craft from various other islands, and sailed up the Dardanelles with a number of Christian captives, hanged to the yard-arms, some by the neck, others by the hair, many by the feet, and several in a manner too atrocious to mention. This horrid spectacle, gratifying as it was to the populace who viewed it with acclamations, was displeasing to the Sultan, who degraded the admiral and several of his captains.

Whilst the Turkish fleet was engaged in the destruction of Galaxithi, the army of the Morea under Ypsilanti, was joined by a large corps under the command of Colocotroni, before Tripolizza; this city, the capital of the province, was garrisoned by about eight thousand troops under the Caimacaan or Lieutenant of Chourschid Pacha, who had been ordered away to take the command of the Ottoman army besieging Ali Pacha. On the 15th of October, after many assaults had been made in vain, Colocrotroni succeeded in gaining possession of the place, principally by the treachery of a

large corps of Albanians which formed part of the garrison. The Turks obstinately defended themselves for a long time in the houses after the Greeks had entered the city, but were at length entirely subdued; when every species of atrocity was committed against the wretched inhabitants that the imagination can suggest. The details are too horrible for publication, and they excited such disgust in the mind of the commander-in-chief, that he put forth a proclamation expressive of his indignation, and threatened to withdraw himself entirely from the cause, if such enormities were repeated. The plunder of this city, into which the principal Turkish families of Peloponnesus had retreated, with their treasures, at the commencement of the insurrection, richly rewarded the captors. After an immense booty had been surreptitiously carried off by private hands, especially by the Mainotes, twenty millions of piastres are said to have been paid into the public treasury: but the greatest acquisition to the Greeks was, a vast quantity of arms, ammunition, and other necessaries for carrying on the war. Their cause, however, suffered much in the eyes of Europe, by the cruel, and in some instances, perfidious, revenge which they took upon their conquered enemies. This disgust was increased by the proclamation of Ypsilanti, and the retirement of Mr. Gordon from the service, although the motives which actuated this gentleman were greatly misrepresented, and accounts, highly unfavourable to the Greeks, were attributed to him, when they really came from a gentleman of the same name attached to our embassy at Vienna. It is far from our intention to apologize for the conduct of the Greeks at Tripolizza, where they descended from the high ground of patriots to that of assassins, and by which they incensed all Christian powers against them, gave cause for their calumniators to rejoice, and stopped the succours both in money and arms which their friends in this and other

nations were zealously preparing to send them. But still it must be considered that they had not only centuries of the most dreadful outrages to goad them to revenge, but the massacres of Constantinople, Smyrna and Aïvali, the murder of their patriarch, and the desecration of their temples, were fresh in their recollection. Above all, when they entered Tripolizza, one of the first spectacles that met their eyes was that of their hostages, to the number of three hundred, lying murdered in the streets. With swords in their hands, they must have been more than men if they had not avenged these enormities, and the strictest moralist would perhaps make some allowance for the crimes which their fury instigated them to commit. Let it be said also to their credit

that they spared, in this indiscriminate slaughter, the life of the young Bey of Corinth, on account of his humane character, and restored to the inexorable Chourschid Pacha, the females of his harem, at the intercession of the British authorities in Corfu.

But though the Greeks lost ground in public opinion by the enormities which followed the capture of Tripolizza, yet they gained great advantages, not only in the materiel of war, but in that consolidation, as it were, of their cause which thence ensued. All ranks were now fully compromised, and felt assured that liberty or extermination would be their ultimate fate. The extent also of this victory gave them a consequence in their own eyes which they did not possess before, and the conquest of so powerful a capital promised them a speedy reduction of the province. A senate was immediately organized at Tripolizza, which was subsequently convened in Corinth, and is at this time held in Napoli di Romania.

This success was followed by some brilliant movements of Ulysses in Thessaly, who penetrated to the very environs of Larissa, and in conjunction with the Suliotes, defeated several

corps of Mussulmen in the territories of Ali Pacha. At the same time, the Ottoman government was seriously alarmed by an account of insurrections in Servia, as well as of hostilities actually commenced against its eastern provinces by the Schah of Persia. A great victory gained by this monarch over the Ottoman forces near Bagdad, and the necessity of watching the motions of an immense Russian army upon the northern boundaries of the empire, occasioned infinite embarrassment to the Sublime Porte, and rendered it incapable of sending against the insurgents that overwhelming force which would probably have crushed their rising hopes for ever.

Nor was it by land only that the Greeks were successful over their enemies. The conquest of Tripolizza was succeeded by a complete naval victory gained over the Ottoman fleet off Cape Chesi, on the coast of Zante, soon after it had sailed from the Gulf of Lepanto, when it burned the town of Galaxithi. This fleet consisted of thirty-two ships; two of which were seventy-fours,-six, frigates,-three, corvettes,and the rest, brigs, the least of which was equal in size and complement to the largest of the twenty-eight vessels which composed the Greek squadron. The action took place about the break of day, very near to the shores of Zante, which were lined with inhabitants, amongst whom the most intense anxiety for the event prevailed. The Turks being ranged in a semicircular line, sixteen of the largest Greek vessels dashed at their centre, whilst the other twelve formed into a line and advanced to the assistance of their comrades, whenever it was necessary. Victory was not long doubtful; a Turkish corvette was instantly carried by boarding, and two frigates were dismasted, when fourteen ships separated themselves from the line, and fled towards the coasts of the Morea, whilst the rest took refuge in the Bay of Zante. One of these latter, a seventy-four, was followed to the very