hanged, or that Fieschi was guillotined. Set open the doors of your prisons, and let their inmates receive the treatment that lunatics deserve: ask the pardon of Heaven for in humanity to your convicts, for they are all raving mad! The murderer is only more mad than the burglar, and the pick pocket shows but slight symptoms of lunacy. The aberration of mind displayed in Jonathan Wild should have saved him from an ignominious death, and Fauntleroy and Thurtell knew not what they did they must have been born mad.* But it is not so—the swerving from innocence is madness, there can be no doubt: or it may, perhaps, be a sign of incipient idiotcy: but, nevertheless, when previous circumstances are considered, when the tests of madness, which it requires no physician to tell you, are put, and sanity is determined, it is madness in itself to declare that suicide is invariably caused by madness, but that it is performed under what I his life intothe yellow leaf; with emaciation, his body's sign, his impaired intellect, his mind's survivor, with not so much as half a soul for his God: he makes up no account with eternity, as he made up no account with man, and drunk, not with wine, but imbecility, without the power of uttering curses, or so much as the strength of mind to know that he is living, drops into the arms of death, and stands selfcrippled before his Judge. Let me draw the curtain before this horrible state of facts, and hope that these few words on suicide may save some who might have serious thoughts of adopting that remedy to elude present unhappiness, THE DYING BOY. J. H. P. P. Pilgrimage," " Lyrical Poems,” &c. : have before said, the idea that the evils under By the Author of “ The Siege of Zaragoza,” “Childe Harold's which we labour will have no existence in the hereafter: that the future either possesses no life, or that the life it offers will be nought but pleasantness. I should insult the brains of the greatest fool were I to pursue this subject further: it is selfevident to all who bestow a moment's reflection on it, that self-destruction possesses no one real charm, and entails upon its author a misery for which there is no human means of judging the extent. But few words will suffice for the indirect suicide. To rid himself of, perhaps a series of troubles, or it may be but melancholy-or imagine a more extended view of the case, embarrassment in money affairs—the tavern, or the drink at home soothes his heart-ache for a brief hour: his waking morning possesses the tortures of the previous day multiplied ten-fold; the same remedy is pursued, the effects increase with the defects, and the defects with the effects; confusion to a family, ruin to them and him are consequences certain: the one system is continued to the breaking up of another and he who, thinking better days might come, anticipated them by spending all he had in what he vainly considered would accelerate time, sinks while yet in the May of * We do not perceive the justness of our correspondent's reasoning on this point. Neither murder nor burglary is an act of insanity; but no man whose mind is in a perfectly healthy state ever takes away his own life. The act of suicide is a proof of insanity; and, upon this principle, coroners' juries are justified, in nine instances out of ten, if not in the whole ten, in returning the verdict of insanity in cases of self-murder. EDITOR OF THE ALDINE MAGAZINE. OH! MOTHER, those were happy days, When through the green-grass fields I ran To catch the pretty butterflies, Before my morning tasks began. And, mother, it was a pleasant time, When your boy the race was sure to win, On those smooth sands where the big blue waves Came merrily, merrily rolling in. And pleasant, too, it was to feel The high wind blowing through my hair, While I dug the sand with my little spade, To find the crabs and sea shells there. Mother, this is a dull, dark place, Though people say it's a fine gay town: There is no sunshine-and all the trees Look dying, for their leaves are brown. My face has now grown very pale, That your little William is near death. What did he mean? and what is death? The sweet and happy home above, Where father went? Oh, do not cry! One day when you too seemed in pain, You said you longed to reach that gate, And see his kind, kind face again. Oh! mother, mother-I must go To that darling home, so high and bright; For HERE I can no longer breatheCome to me there !-Good night, good night! L. S. S. BOOK OF THE WEEK. CHURCH AND STATE.* A NATIONAL religion has always appeared to us to be essential to the well-being of a State. If so, a general conformity with the national religion must be morally and politically as well as religiously desirable. So that the independence of each be secured, the more intimate the connexion between Church and State the greater must be the stability of both. By the independence of the Church, we mean, that she should possess (as the Church of England does possess) revenues of her own, and not have to look to the State for the payment of her ministers, or for any pecuniary support whatsoever : by the independence of the State, that it should be free from all political influence or controul on the part of the Church. Great good was achieved in the first instance by rendering Christianity "part and parcel of the law of the land;" and, from time to time, yet greater good has been effected by the maintenance of that beautiful and eminently conservative principle. Thus, in fact, the intimacy between Church and State has become so close, that an offence against the one must inevitably be an offence against the other also. A national religion is essential to the wellbeing of a community, from the protection moral, and political government of the State. But whilst, in the spirit of toleration, he is wisely relieved from all conscientious restraint of a religious nature, he is not released from his duties to the Church in a civil sense. Government has, from time to time, made various concessions, and granted many relaxations to Dissenters; but still, as, in many respects, they derive protection from the national Church, and as they are all members of one great family, they are bound to her support. With open arms, and willing heart, the Church extends her protection to ALL; and if all will not avail themselves of her maternal care and affection, it is not her fault: at the door of the dissidents be the evil. This, however, is too vast a question for discussion in limits so narrow as ours. Happily, the Church, in its relations with the State, has found a most able champion in Mr. Gladstone; to whose important work we should, some weeks since, have directed the attention of our readers, had not its first edition passed rapidly out of print. In consequence, it was only within these few days that we were enabled to obtain a copy. Mr. Gladstone's volume bears the following inscription :— "To THE UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD; tried, and not found wanting, through the vicissitudes of a thousand years; which it affords, and from the advantages which in the belief that she is providentially designed to be a it holds forth to the people. At the moment of his birth, every individual becomes a subject of the State in which he is born, and amenable fountain of blessings, spiritual, social, and intellectual, to this and to other countries, to the present and future times; be found, not alien from her own." to the laws by which that State is governed; and in the hope that the temper of these pages may nor has he the liberty, or the right, at any period of his life, or under any circumstances, to take arms against, or to cast off his allegiance to the government of, that State. There is a natural and understood compact between the subject and the State; and the duty and allegiance of the former entitle him to the protection of the latter. In like manner, the relations of duty and protection exist between the individual and his national Church; and, were it not for the tolerant spirit of the English constitution, in Church and State, which wisely and liberally regards the worship of the heart as an affair of conscience as an affair between the Creator and his creature-every individual of the English community would, at the moment of his birth, become as strictly amenable to the religious government of the Church as to the civil, * The State in its Relations with the Church. By W. E. Gladstone, Esq., Student of Christchurch, and M.P. for Newark. Second Edition. 8vo. Murray. 1839. Mr. Gladstone has arranged his performance in eight chapters, with the paragraphs in each chapter numbered, and referred to in the contents; and the whole may be said to present a most comprehensive view of, and elaborate inquiry into, all the different theories which have been advanced upon the connexion between the Church and the State. His arguments are sound, and conclusive: to us, had we required conviction on the subject, they would have proved convincing. And by many, perhaps, they may be deemed the more important, as coming from the pen of a layman. To follow Mr. Gladstone in his details is infinitely beyond our scope: two passages will suffice to indicate his feeling :— "While we have our own peculiar dangers, there are other countries much farther advanced in the separation of religion from government. In America it may be less surprising, where the state rests on the dogma of equality, that no creed should be preferred It is invidious to allude to results; but neither the LITERARY PROPERTY.-FRENCH good neighbourhood of the United States to those whom they touch on the northern frontiers; nor the existence and extension of slavery; nor the state of law and opinion respecting it; nor the sentiment entertained in the north towards the black and coloured race; nor the general tone of opinion on religious subjects in society; nor the state and extent of religious institutions, under circumstances of great facility; induce us to regret that England does not follow the ecclesiastical principles of the western continent. It is, on the other hand, more astonish-proaching Session, we avail ourselves of an ing that, under the political despotism of Prussia, opportunity to insert the following, as the the state should have entered into the most un- substance of a Bill which has been submitted equivocal alliance with different and hostile com- to the French Legislature, by the Government, munions; but it is yet further remarkable that in for the better security of literary property. It France, where the almost incalculable majority are appears to have been drawn up after the opinions of one communion, and that communion Roman of the principal literati and artists of Paris had Catholic, the principle of national religion has been been taken on the subject. It will be found essentially surrendered, and the state joins hands with all creeds alike—a marked and memorable result of well entitled to the consideration of our own her first revolution. Authors, Artists, and Publishers. As it is more than probable, that some succedaneum for Mr. Sergeant Talfourd's blundering and iniquitous Copyright Bill, deservedly thrown out in the last Session of Parliament, will be introduced in the course of the ap "38. In England we have not proceeded so far. Rights of Authors. The exclusive right of publishWe seem still to have ground which is defensible, and ing a work, or of authorising its publication by typowhich is worth defending; we are cursed with re-graphy, or any other means, is secured to the author ligious divisions; we are grievously sinned in eccle- for life. siastical abuses; the church is greatly crippled by the state in respect of her government: she is denied the means of ministering to the people where they most need it; yet with all this, and with political institutions in reality very much more popular than those of France, to say nothing of Prussia, our country seems to promise at least a more organised, tenacious, and determined resistance to the efforts against national religion, as well as to the general principles of democracy, than any other country which is prominent upon the great stage of the civilized world. We have, therefore, no cause to be ashamed of the reformation of religion on account of any apparent connection in which it may seem to stand with spurious and counterfeit principles; but. one the contrary, with our Bibles in our hands, we, of all ranks, may yet render thanks for it to God, and still declare it the blessed reformation." After the Author's death the exclusive right of publishing, or authorising the publication of the work, shall subsist for 30 years to the profit of his widow or heirs. The proprietor by inheritance, or any other title of a posthumous work, shall have the exclusive right of publishing, or authorising the publication of it, during 30 years, reckoning from the first edition of the work. Again: The Author shall be enabled to cede the exclusive right of publishing his work, either for the whole time, or part of the time, provided by the foregoing articles. The exclusive right of the State to the works published by its commands and at its expense, shall last30 years, reckoning from the whole publication of the work. The right of academies and other learned or literary bodies to the works published in their names and by their care, shall last 30 years, reckoning from the publication of the concluding volume, and reckoning from each volume as respects collections of memoirs upon various subjects, or writings which are to form a collection. The exclusive right of academies to the dictionaries published by them shall last 30 years, reckoning from the last edition. The editor of an anonymous work shall enjoy for 30 years the exclusive right of publication. Dramatic Works. The dramatic works of living authors shall be performed on no theatre without the consent of the authors. Posthumous dramatic works shall not be performed without the consent of the proprietors. The right of those proprietors shall last 30 years, reckoning from the first performance of the work. "48. But the point upon which we have to fix our attention is this. There is a strong disposition to overthrow the principle of an established church; and therein ultimately to deny that religion is the great sanction of civil society. There is a contemporaneous disposition among us, entertained almost exclusively by the very same persons, to substitute an universal education or general culture at the expense of the state for the universal spiritual culture by the church. The former is to be the substitute for the latter. It is intended fundamentally to change the structure of society; and the one thing needful for its well-being is to be this general culture. The mark After the author's decease, and in the absence of of tyranny is upon it even while the theory is young: conventions entered into with him or his representait is to be compulsory. This, I suppose, is thought tives, any lawfully established theatre may perform the only way in which the energies of the church can the piece on paying to his widow, heirs, or represenbe effectually quelled. But what insanity is this tatives, a sum equal to that he received at the time of labouring at a moral Babel which will not only con- his death. The right to that sum shall last 30 years, found but crush and grind into the very dust its reckoning from the author's death. As for the printframers! It is a more fatal repetition of an old ex-ing of dramatic works, the rights of the author and his periment, to the failure of which there is not one of representatives shall be regulated conformably to the us who is not too able, if he be but willing, to bear first paragraphs of the present law. witness." Produce of the Art of Drawing. The author of a drawing, picture, a work of sculpture, architecture, or any other work of the same description, shall alone have the right of reproducing or authorising the reproducing of it, by engraving, or in any other way. This right shall last during the author's whole life. After his death, his widow, heirs or representatives shall enjoy it, conformably to the provisions established in the first paragraph of this present law. The authors of the works just mentioned, or their representatives, may cede the right secured to them, retaining nevertheless the property of the work; but, in case the original work be sold, the exclusive right of authorising the reproducing of it by engraving or any other means, shall be transferred to the purchaser, if no stipulation to the contrary exists. Musical Works. The authors of musical works or their representatives shall, as regards the publication of their works, enjoy the rights established above for literary property, and, as regards the execution of these works in public places, the rights established for dramatic works. General Provisions. Five copies of all works printed, engraved, or lithographed, shall be deposited, viz.:-One at the Home Department, to ascertain the identity where the work is counterfeited; one copy of printed works at the Royal Library; at the same establishment shall be deposited a copy of musical works, and two proofs of engravings, lithographies and maps. The other copies deposited shall be disseminated in public establishments. The receipt given for the deposit shall constitute the author or editor's title of property, to be admitted to prosecute counterfeits in the Court of Justice. Penal Provisions. Whoever shall, to the prejudice of the rights secured by the present law to authors, their heirs, or representatives, knowingly publish, print, engrave, or reproduce, the whole or part of works and writings of any sort, drawings, paintings, sculptures musical compositions, and other productions of mind or art, already published or not yet edited, shall be guilty of counterfeiting. All counterfeiters shall be punished with the fine of 100f. to 2,000f. to be paid to the State, and shall, besides, be condemned to pay to the proprietor such damages as shall be decided by the Judge from the selling price of the original edition. If a work as yet inedited be in question, the damages shall be regulated after the selling price of work, of the same description. Should the same individual be guilty of as second counterfeit, he may be condemned to an imprisonment not exceeding one year. Whoever shall introduce into France copies of editions counterfeited in foreign parts, of works published for the first time in France, shall be punished as is provided by the preceding paragraph. All works in French or in foreign languages published for the first time in foreign parts, shall not, either during the author's life time, or after his death, before the expiration of a period fixed by treaties, be reprinted in France without the consent of the author or his representatives. All re-impression of the said works in violation of this prohibition shall be reputed counterfeit and punished with the same penalties. This provision shall be exclusively applied towards States which shall have secured the saine guaranty to works in the French or foreign languages published for the first time in France. Whoever shall knowingly sell a counterfeited work shall be punished with a fine of from 50 to 100 francs, and condemned to pay damages towards the author or his representatives as above specified. In the cases provided for by the preceding articles the counterfeit copies, plates, or moulds, shall be confiscated. All violations of the present law shall be ex-officio ascertained by the King's law-officers, and by the officers of the Customs, for works coming from foreign parts. parts, shall be presented either for importation or tranBooks in the French language, coming from foreign sit, only in the offices specified by a Royal Ordinance. All books in the French language, the property in which is established in foreign parts, or which are foreign editions of French works, no longer private property, shall continue to enjoy the transit, and shall be admitted to importation on paying the established duties, and on condition of producing a certificate of their origin. SCRAPIANA. Apparent rari nantes in gurgite vasto. VIRG. The Duchess d'Angoulême. Notwithstanding her strength of mind, assuming at times even a masculine character, this unfortunate Princess has generally been regarded as of a super stitious turn. This A singular and very curious statement some time since appeared respecting her. It is said that when Louis XVIII, commended her bravery in haranguing the troops at Bourdeaux, during the eventful "hundred days," and questioned her as to what imminent peril, she replied, "Fear, sire, had no were her feelings when she placed her life in such Majesty will remember, that I can die only in the part with them. I was not yet alone; and your month so fatal to others of my family." remarkable reply had as remarkable an origin. Amongst others who were ever welcome at Hartwell during the period that Louis sojourned there, was the Baron de Rolle. One day in particular, on visiting his royal friend, he was full of the fame of a certain Swedish astrologer, Mr. Thorwaldsen, a man shrewdly suspected of being a spy in the pay of the French. However, by numerous extraordinary representations, he had fully succeeded in convincing the credulous baron of the truth and infallibility of his skill, with reference to the future as well as to the past. The baron's narrative procured for the astrologer a still more illustrious visitant. The Duchess d'Angoulême resolved to wait on him. In order to try his powers, real or imaginary, to the utmost, she was disguised in the diess of an English artisan, and remained during the whole interview veiled and silent. Her companion presented him with the date of the duchess's birth, to the precise year, hour, and minute. "Ah!" said he, after a pause of some length, "the tennis-ball of fortune! A wife, yet not a mother. Always near a throne, yet doomed never to ascend it. The daughter of kings, yet much more truly the daughter of misfortune. I see before you restoration to the country and palace of your fathers; then an agonizing interval of flight and degradation. Again the banners of royalty wave over you, and you advance a step nearer to a crown. But all is finally overcast in the gloom of despotism, flight, and exile. You will live to be alone. Your last determination will be, that of closing your days in a convent-it will be frustrated by death. Dread the month of August, for it will be one to you of the most unooked for mortification and vicissitude. Welcome that of January, for it will dismiss you, though by the hand of violence, to your repose and your reward." Buonaparte's Antipathies, &c. Buonaparte could never endure the sight of a coloured woman, particularly one of a dark shade. A fat woman was also one of his sovereign antipathies. He rarely invited to his fêtes or dinners females in a state of pregnancy, to whose society he always evinced the most decided repugnance. Politeness to the fair sex was not habitual to his character; he was but little calculated for the utterance of those soft nothings which custom has familiarised to female ears. His compliments were often of the most uncouth description. At one time he would say to a lady, "Good God! how red your arms are !" to another, "What an abominable head-dress!" or, "Who can have trussed up your hair in that manner?" or, "How soiled your dress is! Do you never change it? I have seen you in that at least twenty times." Spite of this bluntness, he possessed every requisite for forming what in the language of the world is termed a man of amiable manners—with the exception of the will. De Bourrienne's Memoirs. The Orleans Branch of the Bourbon Family. Louis XIII., King of France, was a son of Henry IV., and had two sons, the one of whom ascended the throne as Louis XIV., and the other never got beyond the rank of "Monsieur" (the title given to the King's eldest brother): he was the father of the execrable Duke of Orleans (regent during Louis XV.'s minority), of whom Louis Philip I. is the fourth descendant. The lilies, though borne equally by the younger and elder branches of the Bourbon race, are not a peculiar escutcheon of that dynasty. The crown and mantle of the French sovereigns have been decorated with this symbol ever since the time of Louis the Young, who reigned in the twelfth century. The number of lilies borne on the royal shield, &c. was arbitrary and undefined, until Charles VI. reduced them to three, in the beginning of the fifteenth century. The Name of Charles. France has no cause to congratulate herself on the majority of her kings who have borne the name of Charles. Charles the Bald was a capuchin king, and a visionary. Charles the Fat was possessed of a devil, and died a fool. Charles the Simple was worthy of his name. Charles the handsome was the enemy of commerce, and travelled nowhere without a carriage full of relics. Charles the wise, in one day during the times of the Jacquerie,killed twenty thousand of his subjects. Charles IX., the king of St. Bartholomew, as Mac Geray tells us himself, shot his subjects with his fowling piece. Charles X., late at Holyrood, but now sleeping with his fathers, crowns the series. NOTICES OF NEW BOOKS, &c. South Australia in 1837; in a Series of Letters : with a Postscript as to 1838. By Robert Gouger, Esq. 12mo. Harvey and Darton. A CHEAP, compact, and very excellent little manual for the emigrant and settler. It is the production of an intelligent and experienced resident in Australia, possessing every requisite opportunity for observation. By this volume we are confirmed in our opinion, that so far as climate, comfort, independence, and the acquisition of property are concerned, the advantages of settling in South Australia, for either the labourer or the man of substance, are immensely beyond those of the United States. NECROLOGY. Edmund Lodge, Esq., Norroy King at Arms, F.S.A., &c., died on the sixteenth instant, at his house in Bloomsbury Square, in the seventy-ninth or eightieth year of his age. Mr. Lodge's career in literature was long and honourable. Eight-and-forty years ago, he published, in three quarto volumes, a work entitled Manners in the reigns of Henry VIII., Edward VI., "Illustrations of British History, Biography, and Mary, Elizabeth, and James I., from MSS. belonging to the families of Harwood, Talbot, and Cecil. This was followed by the "Biographical Illustrations" which accompany "Portraits by H. Holbein." Above all, we are indebted to Mr. Lodge for the admirably written biography which imparts a thousandfold value to Harding and Lepard's splendid collection of national portraits known by the title of Lodge's Portraits of the Most Illustrious Personages in British History." —Mr. Lodge died greatly lamented by a numerous circle of friends. LITERARY AND SCIENTIFIC SOCIETIES. ROYAL INSTITUTION. On the evening of the 18th-the first weekly evening meeting of the fourteenth season of these social philosophical assemblies-Mr. Faraday delivered a highly interesting lecture on the gymnotus and torpedo. It was his object to introduce a general view of a certain condition and power of matter in certain living animals, which leads to the highest hopes. In all probability the physical condition of nature in relation to animal life would be made manifest. He alluded not in the remotest degree to the principle of life, the immaterial, everlasting spirit, the sentient being. The nervous system he considered a subordinate influence, and any observation he might offer would be exclusively upon material substance, only as cause and effect, and in the true spirit of an experimental philosopher. Certain animals are highly electric, and possess a power to produce the same phenomena as an electrical machine or voltaic battery. The gymnotus and torpedo possess this power to an extraordinary degree, exciting commotions in the human system similar to those produced by the machine. But fishes is an excellent conductor, whilst the machine requires to are in direct opposition to it. They live in water, which be insulated, surrounded by dry air, a non-conducting body. We will not, however, follow Mr. Faraday through his experiments or his relations of those of Mattuci, Linari, and others, in illustration of the identity of the electricity of the gymnotus and torpedo with that 1 |