I heard him complain of the "great spread" which the loving care of officers and friends would set before him on his travels the "great spread" simply being an ordinary square meal! "Oh, if you would only let me have a cup of tea and a bit of dry toast, how grateful I should be to you!" he would remark. Since great ocean voyages have become part of his usual yearly programme he has set up the custom of a little private tea of this sort, instead of the huge, prolonged dinner included in his passage-money.

Not that there was ever any leaning towards asceticism on his part. Instead of wishing to get people to fast, he was always on the stretch for some means of getting the poor better fed. Tea-meetings were one of the most useful and honored institutions of the Mission from the first, and the General was always glad when he could give Mrs. Booth the cheering assurance that. he had eaten a hearty meal anywhere. But he regards eating and drinking as bothersome necessities, to be submitted to for the sake of maintaining the body in health and vigor, rather than to be needlessly indulged in, lingered over, or talked about.

For work is the great guiding star, one might almost say, of the General's life. He does nowadays at sixty-six a very great deal more than in the first years of our acquaintance, but it is not because he was then less entirely absorbed in his great task, but because the ever-multiplying appliances of civilization, and still more the growth and improved efficiency of the Army, enable him to get through more in a day than we could then hope to accomplish in a month. From the very first day I knew him he has just lived entirely to carry on his one business-the salvation of the world.

Of his character as husband and father I will say little. Surely the many of us who have felt how much he can love those who have no personal claim upon him, and even the multitude

it really should be lived nowadays. I have never known him to have time to spare for the prolonged prayers and meditations which we read of in the lives of saints of other days. Much less has he had leisure for those profound religious speculations which have, as we think, disgraced the present generation. Believing the Bible as simply as on the day of his conversion, half a century ago, and accustomed always to look upon God as a friend. ever at hand to hear and help, the General has been, I think, a man of prayer in the best possible understanding of the word, a man to whom it is just as natural to speak to God in the street or the railway carriage as in a cathedral or a bedroom. And he has convinced others of the truths he proclaims, not by means of

highly elaborated argument or much-studied discourse, but by forcing them to treat with God as naturally, personally, and fully as he has himself done.

To hear him denounce the sin and unbelief of his hearers, whether they be a crowd of workmen gathered round a railway truck, or an assemblage of the élite of a great city in one of its finest edifices, finishing with a call for instant decision in favor of Christ, is to understand at once why he has been so successful and why he is in many circles so much disliked.

If he has held aloof mostly from all sorts of reformatory and civilizing movements, it is not that he lacks interest in them, or appreciation of every honest effort to improve the condition of the pecple, but that he has little hope from anything that does not lead up, and that very quickly, to the transformation of the individual heart and life. Naturally, the General nas been misrepresented and abused as few men ever have been. This could not but be the case with any man who attacks unsparingly the forces of evil. To carry on a great work, large sums of money must needs be gathered, and the General has suceeeded in this as well as in any other branch of his efforts, notwithstanding all the attempts that have been made from time to time to arouse suspicion of his motives, his integrity, or his economy. Intensely sensitive as he naturally is, he felt abuse and slander, especially when they came from the religious press, very acutely for some years, and all the more as they tended always to lessen the Army's opportunities to do good,

who have only seen all this as exhibited in his life, can form some sort of estimate of the intensity and depth of his affection for "his own." How much the General endured during the terrible years of Mrs. Booth's last illness, or how much to this day the great blank of her absence haunts his grandest as well as his loneliest hours, God only can ever know. But the triumph of a father who has eight grown-up sons and daughters spending their whole life in carrying out his plans in various parts of the world is too great for one to attempt in one article to describe it, and that triumph is perhaps the fullest description that could be given of the General's private life.

Of his religion, for the same reason, I have little need to write. Is it not written in living battalions across the world? But I will just say that I think we have in the General's private life a picture of the religion of Christ as

His restlessness has perhaps done more in the past and promises more for the future than any other characteristic of his life. Far from any inclination to settle down or cling to long-cherished habits of thought or action, he is never to be found, after any triumph, however great, in a state of contentment, but always full of regret as to the little accomplished, the slowness of our progress, and the blunders of the past.

REV. D. L. MOODY

It is doubtless the first impulse of the average reader to put in concrete form his opinion of the "higher life of Chicago" in Betsy Prig's words respecting Mrs. Harris. Certainly if he has been moved at all by the observations of Editor Stead or Dean Hole or any of the thousand and one other candid friends who have given a waiting world the benefit of their impressions of this wicked city, such will be his view. For it has become quite the proper thing to deride Chicago. Follow almost any current criticism and you will be told that it is the abode of the braggart and the parvenu, where every rich man is a nouveau riche, long on cash and short on good taste, where every temple is filled with money-changers, and where no altar is ever raised but for the worship of mammon. You will be warned that in every way it is a most unwholesome and unholy place.

Yet, if you make the city your home, it will surprise you to find among your neighbors a civic pride and loyalty the like of which does not exist elsewhere. As was once said. of Venice, while other towns have admirers, this alone inspires affection. You must regret, as many others do, that the marvelous growth of the city, its singular natural advantages for commercial prosperity, and the consequent accumulation of vast fortunes with astonishing rapidity, have led to an undue quickening of the business instinct and an excess of zeal for money-getting. You may feel that the average citizen's perspective of life would be more accurate

THE ART INSTITUTE

if he would somewhat foreshorten the shop and the factory. You will doubtless wish that something else than the Commercial Club were the goal of a man's social ambition. You are likely to long for more devotion to art and music and letters and godliness.

All of these facts will impress you. But they will not

1 Previous articles in this series have been: "The Higher Life of American Cities" (introductory), by Mr. Theodore Roosevelt (The Outlook for December 21, 1895), and "The Higher Life of New York City," by Albert Shaw (The Outlook for January 25, 1896). Other articles will be on The Higher Life of Boston," by the Rev. Edward Everett Hale, D.D.; on New Orleans, by Miss Grace King; on Philadelphia, by Mr. Talcott Williams; on St. Louis, by the Rev. John Snyder; and on Buffalo, by the Rev. William Burnet Wright, D.D.

lead you to say that this is the veriest Sodom of all the earth, nor even to think it. If you have traveled far, you will agree that Chicago differs very little in point of culture or morals from the other great cities-differing rather in modes of vice than in degree. More guilty of tax-dodging, and bribery, and franchise-grabbing, and public jobbery, and all of those forms of misdoing that spring from lusting after wealth, if you please, but certainly far less chargeable with those offenses which attach to idle and luxurious living. Such, it seems to me, is likely to be the analysis of a thoughtful and dispassionate student.

The columns of The Outlook do not afford space for a fair survey of the good works in which Chicago has been zealous. Beneath all the surging waves of profligate energy, beneath all of the apparent indifference to any form

PRESIDENT W. R. HARPER

of vice which does not interfere with business, there is now and has ever been a deep and wide undercurrent of artistic sense and religious feeling. This has found expression in many ways. The most notable among the earlier apostles of righteousness was Mr. D. L. Moody. His influence upon the life of the city was great and lasting. For a dozen years preceding the great fire he devoted himself unceasingly to mission work in Chicago. He was closely identified with the Young Men's Christian Association, and to his efforts are due, in large measure, the efficiency of that institution. It now numbers among its members a large body of conspicuous merchants, and occupies as a home and workshop one of the finest of the great office buildings of the city. The structure is thirteen stories high, faced with white marble, cost over a million dollars, and is admirably provided with the requisites for practical Christian effort. There are large halls for evening classes in language, stenography, telegraphy, bookkeeping, and kindred studies, gymnasiums, laboratories, reading-rooms, baths, and chapels. The Young Women's Christian Association, with a new eight-story palace overlooking Lake Michigan, and the Athenæum, a people's college, paying less heed to ethical culture, represent much the same idea. These and similar societies are gathering in the young men and women who come as strangers to the metropolis, saving them from the saloon, the gambling-hell, and the brothel, finding honorable employment for them, furnishing them with temporary homes, and giving them free or inexpensive tuition. At each of the railway stations, continuously on duty, are volunteer agents, badged and uniformed, to direct the unwary to these places of refuge.

Towering up among the "sky-scrapers" which have attracted so much attention in Chicago is another stately pile, the Temple of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union. It has few if any equals among the commercial buildings of the world. In architecture it is a striking departure

THE NEWBERRY LIBRARY

is a men's club of a similar character. Then there is the men's social club, which has a billiard-room ; members may do about as they please, although drinking and gambling are forbidden. The Jolly Boys' Club for reading, the Gymnasium Club, the Woman's Club for the study of household economics, the German Woman's Social Club, the Italian Fencing Club, the Debating Club, the Mandolin Club, and twenty others, all have their places in the institution. The Kindergarten and Day Nursery occupy an independent building. Other departments are the free dispensary, the visiting nurses, factory inspection, street and alley inspection, food inspection, art studio, penny savingsbank, circulating library, labor bureau, music school, and relief bureau. It is a busy place. There are eighteen or twenty residents," a large corps of working visitors, and an average attendance of persons from the vicinage of about 2,500 per week.

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Miss Addams is the official street inspector for the ward, and Mrs. Kelley, one of the residents, is a State inspector of factories. It follows that Hull House must take a deep interest in civic affairs. At this moment it is arranging for the spring campaign, with large hope that it may compass the defeat of certain corrupt aldermen who now hold seats in the City Council as representatives of its neighborhood.

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While the work of Hull House thus divides itself, as Miss Addams says, "according to the receptivity of the neighbors, into social, educational, humanitarian, and civic effort, The Commons, a settlement of the Chicago Theological Seminary, located in the Scandinavian colony, naturally takes on a more distinctly Christian character. The residents consist of two ministers, five women, and five theological students, two of whom are physicians. There are daily prayermeetings, Bible classes, and song services. Certain of the residents regularly visit the county hospital, the jail, and the poorhouse for inspection and ministration. There are sixty classes for educational work, besides free lectures on hygiene and household sanitation, neighborhood clubs, and friendly visitations. The University of Chicago has a similar settlement in the stock-yards district, with five residents and nine

neighborhood helpers, and the Northwestern University, the Methodist institution, maintains one in the Polish and Bohemian district. The Seventh-Day Adventists have a prosperous establishment devoted chiefly to medical mission effort, and recently two young Jews have opened a house in the Chicago Ghetto and seem to be doing excellent service. This work is rapidly extending. One by one the plague-spots are brought under the influence of these Christian gentlefolk, the heavy loads which so weigh upon the lives of the toiling multitude are lightened, and reciprocal benefits which spring from correct living and intelligent voting by the multitude are felt by the whole city. It is a handto-hand struggle with the ills which fret us who have in mind Mr. Herbert Spencer's axiom that "the type of society is determined by the natures of its units." Going into the field of pure scholasticism, one cannot fail to be impressed with the astonishing advancement of this young city. Of course every one knows of the great Chicago University, which at a single bound has taken the very forefront among institutions of its kind.

CHICAGO PUBLIC LIBRARY

of its liberal endowment by Mr. John D. Rockefeller, and of the generous gifts which have poured in from every direction, is too well known to justify repetition. Million has followed million with bewildering rapidity. The President, Dr. Harper, has seemed a veritable magician. He accepted

office in July, 1891, began the buildings in the succeeding November, and opened the doors a year later with nine hundred students. The enrollment for 1896 will reach eighteen hundred, while the income now exceeds $600,000 per annum. There are one hundred and sixty-four teachers (including a number of specialists of very high rank), besides another hundred in the University Extension department and a large corps connected with the administrative branches. There is a library of 300,000 volumes; an observatory with the largest telescope ever constructed; and a list of halls, museums, and laboratories which might well stand for the labor of a century. But besides this great enterprise, Chicago boasts another University of no mean proportions, the Northwest

been in a special sense an object of local pride. No other in America has enjoyed as large patronage from the general

These are some of the things which make answer for a higher life in Chicago. And it is not so bad a showing, after all. So qualified a critic as Edmund Clarence Stedman wrote a few days since:

The Fair showed the country what Chicago really was and is Certainly there is no other American city where the richest classes appear so enthusiastic with

respect to art and literature. "The practice of virtue makes men virtuous," and even if there was some pretense and affectation in the culture of ten years ago, it has resulted in as high standards of taste as can elsewhere be found. Moreover, if our own "four hundred "had even affected or made it the fashion to be interested in whatever makes real culture, the intellectual life of this metropolis would not now be so far apart from the "social swim."

It is in its indifference to its civic duties that Chicago, betrays the greatest weakness. There is nothing like an organized Tammany Hall, nor is the tenure of the dominant rascals by any means assured. But there is the unfortunate neglect of municipal affairs by good men, and the baneful tendency to divide on national party lines. Meanwhile the public enemies are united and always alert. It is only now and then, in some great emergency and under pressure of intense excitement, that all the right-minded people are aroused. Then comes an upheaval, and a short era of proper administration. Concerning Sunday observation. the situation is far from satisfac

LYMAN J. GAGE

MISS FRANCES E. WILLARD

HENRY WADE ROGERS

tory. The enactments of the Illinois President Northwestern University