and Consecration." Largely the address is a tribute to the effectiveness with which Booker Washington worked for the elevation of his race in co-operation with the white people of the South, the white people of the North, and the race itself. It is significant that Dr. Washington's first welcome and appreciation at Tuskegee came from Mr. George W. Campbell, a former slave-owner. From the very beginning scores of other white people of Alabama saw the helpfulness of Dr. Washington's purpose and knew that he was trying to solve the problem described by Major Moton as being "whether there could be developed within the Negro race any forceful, unemotional, businesslike, harmonious working together." Booker Washington bent his effort to this end patiently and intelligently, and this made the Tuskegee of to-day a possibility. Major Moton pledges himself to carry on with all his power and ability this spirit of co-operation "between the colored workers in the school and white citizens outside of the school, and of consecration for the relief of mankind everywhere, whether in Macon County, the State of Alabama, or in the Nation."

The spirit of Dr. Moton's inaugural is hopeful, but he has too much of common sense to speak in superlatives or to fail to recognize difficulties. Thus he says that, while there is encouragement in the fact that seventy per cent of the Negro population can now read and write, "it is not safe to assume that seventy per cent of the Negroes are really educated." He recognizes specifically that "shiftlessness, disease, inefficiency, and crime are entirely too prevalent among our people." "Color and conduct," he declares, "still count in this question, but let us remember that conduct counts more than color.".

Major Moton refers with feeling to Dr. Washington's last words on the platform at Tuskegee, when he urged the value and importance of "team work" in every phase of the endeavor of the institution, and he closes by describing the spirit of Booker Washington and the spirit of Tuskegee as the spirit of self-forgetfulness, of service and sacrifice, of co-operation and consecration.

THE FORESTS OF ENGLAND

The English are using immense quantities of timber for their army trenches, and still larger quantities for the buildings for army shelter, while other important quantities go for economic purposes of manufacture. They

are now being forced to sacrifice their grand old trees, many of them in historic parts of England. Mr. Walter Runciman, President of the Board of Trade, lately announced in the House of Commons that some fifteen hundred Canadian lumbermen had arrived in England to cut timber. The importation of the lumbermen was arranged by the British Government so as to use up home supplies of timber for pit props and other necessities instead of importing lumber from other countries. That had become impossible, owing both to lack of ships and prohibitive ocean freight rates.

While we do not look upon England as a forest country, there is, as we learn from Mr. Charles Lathrop Pack, President of the American Forestry Association, both in England and Scotland a considerable amount of timber, and in especial some fine old forests of hard wood, but because of the general insufficiency of timber in England these have been slaughtered since the opening of the war. Famous woodlands and forests are being cut down to provide for immediate and pressing timber needs. While lumber has been imported, such importations have by no means compensated for the large amount of lumber which ordinarily comes under normal conditions from Germany and Russia.

Mr. Pack also points out the tremendous destruction of standing timber by artillery fire.

All this means that the potential value of forests, not only in England, but also in France and Belgium, has been greatly reduced.

Of course, as Mr. Pack concludes, the depletion of these European forests increases the economic world importance of American forests, and no economic preparedness in this country will be complete without due regard to this factor. "A country which continually abuses its timber resources as we do cannot expect to continue with economic success." This warning has often been heard before from other forestry experts, but we are glad that this particular forestry expert sounds it again.

"LA LIBRE BELGIQUE"

Sixteen months ago there appeared in Belgium a little newspaper called "La Libre Belgique" (Free Belgium). It has been practically impossible to get a copy of this paper outside of Belgium, owing to the thoroughgoing German search of any one or anything leaving that country. However, a copy has now reached America, and the New

York "Times" publishes a facsimile of it. This shows as its principal feature on the first page a portrait of the German Governor of Belgium, under the following caption: "His Excellency Governor Baron von Bissing, and his intimate friend." "The intimate friend" is the paper itself, which General von Bissing is shown as reading. Underneath the portrait is another caption, which reads: "Our dear Governor, disheartened by the reading of lies in the censored journals, seeks the truth in La Libre Belgique.'

The editorial "leader" begins as follows: They [the Germans] have again honored us by noticing our modest bulletin. We are flattered by this, but we see ourselves compelled to repeat that which we have already said in our defense. We are not they whom one can truthfully accuse of provoking our fellow-citizens to revolt. We are not losing any opportunity of preaching patience, endurance, calmness, and respect for the laws of war. Yet we take advantage of this occasion, which has been offered us, to repeat the advice which we have already printed, namely, to be calm. The time will come, slowly but surely, when our enemies, forced to retreat before the Allies, will have to abandon our capital. Let us remember, then, the numerous warnings which have been given to the civil population by the Government and by our Burgomaster, M. Max, "BE CALM." Let us suppress the expressions of legitimate anger which rise in our hearts. Let us be, as we have been up to the present, respectful towards the laws of war. It is thus that we shall continue to merit the esteem and admiration of all civilized peoples.

If every issue of "La Libre Belgique contained sentiments like the above, it would not seem to be so necessary for the Germans to try to suppress the paper. But it has certainly not been altogether suppressed. We are informed that it has appeared on an average about once a week since February 1, 1915, despite the reward of $10,000 for information which would disclose the names of the editors and publishers and the place of publication. The little paper still mysteriously makes its appearance in various parts of Belgium. Where and when it is printed, and how it is circulated, are secrets.

The name "Pinocchio" is now held in such affection in Italy as to have been given in terms of esteem to a boy in the hospital of San Giovanni di Dio in Florence. He was carried there from the Isonzo region.

His name is Angelo Giussani. He is a Milan boy. His mother is dead, but his father is still living. Because of family poverty the lad had to begin to earn his own living at a tender age, and had little opportunity for study. He went to work in the chemical laboratory of the well-known establishment of Carlo Erba at Milan.

The war broke out. The boy became a soldier. He was sent to the Trentino-the nearest seat of war-where he remained for several months. Then he was ordered to the Isonzo lowlands north of Trieste. This was a very different story from that in the Trentino because the physical conditions were far worse. He had exchanged a dry mountain region for one where he had to wade knee-deep in mud, where the dampness penetrated his bones, and where most of the fighting occurred in the icy chill of the night.

The boy escaped fatal wounds from the enemy; but he did not escape the chill. His feet were frozen dead! They had to be amputated.

Now he is in the Florence Hospital, and he writes a letter home, the final phrases of which we translate from the Milan Corriere della Sera:"

I am crazy to get cured quickly, so that I can go and join my father. It sometimes seems to me as if he ought to be rather sad! . . .

I do not hide from you that I have suffered much. But the critical moments are past. I have found again my usual good humor. You see I am young, and I am a Milan boy!

At the hospital they call me Pinocchio, and that makes me laugh. They express the wish that I may find a happy fate-that one fine day I shall be able to convert my feet of wood into feet of flesh! But the time of miracles is past.

Never mind. Even with wooden feet one can live and work, and a good Milan boy never loses courage!

You will excuse this long talk, I am sure; even in it, as you see, I am a Milanese!

When the imaginative Italians called him Pinocchio, they found the right name for this boy of wooden feet and undaunted spirit.

NEW ART EXHIBITIONS
IN AMERICA

The energetic work accomplished by Miss Cornelia Sage, director of the Albright Art

Gallery at Buffalo, has long attracted attention and admiration.

The most conspicuous feature of this year's progress of that Gallery is to be a great, comprehensive sculpture exhibition. It opens on June 1 and continues to September 4. The idea of such an exhibition originated with the late Karl Bitter, but his premature death postponed the actual realization. A felicitous opportunity to carry his idea into effect occurred at the closing of the Panama-Pacific Exposition at San Francisco. All the rooms at Buffalo having been cleared of paintings, the sculpture from that exposition has been placed in the Albright Art Gallery, and the grounds surrounding the Gallery have also been placed at the disposal of sculptors. The exposition consists of original works of sculpture in all its branches, large and small pieces in brass and marble, plaster, and other material, bas-reliefs, plaques, metals, wood and ivory carvings, objects of sculpture in precious metals, plasters, allegorical statues and groups, and works of a decorative or of a monumental character.

Ex

In bringing their achievements before the public, sculptors labor under certain disadvantages which painters do not encounter. penses are very much greater, and risks correspondingly larger. Moreover, we have few galleries in which sculptors can exhibit on the same basis as can painters. Hence the Buffalo exposition should attract visitors from all over the country who would like to have a general view of the sculpture of our American artists, as has been impossible before except at San Francisco.

Miss Sage has another special exposition to her credit, and that is a traveling exhibit of some three hundred French and Belgian works of art of very high quality which she also selected from the Panama-Pacific Exposition. The French Government asked her to arrange a circuit and manage this collection throughout the country. She has already shown it at Chicago, St. Louis, Buffalo, and Pittsburgh. It will then go to Toronto, Detroit, and Toledo. A particular feature of interest to those who have been unable to go to the various salons in Paris is the opportunity afforded by this exhibit to contrast the works of various groups of present-day French painting, the works of the Salons des Artistes Français being in one place, those of the artists of the Salon des Beaux Arts in another, and those of the Société Nouvelle in a third.

THE PATH TO PEACE

Mr. Bryan at the Lake Mohonk Conference in an eloquent peroration pictured Christ before Pilate-Christ the representative of moral force, Pilate the representative of physical force. This picture was impressive, but not well chosen. Pilate declared Christ innocent, exhausted all his power of moral suasion in a vain endeavor to persuade the mob to let him go, and then-delivered him over to be crucified because he dared not use military power to save him. Pilate is the most famous non-resistant of history.

We have heretofore quoted Henry Ward Beecher's interpretation of the New Testament teaching respecting the use of force. "The New Testament declares that malign revenge or hatred is not to be felt toward an enemy. We do not think it touches at all the question of what kind of instruments men may employ. It simply teaches what is the state of mind which is to direct either kind of instrument, moral or physical."

Christ knows but one law-love. One may violate that law with a pen as well as with a pistol; one may obey that law with a pistol as well as with a pen. The editor may use his pen to rob a woman of her good name. The policeman may use his pistol to protect a woman from the white-slaver.

When Columbus landed on the shores of the New World, a few hundred thousand uncivilized Indians roamed over it in perpetual war. Now a hundred million civilized citizens live in it peaceably. Then war was chronic, peace the exception now peace is chronic, war the exception.

Why?

The gun

Not because we have disarmed. of the white man is a better weapon than the Indian's bow and arrow.

Not because we are less determined to maintain our rights and to defend our homes.

But because the Indian defended his rights and avenged his wrongs, and we leave society to determine what are our rights and to defend them, to determine when we are wronged and to punish the wrong-doer. For defense of one's self we have substituted defense of one's neighbor. Civilization has taken the instruments of warfare out of the hands of self-interest and put them into the hands of impartial and disinterested guardians.

We still occasionally suffer from private war inspired by the belief that every man

must defend himself. Duels are no longer fought in America, but the vendetta is occasionally imported by imperfectly civilized Italians from abroad. Occasionally a state, too inefficient or too niggardly to fulfill its duty, allows capitalists and laborers to arm their retainers and submit their controversy to wager of battle. But this occurs only because the state is either inefficient or niggardly. With such exceptions, happily diminishing in frequency, the state assumes the duty of defending the individual and punishing the wrong-doer. Disarmament of the citizen has followed, not preceded, the transfer of armament to a power better able to defend the right and punish the wrong. The state is primarily a mutual insurance company. We agree to defend each peaceable and law-abiding citizen, and therefore, defended by the state, we no longer carry the sword at our side nor the pistol in our hip pocket.

In the United States we have carried this principle a step further. Organized to establish justice, insure domestic tranquillity, and provide for the common defense," the Union guarantees to every State protection both against invasion and against domestic violence, and the States relinquish their right to engage in war except when there is no opportunity to appeal to the Nation for defense. Thus, as the individual transfers to the State the duty of protecting him, so in turn the State transfers to the Nation the duty of its protection. The State has not to arm to defend itself, it has only to arm sufficiently to defend its citizens. But because it has assumed the duty of protecting its citizens it is its duty to be adequately prepared to defend them; hence the constable, the sheriff, the police, the militia. And because the Nation has assumed the duty of protecting the States it is the duty of the Nation to be adequately prepared to defend them; hence the need of an army and a navy. It is often wise to surrender our rights, but no man, no state, no nation, has any right to surrender its duty. As no man has a right to marry who is not prepared, at whatever cost to himself, to defend the lives and the sacred honor of his wife and children, so no state and no nation has a right to exist which is not prepared to do all in its power to protect the rights and interests of those who have trusted themselves to its safekeeping.

The League to Enforce Peace is a propo

sal that the nations shall combine to do for each nation what the individuals have combined to do for each individual and the States have combined to do for each State. It is a proposal that the civilized nations shall no longer depend upon their own judgment to determine what are their rights, but leave that determination to an international tribunal; no longer depend on their own arms to defend those rights, but leave that defense to an international league. The history of the past is a guide-post to the future. He is a foolish radical who endeavors to wipe off the slate all that past experience has written upon it; he is a wise reformer who learns from the past experience the direction in which to look for future progress. The course which civilization has taken in the past to secure peace in the nation the League to Enforce Peace asks the nations to take to secure peace in the world.

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This course follows the method which Jesus recommended: If thy brother shall trespass against thee, go and tell him his fault between thee and him alone; if he shall hear thee, thou hast gained thy brother. But if he will not hear thee, then take with thee one or two more, that in the mouth of two or three witnesses every word may be established. And if he shall neglect to hear them, tell it unto the church; but if he neglect to hear the church, let him be unto thee as an heathen man and a publican." The Jews had no intercourse with the heathen and the publicans. Translate this counsel into international language, and what does it mean? If you have a controversy with another nation, try peaceful negotiations-that is, diplomacy; if you cannot settle it by diplomacy, call in some impartial nations and by their counsel endeavor to settle it—that is, arbitration; if you cannot settle it by arbitration, bring the question before a congregation of the nations-that is, a permanent court of the nations; if the contesting nation will not hear the congregation of the nations, then what? War? No! Non-intercourse; war only if the right of nations to refuse intercourse is denied.

It is said that non-intercourse would be an inadequate remedy. The history of the present war is an adequate reply. Germany is drawing toward the end of her resources, not because she has been beaten on the battlefields, but because she is so hedged about by her enemies that, notwithstanding the imperfection of the English blockade, supplies of

other nations no longer reach her. It is not defeat on the battlefields, it is non-intercourse which is making her eager for peace.

Suppose a league of peace comprising the civilized nations of the earth had existed when, in 1914, Austria proposed a punitive expedition against Servia. Servia had declared her innocence and proposed to leave the question either to an impartial tribunal or to a conference of the nations. Austria refused. A league of peace would have said to Austria and Germany: "If you attack Servia, the whole civilized world will treat you as the Jews treated the heathen men and the publicans. It will have no intercourse with you. No ships of yours shall sail into our ports; no ships of ours shall sail into your .ports. No people of our lands shall cross your border; no people of your lands shall cross our borders." The war would never have been declared. The question of Servia's guilt would have been submitted either to an impartial tribunal or to a conference of the nations, and settled as in all civilized states the guilt or innocence of the accused is always settled.

Disarmament is not the way to peace. The Armenians were disarmed; disarmament did not prevent their wholesale massacre. The Jews of Russia were disarmed; disarmament did not prevent their wholesale massacre. American citizens in Mexico were disarmed; disarmament did not prevent the killing of men and the violating of women in Mexico. Merchant ships crossing the Atlantic Ocean were disarmed; disarmament did not protect them from attack by piratical craft under the sea. To-day, if the civilized nations were to abolish their navies, pirates would come back to prey upon merchantmen. In the Eastern States, where we have fairly effective means of protection, train robberies are rare; in the Far West, where the population is sparse and there are no adequate means for the protection of the railways, train robberies have been frequent. Disarmament never has brought peace and never will bring peace so long as criminals are permitted to go armed.

It is not the abandonment of power, it is the transference of power from self-interested to impartial and disinterested hands, that brings peace. If the State arms itself to protect its citizens, its citizens can disarm and live in peace. If the Nation arms itself to protect the States, the State needs only such armed forces as are necesssary to pro

tect its citizens, and the State can live in peace. If a league of nations arms itself to protect the peaceful nations from aggression, each nation will need only such armament as is necessary to fulfill its share in the policing of the world, and the nations can live in peace.

AN ARMY IN POLITICS

In the Hay-Chamberlain Army Bill which has passed Congress there is one provision so harmful that it well may be regarded as counterbalancing whatever good there may be in the other provisions. We shall not here undertake to discuss these other provisions, but shall reserve such discussion to a later date. That, when this bill becomes law, the regular army will have been strengthened, that the terms of enlistment will have been improved so that there is now ground for hope that a regular army reserve may be created, that citizens who wish to do what they can to prepare themselves for military duty in case of need will have opportunities that are now denied them, is clear; but it is equally clear that Congress has opened the door to a grave abuse which, not only in times of the Nation's extremity, but even in times of peace, may grow into a great evil. We refer to the provision for the payment of State militia officers.

The substance of this provision is as follows: Except during periods of service for which militia officers are lawfully entitled to the same pay as officers of the corresponding grades in the regular army, certain commissioned officers of the National Guard of each State that receives its share of Federal appropriation for the National Guard shall receive compensation as follows: Captains and every officer of higher rank, $500 per year; first lieutenants, $240 per year; second lieutenants, $200 per year.

This provision makes militia officers professional soldiers without subjecting them to the restrictions that apply to officers of the regular army.

When Americans speak of militarism, they are accustomed to think of one form, namely, the militarism of Prussia. From Prussian militarism in this country we have nothing to fear, for the simple reason that Prussia is essentially an autocracy, while the United States is essentially a democracy. But the evils of militarism do not lie in its form but