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ees charged, open hostility to it on the part of the employers.

Commenting recently on the issues involved in this strike, The Outlook declared: "The issue is not whether the trade union shall control. It is whether the principle of arbitration and conciliation, the only instrument that has ever been discovered to be efficacious in tribal industrial wars, shall be abandoned or adhered to." Several attempts at arbitration offered by Mayor Mitchel and by other disinterested parties failed completely; the tentative result was reached, not through arbitration, but through various conferences of representatives of the two parties. It was said to be a case of exhaustion on both sides; the employees, it was said, could not live without work, while the business loss of the employers was becoming more serious every day.

Such controversies cannot be ended until a governmental commission for ascertaining the conditions of employment and for making decisions on the basis of such facts, rather than on a basis of guess-work and compromise, is established.

THE BOMB OUTRAGE IN
SAN FRANCISCO

What is generally regarded as an Anarchist outrage tragically marred San Francisco's Preparedness Parade on July 22. It was during the passing of the First California Regiment that a bomb was exploded in the street, killing six persons, injuring fully twenty-five seriously, and inflicting lesser injuries upon scores of others. Apparently the bomb was hidden in a suit-case filled with explosives and crammed with cartridges, slugs, and other missiles. It was evidently set off by a time-fuse.

At the point of the explosion, says the New York "Times

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Hundreds of persons were gathered at the corner beside the ranks of the marchers, and the missiles plowed through them. The building against which the suit-case had been left was wrecked, and stores across the street partly demolished.

Wounded persons ran madly through the crowd, and others, panic-stricken, stumbled over the bodies of the dead and injured, piling up in heaps on the streets. Buildings for blocks around rocked. A traffic policeman was thrown from his horse.

Warning that a bomb would be exploded had been conveyed to the newspapers and to many persons by means of anonymous post-cards. The close watch for any move of this kind was

foiled, in part, by the fact that the bomb was left in the suit-case instead of being thrown.

The criminals who planted this deadly bomb have not yet been discovered, though every effort is being made by the authorities of the city of San Francisco and the State of California. Save for the anonymous warning sent to individuals and San Francisco newspapers, no clues have yet been found. It will evidently prove a difficult task to ferret out the perpetrators of this extraordinary and senseless outrage.

BUSINESS MEN ON

UNIVERSAL MILITARY TRAINING

One of the most significant indications of the change which has taken place in the last two years in the United States in regard to the necessity and righteousness of universal military training and service has been made manifest through a referendum vote of the Chamber of Commerce of the United States.

The Chamber of Commerce of the United States, it will be remembered, formulates recommendations concerning National policy, submits these recommendations to its affiliated organizations throughout the country, and then publishes in bulletin form the results of this business men's referendum. In the present instance, the following recommendation, put forward by the Defense Committee of the National Chamber of Commerce, was submitted to vote:

The Committee, recognizing military obligation equally with the civic obligations as a fundamental duty of democratic citizenship in a republic, and to establish a system which will affect every man alike, récommends that universal military training be adopted as a fundamental democratic principle of our military policy, and be enforced by law to furnish adequate land, sea, and industrial forces in peace

More than three hundred and fifty organizations responded, and the result shows that twenty-six States voted unanimously in favor of compulsory military training. In sixteen other States there was an overwhelming majority in favor of the proposition. Only one State, Alabama, voted "No." The District of Columbia, Alaska, the Philippines, Hawaii, and the American Chamber of Commerce in Paris all voted unanimously "Yes." In the bulletin of the National Chamber of Commerce the following conclusions regarding the significance of this vote are drawn :

The main point is that business men have now recognized the military obligation in a

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democracy as of equal rank with the civic duties of citizens, and stated their conviction that recognition of this principle is fundamental. They have gone further, and recorded a conclusive vote that a system of universal military training is one which will affect every man alike. In other words, instead of being militaristic or aristocratic, it is a thoroughly democratic principle.

Finally, business men are not afraid of compulsory military education. They believe it will develop a better-balanced and more selfdisciplined youth from which to build succeeding generations of American citizens. They have registered their opinion that it will not only prepare citizens for wars which all hope to avoid, but will fit them better for virile, substantial peace which all hope to enjoy.

The National Chamber of Commerce truly asks :

How many people in the United States, even how many business men, would have ventured six months ago to predict that the commercial and trade organizations of the Chamber of Commerce of the United States, the leading business associations of the country, would come out solidly for universal military training? Very few indeed.

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In the Palisades Park, not far from the fashionable colony at Tuxedo, one hundred and fifty boys are "camping out." In charge of them is a camp master and several assistants. Here in the open air, living in tents, swimming in the pond by the camp, hiking through the woods, and clambering over the mountains, under the regular supervision of the camp physician, subjected to a discipline unknown to them before, well fed, these boys, ranging from ten to fifteen years of age, are responding physically, mentally, and morally to their new environment.

The camp is conducted by one of the most intelligent and beneficent organizations devoted to social progress-the New York Association for Improving the Condition of the Poor. It is a part of the Association's study of defective nutrition and campaign on behalf of better nutrition.

In its study the Bureau of Welfare of School Children, in charge of Mr. Edward F. Brown, which is one of the divisions of the Association's Department of Social Welfare, under the direction of Dr. Donald B. Arm

strong, is co-operating with the Bureau of Child Hygiene of New York City's Department of Health. As Mr. Frank A. Manny, a special investigator of the Association in this campaign, has said in a recent article in the "Modern Hospital," nutrition does not depend merely upon food, but upon "food influenced and reconstructed by air, exercise, sleep, occupations, interests, and other factors." Malnutrition may be due not merely to insufficient quantity, but also to the wrong kind of food. So the Association for Improving the Condition of the Poor-or the A. I. C. P., as it is more familiarly knownas well as other societies giving relief, has employed dietitians, who have given families counsel and advice. In one of the schools, for instance, a physician and a nurse were making inquiries to show the breakfast problem of the pupils, and in reply to questions as to what they had had for breakfast got the answer repeatedly, "Coffee and bread," and an occasional “Bread and tea," until one answered, "Cocoa and cereal." They recognized that that child belonged to one of the "A. I. C. P. families."

Of course there are two things, at least, which a family needs in order to be well nourished-money to buy food enough, and knowledge to buy food of the right kind. The first requisite, money, raises the whole problem of wages and industrial conditions. The second requisite, knowledge, can be imparted by such a society as the Association. for Improving the Condition of the Poor. But in order to get the knowledge there needs to be a wide study and experiments. There are a great many families who are far above the "relief line" who could well profit by such "nutritional guidance." A great deal can be done through the schools. "Collective buying" is a possibility. The school luncheon can be used, not merely for the relief of distress, but for an example which can be imitated. Then, of course, there are the other factors to be taken into consideration besides food-hygienic conditions, safeguards against disease, air space, sunlight, and the like. There has been worked out a nutrition scale, which was developed in Dunfermline, Scotland; and according to this scale children are classified and differentiated. The use of this method of grading the children according to their condition has brought twice as many children as before under the care of school physicians and nurses.

One of the purposes of the camp at South

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fields, near Tuxedo, is not only to benefit these particular hundred and fifty boys, but to observe them and note the consequences for the benefit of scores of hundreds of other children. There are probably a hundred thousand children in New York City whose state of nutrition needs attention.

No one who looks at the picture, printed on another page, of the boys being weighed at that camp can well fail to notice that there is not much flesh on those boys' bones. Threequarters of a pound apiece, which was the average gain for the first two weeks of the camp, means a good deal. And malnutrition means not merely lack of flesh, but that lack of vitality that shows itself in mental and moral results. The good food, the fresh air, the sanitary conditions, are all reinforcements to moral instruction. The boys in the other picture who have on the boxing-gloves are learning something about fairness that it is hard for boys to learn when they are underfed and encounter one another with their bare fists on the streets.

In the work of this camp a New York newspaper, the "Globe," has been co-operating with the Association for Improving the Condition of the Poor by giving publicity to the venture. This is a piece of good work that ought to have the co-operation of the public-spirited everywhere.

A FAMOUS

ENGLISH CHEMIST

Sir William Ramsay, recognized as one of the world's greatest chemists and scientific thinkers, died in his sixty-fifth year on July 23. His experiments and discoveries relating to the character and changes of atoms and the possibilities connected with certain little-known chemical substances have done more than any other series of investigations to open the door to further discovery and to alter certain chemical theories formerly accepted without reserve.

When in 1907 it was announced that Sir William Ramsay had succeeded, through the use of radium, in producing a copper combined from sodium, lithium, and potassium, sensationalists declared that this really meant the transmutation of metals, and that there was no reason why there should not follow results making true the dream of ancient alchemists that gold might be made from other metals. The real importance of the discovery was not in any such conceivable result (for, as Sir William said, even if it were

possible to make gold out of lead, the cost would be prohibitive), but in making clear new lines of investigation and new theories of chemical action.

Above all things, Sir William believed in synthetic chemistry, and in its application to problems relating to commerce and to the life and comfort of the people. He said, for instance, "The work of the modern synthetic chemist now involves the saving of untold millions of dollars to the present and future generations." There is no question that Ramsay was a man of high scientific imagination and boldness of thought. His utterances did not always convince his fellowchemists, but they always set scientific men thinking. The list of honors received by Ramsay is a long one. Most noted among them was the award to him in 1904 of the Nobel Prize in chemistry.

THE NEW ITALIAN CABINET

Now that the Italian papers published since the formation of the new Cabinet have reached this country, we can see how much the Cabinet means both to the prosecution of the war and to the unity of Italy.

In the first place, Paolo Boselli, the Prime Minister, stands for the historic welding of the provinces into modern Italy. Seventyeight years old, he well remembers the heroic days of 1859-60, when, under such, leaders as Cavour and Garibaldi, Italy threw off most of the Austrian yoke. Signor Boselli was a man grown when, in 1866, Italy threw off the rest. He has long been Professor of Law at the University of Pisa, as well as Senator. In 1887 Premier Crispi made him Minister of Public Instruction, and he was thereafter a member of a number of ministries, including that of Baron Sonnino in 1906.

Now ex-Premier Sonnino is Foreign Minister under Boselli, and this is fortunate for Italy, insuring a continuance of Signor Sonnino's astute guidance of foreign affairs, which was the chief feature of the outgoing Salandra Cabinet. Sidney Sonnino is the right man in the right place. His mother was English, and he was educated at Oxford. He has thus an Englishman's "cold head" and an Italian's warm heart. He has been justly called the best-equipped Italian statesman in our generation.

After these two names, the most notable is that of Leonida Bissolati, the leader of the Reformed Socialists, who becomes Minister without portfolio. From the outbreak of

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the European war he was insistent upon Italian intervention, and when Italy finally declared war against Austria he urged in all his speeches in Parliament the necessity of declaring war against Germany also. His influence is already seen in the Government's action now taken in proclaiming that Austria's allies are to be considered as Italy's enemies. The new Cabinet thus differs from the old in being more frankly anti-German.

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If the presence of a Socialist in the Cabinet indicates that it is a Ministry of all the Talents," so does the presence of the Catholic leader Filippo Meda, just as in the French Cabinet the Catholic leader M. Denys Cochin sits alongside a Socialist colleague. But in Italy the event has a unique merit because for the first time in the history of the Kingdom a Catholic leader enters the Cabinet. Thus the Papal policy which three years ago permitted Catholic electors to go in thousands to the polls would seem to have advanced a step further. Signor Meda, who has apparently been regarded with great sympathy by the Vatican, repeatedly led the Catholic group in favor of a strong support of the

war.

He is a distinguished economist, and appropriately becomes Minister of Finance. Though Italy is a Kingdom, a Republican, Ubaldo Comandini, becomes one of the new Ministers" without portfolio," thereby emphasizing the Cabinet's all-embracing character quite as much as do the two preceding statesmen. It is somewhat amusing, however, to note that, despite the national crisis, the Italian Republican party has deemed it prudent to publish a manifesto declaring that in the new Cabinet Signor Comandini represents himself only.

Indeed, in this very large Ministry of nineteen members, all the groups in Parliament, save only the impossible Revolutionary Socialists, are represented. It is thus a far-reaching coalition, and it will doubtless have the unwieldy weaknesses as well as the moral strength of all coalitions. As five of the former Ministers remain, there will be some safeguarding of continuity of action, and, as there is an abundance of new blood, there will be an assurance of a wider response, when necessary, to national and international needs. As the "Corriera della Sera " says, according to our translation:

The Italian people are in line with the Allied peoples in a common struggle towards a common end, perhaps still distant, but no longer unassured. This national Ministry, coming

to power at the dawn of better days, ought ardently to desire to guide with vigorous hand throughout the whole of the war to the conclusion of peace. ..

We have faith that the work of the new Government will meet the great exigencies of the moment and the hopes of all. This will find an echo in America.

JOB, THE PSALMS, AND
DR. HAMLIN

We shall very soon have to test the first part of the twentieth verse of the fifth chapter of Job, and still sooner, even now, of the last of Psalm xci. 3. What a blessing to have a God who is true and able! Lots of love to you all. Dr. Hamlin's famous mixture in demand here.

This message comes on a post-card from a nurse in Turkey.

The first part of the twentieth verse of the fifth chapter of Job reads, "In famine he shall redeem thee from death."

The last part of the third verse of the Ninety-first Psalm follows the expression, "For He shall deliver thee from the snare of the fowler ;" and adds, "And from the noisome pestilence.'

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The mixture referred to is a medicine used in cholera cases.

Thus the post-card reveals the fact that there is famine and cholera in Turkey.

But it may also refer to the seizure of missionary property in Asia Minor by the Turks and the deportation of American missionaries, especially from Anatolia College, at Marsovan, the largest of the American Board's (Congregational) stations, and founded over half a century ago. The property at Marsovan consists of about thirty-seven acres of land; six large college and girls' school buildings, and the foundations of two more well above ground; a fine hospital and dispensary; a department for deaf and dumb children; a large shop with wood-working and iron-working rooms and a flour-mill; thirteen residences and many smaller structures; a library of ten thousand volumes; and a museum with seven thousand objects—the whole exceeding $200,000, besides the personal property of six American families and five other individuals.

The Rev. Dr. George E. White, President of the College, has now arrived in this country. He has reported that the Turkish authorities seized the entire property, and that the missionaries, after having been placed under guard, were ordered to leave within twenty-four hours under escort. This occurred on May 16. The pretext was that

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the United States and Germany were at war, and when this was disproved military necessity was urged, though there had been no fighting within a hundred and fifty miles of Marsovan. The missionaries were obliged to leave their houses unsealed and their goods unregistered.

Evidently a new policy towards Americans has been put in force, for the same programme has been carried out at Sivas, Mardin, and Talas. All this is poor requital for the civilizing work America has done for Turkey. We look for a vigorous protest from our State Department to the Turkish Government.

MEDIEVAL PRISON METHODS
IN NEW YORK

That prisoners under punishment in the Onondaga County Penitentiary, near Syracuse, New York, have been wearing chains weighing from twelve to sixteen pounds for months at a time, and as a further punishment have been thrust into dark ceils for from a few hours to seventeen days, comes as a serious shock to citizens of the Empire State who believed that the State prison reforms of recent years have abolished the barbarous penal practices of the past.

The Onondaga case is especially serious, because this penitentiary is only a county prison, and the Prison Commission, which on the official representations of the Prison Association of New York, held a thorough investigation during May and June, affirmed that short-term prisoners in this prison were treated more harshly than long-term prisoners in State prisons. Added to the penalty of chains riveted to the bodies of prisoners who had attempted to escape was the severe additional punishment of being obliged to wear the chains for months at a time, "day and night," which means, of course, even when sleeping and bathing. Slaves in preRebellion times could hardly have shown greater evidences of man's physical inhumanity to man. And in the dark, dungeonlike punishment cells, eight feet deep, of which seven feet were below the ground, prisoners received one slice of bread a day, but, apparently by some miscarriage of injustice, were allowed an abundance of water, probably because of faucets permanently fixed in the cells. A punishment hardly secondary in ultimate severity was "standing on the crack," which, according to the report of the Prison Commission," consists of placing the prisoner on

a line in the cement floor in the cell hall, with arms folded, facing the wall for a period within the discretion of the superintendent or assistant superintendent, which ranges from a short time to a whole day." That other of the wretched mechanical procedures of a time rapidly disappearing still existed at the Onondaga County Penitentiary, such as the prohibition of talking at meals, lack of possession by the prisoners of any list of rules to be obeyed, negligence of physical examination. of prisoners, absence of any recreation for prisoners, discouragement of reading, and the like, was to be expected.

In short, the Onondaga institution has been a survival out of the past that-we may be devoutly thankful-looms up in the present scathing report of the Prison Commission as already a wretched deviation from the trend of humane treatment of prisoners that Americans are proud to encourage throughout our land.

That Superintendent Markell should be removed was the first recommendation of the Prison Commission, with which we emphatically agree. Cruel and unusual punishments to-day are different from those of former generations, and accepted or tolerated severities and injustices of even a decade ago will no longer be "stood for " by public opinion -a fact that some prison administrators evidently must learn by summary removal. We wonder, also, how many other county institutions in New York or other States may display a similar record on thorough investigation?

SWITZERLAND, THE PRISONERS' PARADISE

The Outlook has already chronicled the splendid success attained by the Agence Internationale des Prisonniers de Guerre, at Geneva, in obtaining the speedy forwarding of mail and other articles between the prisoners held in France or Germany and their families. But Switzerland has done another equally important service for the prisoners. That mountainland has become a refuge to the wounded and ill among them.

Some time ago the French and German Governments agreed to take advantage of Swiss hospitality, by transferring ill and wounded prisoners to be examined by Swiss doctors and interned in Switzerland. The French "tubercular camp" at Leysin is already famous. Inspired by this example, Sir Edward Grey, British Foreign Minister,

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