full font of type which her brother had just been distributing. He patiently picked up the type and redistributed them, with no word of reproof to the child. Through all the fifteen years that had elapsed no mention of this incident had ever been made; it was nearly forgotten. But the girl of eighteen remembered it on her deathbed as one of the salient impressions of her whole life; and on that incident of her babyhood hung the sum total of her impressions of her brother.

The fruitage of our work, though many times long deferred, is real.

Definite satisfactions come to teachers who see their old pupils, perhaps many, perhaps few, but always some, taking a real part on the stage of the world's affairs. The teacher's name is not blazoned in electric bulbs as producer or manager before the theater of the pupil's achievements; but the teacher is conscious of being in the wings, somewhere behind the footlights. Something of the drama he prepared is being enacted there upon the stage, and he is satisfied not to be under the spotlight. He is content, with Milton, to remember that

Fame is no plant that grows on mor

tal soil,

Nor in the glistering foil

Set off to the world, nor in broad rumor lies,

But lives and spreads aloft by those pure eyes

And perfect witness of all-judging Jove;

As he pronounces lastly on each deed, Of so much fame in heaven expect thy meed.

The teacher, the true teacher, is willing to work and to wait. The teacher, the true teacher, knows the worth of what he is doing, and is content.

T

HE rights of one citizen end where those of another begin." This statement was not made by a college professor, a community worker, a politician, not even by a judicially inclined lawyer, but it was made by James Maloney, Vice-President of the Glass Bottle Blowers' Association.

glass bottle industry from both manufacturers and workers.

I delivered an address before the Pennsylvania State Industrial Association at Harrisburg recently, and just preceding my address John A. Voll, President of the Glass Bottle Blowers' Association of the United States and Canada, delivered a wonderful address that greatly impressed me. The meat of his address was a plea for co-operation between the employer and the employee, for a thorough understanding between those two parties and a settle

ment of all serious disputes by voluntary arbitration. His speech was more or less of the "cross of service" variety. His plea for good wages was based on the declaration that labor was entitled to good wages, but was at the same time under obligation to do an honest full day's work. The labor leader was just as emphatic that the employer must do the square thing. He must play fair with both the worker and the public.

Half an hour later we were seated in the smoking compartment of a Pullman car bound from Harrisburg to Philadelphia. Mr. Voll looked me over and said:

"Mr. Rogers, I agree with a great deal of your speech. We have most of the fundamental principles you talked of in our organization. We have industrial representation. That is, each shop has its own committee to deal with the management. The business agent exists, but his power for autocratic practice is curbed. I will explain to you, a little later on, why and how. This shop committee, composed of workmen inside the factory, takes up all grievances arising with the management. If, however, they fail to agree after thrashing the matter out thoroughly, the International President of the union is called in. He settles about ninety per cent of the disputes that he is requested to adjudicate. If, however, the management and the President are unable to arrive at an agreement, the President temporarily makes a decision in the matter and the dispute is carried before the sessions of the Final Wage Conference. In other words, in the glass bottle industry, composed of nearly 10,000 workers and many manufacturers both large and small, we have an arbitration committee that has functioned for a great many. years.

"This arbitration board is composed of about ten union leaders who are selected at the Glass Bottle Blowers Workers' annual Convention and the same number of manufacturers who are appointed by the Chairman of the National Bottle Manufacturers' Association.

We have this annual arbitration conference to settle all disputes instead of resorting to strikes, and for the last twenty years we have not had one generally affecting the industry.

"The twenty members that meet at this general conference select a chairman. We have always, by unanimous approval, selected the Chairman of the Manufacturers' Association for that position. The decisions have always been fair. Many times when the conference would deadlock we have called on the Chairman to hand down a decision, and it has practically always been favorable to us. In fact, I think it always has been-but our industry is organized on a basis whereby there is no loose talk on either side. When we get to our general conference, every statement made is a statement of sincerity, and the party making the statement, whether he represents the employers or employees, finds out where he stands before he makes it. Several times delegates of both workers and manufacturers have made statements in the final wage conference that were not based on fact. They were quickly eliminated from the picture, and, as a result, we have no rash statements made by either side in our industry.

"Now I'll explain what I mean by the 'curbing' of the business agent. The shop committee, or direct representation between the committee of workmen and the manufacturer, does not eliminate the business agent as an official, but it does place him in a position where he cannot call men out; it also places him in a position where he cannot make a misstatement regarding the worker to the employer or the employer to the worker. His hand would be immediately 'called' if he did. It has not curbed him in his legitimate authority. Grievances between the men and management are adjudicated by the workmen's committee and the management, instead of the business agent being the sole arbiter between the men and the management. The workmen's committee, the business agent, and the management, naturally, have got to predicate their contentions on facts, because they know that, in event of a dispute, the case is reviewed by the final arbitration board, and if either side has made any misstatements they are going to be brought to light and the offending parties are not only censured but quickly lose their established position. Therefore we have had harmony in our industry because we have established a relationship that engenders both confidence and respect and compels conservative deliberation."

By this time I was doubly interested in the organization Mr. Voll represented. Here was a union and a manufacturers' association working on a basis where the prosperity of the industry was the first consideration and where the prosperity of both the worker and the company was not jeopardized by hasty, illconsidered, or ill-informed action by either side. Here was an arbitration

board set up for an entire industry which brought the possibility of a strike to a negligible minimum.

There was a very interesting story told about one of the recent conventions. Concessions had been asked by the manufacturers of the union.

it works out in both an efficient and successful manner under closed-shop rules.

I have for several years bitterly opposed the czarlike authority vested by many local unions in the business agent or "walking delegate." He has been able to keep the employer and employee from understanding each other. Pro

it was very easy for him to make a lot of rash, untruthful statements to the workmen, because they would have no way of learning the truth. But in the case of the glass bottle industry the contact established between the office and the shop prevents the business agent from making false statements to the men about the employer and vice versa.

At this juncture another manufacturer arose and said:

"Gentlemen, my conscience would bother me a great deal if we were to adjourn this conference in this manner. We are not so far apart but what we can agree on a solution. Our nerves are all on edge. I propose that we adjourn the meeting for the day and meet again next Monday morning. That will give us all of to-night, to-morrow, and tomorrow night to think this matter over. We will meet Monday morning feeling different than we do now. I don't think we have a moral right to bring this conference to a close without coming to some agreement on the question involved."

His proposal was accepted. The meeting adjourned and the men left for their respective hotels. Monday morning, when the session was resumed, it took only a very few moments for the board to reach an amicable adjustment.

The most noteworthy feature of this permanent, annual arbitration conference is the fact that both sides speak their hearts out. They are cool, clear, and each side puts up a strong argument. They leave nothing unsaid, but the fact that they must tell the truth places a ban on unnecessary misunderstanding.

The relationship that has been established in the glass bottle industry means a great deal to me. It settles one of the contentions that have been brought to my attention rather forcibly during the last two years by union labor leaders. These leaders have pointed out that industrial representation should work just as successfully under union conditions as under conditions where men were not unionized. I have always agreed with them, but I could not find a place where they had it in operationthat is, where closed-shop conditions existed. I know of several labor organizations that practically work on an open-shop basis with committee representation and it is successful, but here

If the American Federation of Labor would apply this same system all over the country, about nine-tenths of public prejudice would be immediately elimi nated. If they had industrial representation as the basic principle of adjudicating shop troubles, with an arbitration board to settle cases that the management and men could not settle, the workers would at once gain the confidence and sympathy of the public, and there is no employer big enough to ig nore, at the present time, an adverse public sentiment.

The remarkable part of the glass bottle workers' arbitration conference is in the fact that the minutes of the meetings are published by the union and distributed broadcast among their membership. This gives every worker in the industry a chance to realize the difficulties confronting the employers; knowing this, they base their wage agreements and working conditions on facts instead of some agitator's imagination. In other words, the glass bottle workers have a thorough knowledge of the industry, and therefore have no illusions about criminal profits on the part of the employer. A wonderful result is only natural. There is no body of workmen in America where the efficiency is greater than in the glass bottle industry. Men work because they know why they must work. They know the amount of work they must do to give themselves a decent wage.

The glass bottle worker has three protections: First, he is immune from I. W. W. doctrines-he knows better be cause he knows the truth. Second, he has confidence in his wage schedules be.cause he understands the conditions existing throughout the industry that he is engaged in. Third, he is satisfied because he knows that his employer cannot take advantage of him, even if he wants to. In other words, he knows he can get justice without striking for it; therefore he is not thinking about a strike.

The glass bottle manufacturers and workers have made a great step in the direction of peace and progress in industry. They recognize the most impor tant factor in industrial relations by realizing that "the rights of one citizen end where those of another begin."