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is so]: non temere dico. Plaut. Pers. IV 4 93. Add Faern., Bentl., Ruhnk. on Ter. eun. IV 5 6.

127-146 The very day is chequered from hour to hour by engagement after engagement in fairest order. First the salutatio for the dole at the great man's door; then deductio in forum, attendance upon him to and in the courts, where stands Apollo grown lawyer and the statues of Rome's warriors, among whom there has dared to thrust his lying titles some Egyptian or other and Arabarch, whose image provokes insult, the grosser the more appropriate to his deserts. The lord's public labours ended, clients, after long years of service and a weary day, are turned adrift at the gate, and quit their prayers, though the one thing on earth, to which men cling with stubborn hope, is their dinner; poor souls, for a morsel of greens and fuel to boil it they must draw upon the dole. Meanwhile their king will devour the choicest that seas and forests yield, lolling alone on empty couches: for all his goodly, broad, antique tables are for show; on one alone he swallows entire estates. Soon no parasite will be left; their trade is gone: but who can brook this churlish luxury? what gulf of a throat is that for which boars, creatures born to furnish a crowded feast, are but a single dish? But be sure, glutton, vengeance tarries not, when surfeited you carry to the bath the undigested peacock. Hence apoplexy and intestate age; the news, no unwelcome news, is table-talk for all the town; the funeral procession marches out, to be clapped by disappointed friends. 127 DISTINGUITUR the various officia are so many land-marks, so to say, so many prominent, salient, features, which relieve the day's uniformity. To dot, spangle, stud, is the primary signification. Plin. ep. 1 1 § 1 n. ORDINE VI 474 seq. Plin. ep. 1x 36 § 1 quaeris quemadmodum in Tuscis diem aestate disponam. Suet. Tib. 11. Vesp. 21 Cas. Marcil. ordinem vitae fere hunc tenuit. 128 SPORTULA 95 n. III 127-130 n. Plin. ep. III 12 § 2 officia antelucana. Mart. Iv 8 1-6 gives the routine more in detail prima salutantes atque altera detinet hora; | exercet raucos tertia causidicos. | in quintam varios extendit Roma labores; | sexta quies lassis, septima finis erit. | sufficit in nonam nitidis octava palaestris;| imperat exstructos frangere nona tores. I 55 56 6 et matutinum portat ineptus AVE. Galen meth. med. 1 1 x 2, 3 K. after saying that all the world is devoted to avarice, ambition or pleasure, and counts the votaries of truth mad: 'I too have been often reproved by some who appear to have an especial affection for me, as being immoderately in earnest about truth, and likely to be useless all my life long alike to myself and to them, if I should not slacken my excessive devotion to truth, προσαγορεύοιμι δὲ περιερχόμενος ἕωθεν, εἰς ἑσπέραν τε συνδειπνοῖμι τοῖς δυναμévols for these, they say, are the means, and not any special training, whereby artists win popularity and custom and confidence; for as regards special training, there does not exist a public capable of judging that, as they are all busy all day long, in the morning in salutations which are common to all, after which they disperse, some, and no small crowds, to the forum and to suits, other crowds more numerous still to the dancers and charioteers, while not a few others are occupied with gambling or amours or bathing or drinking and revelry, till in the evening they all meet again at feasts'; he then describes the excesses of the feasts, contests not of music or of song or of argument, but of the measure which each man can drink; the diseases ensuing, and the quack doctors who flatter their patient, ordering whatever he fancies. At the end of bk. 1 p. 76 Galen returns to the charge as most even of philo.

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146 MORNING LEVEES. FORUM. TRIUMPHALES. [I 128 129

sophers expect to be believed, without proof, how should we be astonished at physicians? who indeed have not even leisure to search for truth, being employed in the morning in salutations as they call them οὓς αὐτοὶ καλοῦ ow doтaoμous and in the evening glutting themselves and drinking themselves drunk.' The true physicians of the schools of Kos and Knidos and the old Italian school c. 1 ad fin. p. 6 were of another type ovdels ToÚTWV οὔτε ἕωθεν ἐπὶ τὰς τῶν πλουσίων ἐφοίτα θύρας προσαγορεύσων αὐτοὺς οὔτε εἰς èστéρav deɩπνηobμevos. See more from Galen in Hemst. on Luc. Nigrin. 22. In Auson. ephem. after his prayer, in the egressio 5 the first business is dicendum amicis est AVE. In Iuv. here the dole is received in the morning; in Mart. x 70 13, 14 balnea post decimam lasso centumque petuntur quadrantes fiet quando, Potite, liber? in the afternoon (the whole ep. is on the ordo rerum of a client). Cf. Iuv. 111 249 seq.

FORUM XIII 158. Sen. de ir. II 7 § 3 haec tot milia ad forum prima luce properantia. Mart. vIII 44 3-8 at tu, miser Titulle, nec senex vivis sed omne limen conteris salutator | et mane sudas urbis osculis udus, foroque triplici sparsus ante equos omnes | aedemque Martis et colosson Augusti | curris. 67 3 cum modo distulerint raucae vadimonia quartae. The forum is that of Augustus, who says in the monum. Ancyr. PRIVATO SOLO . . . . . MARTIS VLTORIS TEMPLVM FORVMQVE AVGVSTVм (feci). He had vowed the temple in the war against Brutus and Cassius, undertaken to avenge Caesar Ov. f. v 549-578; but it was not dedicated till 12 May B.C. 2 Dio LV 10 §§ 2-4. Vell. I 100 § 2. The long delay gave Augustus occasion for a pun Macrob. 11 4 § 9 vellem Cassius et meum forum accuset; many whom Severus C. accused were acquitted (absolvebantur); if he accused the forum, there might be some chance of its being completed (absolutum iri). cf. Suet. Aug. 56. The forum was built because the f. Romanum and f. Iulium were insufficient, and was therefore completed before the temple; it was specially devoted, Suet. Aug. 29 to publica iudicia et sortitiones iudicum. Mart. vii 51 4, 5 of Pompeius Auctus Ultoris prima Martis in aede sedet, | iure madens variaeque togae limatus in usu. He would be engaged in the courts till the 10th hour 11. Claudius Suet. 33 was sitting on the bench in this forum when he was suddenly called away by the savoury steam, ictus nidore, of a feast of the Salii. Trajan also often gave judgement here Dio LXVIII 10 § 2. Becker 1 370-3 and on the existing remains Niebuhr Beschreibung III 275-282. Bunsen III (2) 149-152. Coins with the temple of Mars in Rasche III (1) 317. IURISQUE PERITUS

APOLLO Plin. VII § 183 Apollinem eboreum, qui est in foro Augusti. Apollo, from his long attendance on the courts, is learned in the law. Mart. 11 64 7, 8 of the statue of Marsyas (Hor. s. 1 6 120) fora litibus omnia fervent; | ipse potest fieri Marsya causidicus.

129 TRIUMPHALES VIII 143-4 statuamque parentis | ante triumphalem. x 38 n. The forum formed two semicircles one on each side of the temple, and in these two porticus Aug. set up statues of all the great Roman conquerors Suet. 31 statuas omnium triumphali effigie in utraque fori sui porticu dedicavit, declaring that he designed them as standards whereby the citizens might try him and his successors. Dio LV 10 §§ 3, 4. Gell. Ix 11 § 10 cited on 108. Dio says they were of bronze, Lampr. Alex. Sev. 28 of marble summorum virorum statuas in foro suo e marmore collocavit additis gestis cf. Plin. xxxIII § 131. Tac. an. Iv 23 laureatae statuae. Agric. 43 inlustris statuae honorem. Nero Tac. xv 72 granted to Tigellinus and Nerva triumphales in foro imagines. Plin. ep. 11 7 § 1 yesterday on the motion of the emperor the senate

129-131] AEGYPTIUS ARABARCHES. NON TANTUM.

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decreed to Vestricius Spurinna a triumphal statue, non ita ut multis qui numquam in acie steterunt, numquam castra viderunt, numquam denique tubarum sonum nisi in spectaculis audierunt. Trebell. Poll. xxx tyr. 21 statuam inter triumphales. Becker 1 372. Marquardt III (2) 452 -4. Eckhel vi 113. 130 NESCIO QUIS CONtemptuous. Prop. 1 11 7. Grang. sic nos Galli: un je ne sçay qui.'

TITULOS OV. f. v 563-6 hinc videt Aenean oneratum pondere caro | et tot Iuleae nobilitatis avos: | hinc videt Iliaden umeris ducis arma ferentem | clar aque dispositis acta subesse viris. Plin. XXII § 13 inscription on the statue of Scipio Aemilianus; Vell. II 39 § 2 that of Aug. himself Hispaniasque aliasque gentes quarum titulis forum eius praenitet. Plin. xxxvi § 102 ranks the forum Aug. among pulcherrima operum quae umquam vidit orbis.

AEGYPTIUS an upstart like Crispinus 25-6 n. See Philo's vivid picture of the Egyptians, Tovnрà σñépμaтa, charged with the poison of their native crocodiles and serpents; Helikon in particular, leg. ad Gaium 26,30 11 570-6 M., who with Apelles of Ascalon counselled Caligula to set up a colossal statue of himself in the temple at Jerusalem.

ARABARCHES cf. 'nabob,' 'great mogul,' one of Cicero's nicknames for Pompeius ad Att. II 17 § 3 velim e Theophane expiscere quonam in me animo sit Arabarches. Egypt was divided into three presidencies, Torparnyiai, Upper (Thebais), Middle (Heptanomis) and Lower Egypt (Delta); the Toтpárnyo united in themselves all civil and military authority. As Egypt from the Nile to the Red Sea bore the name of Arabia, the governor of Thebais was also called 'Apaßáρxns on the analogy of Asiarch. An inser. on Memnon's statue names Claudius Aemilius Arabarch and èπɩσтρárnyos of Thebais Marquardt III (1) 212—3. Em. Kuhn Verfassung d. röm. Reichs II 484. HSt. dλaßápxns. 'ApaBápxns. Pauly Arabarches. Ios. ant. XVIII 6 § 3. 8 § 1. xIx 5 § 1. xx 5 § 2 uniformly gives the title of Philo's brother [according to Ewald vi3 259 nephew] Alexander Lysimachus as alabarch. The Egyptian here meant is Tiberius Alexander, son of the above Alex. Lys., who became a pagan, was made procurator of Iudaea cir. 46 A.D., prefect of Egypt 66 or 67 A.D., was the first to proclaim Vespasian 1 July 69, and was general in chief under Titus at the siege of Jerusalem. See Tillemont 1 ind. Alexandre. Haakh in Pauly vi 1943-4 who has collected the evidence of Suet., Dio, and esp. Tac. and Ios., and supposes that Iuv. had transferred the title aλaßápxns (?) from the father to the son (?). Ewald vi3 548-9, 661, 756, 763. That so important an adherent of the Flavian family, as this renegade, should be honoured with a triumphal statue, is not surprising; Josephus also, a man of very inferior military and civil claims, Eus. h. e. III 9 had a statue in Rome, and his works were deposited in a public library, so that his history of the war, as Lehmann has shewn, was read by both Suet. and Tac. 131 NON TANTUM Liv. X 14 § 18 non vero tantum metu terruere Samnitium animos, but also with. imaginary terrors. Sen. de tranq. 11 § 8 cited on VIII 186. Plin. ep. III 14§1n.rem atrocem nec tantum epistula dignum, where supply sed etiam tragoedia. VII 24 § 2. Quintil. 1 1 § 6 Hortensiae.. oratio.. legitur .. non tantum in sexus honorem, but also for its intrinsic merits. Iv 2 § 43 sunt enim haec vitia non tantum brevitatis gratia refugienda. vI 3 § 19. Macr. 11 2 § 5. From Heinr. cf. Burm. on Phaedr. I pr. 6 ed. 4to. The clause suppressed in Iuv. may be supplied from the imprecation of Priapus Hor. s. 18 38-9 Kirchner in me veniat mictum atque cacatum | Iulius. Petron. 71. MEIERE VI 309, 310. anthol. 1312 M,

148

VESTIBULIS ABEUNT CLIENTES. [I 131-133

Pers. 1 112-4 'hic' inquis 'veto quisquam faxit oletum.' | pinge duos anguis: pueri, sacer est locus, extra | meite, where Jahn has collected inscriptions, monuments, and texts of authors.

FAS EST whereas if an emperor's statue were so outraged, it would be treason Spartian. Caracall. 5 damnati sunt eo tempore qui urinam in eo loco fecerunt, in quo statuae aut imagines erant principis. cf. Suet. Tib. 58; if the image of a god, sacrilege cf. Chrysipp. in Plut. stoic. repugn. 22 § 2 p. 1045. Suet. Ner. 56. The corpse of Elagabalus, Lampr. 17, 33, was thrown into the cloaca. Jehu's desecration 1 k. 10 27 of Baal's temple. Ezra 6 11. Dan. 2 5. 3 29. the destiny of the statue of Seianus Iuv. x 64. 132 VESTIBULIS 96 n. limine. Cic. p. Caecin. § 35 non modo limine tectoque aedium tuarum, sed primo aditu vestibuloque prohibuerint. Sen. cons. ad Marc. 10 § 1 ampla atria et exclusorum clientium turba referta vestibula. Gell. Iv 1 § 1 in vestibulo aedium Palatinarum omnium fere ordinum multitudo opperientes salutationem Caesaris constiterant. Some supposed that the word=atrium, but C. Aelius Gallus Gell. xvi 5 § 3 defined it as an empty space before the door of the house, through which there is an approach from the street to the house.' § 9 in eo loco, qui dominum eius domus salutatum venerant consistebant. So Non. s. v. p. 53 derives the word quod in his locis, ad salutandos dominos domorum quicunque venissent, stare soleant, dum introeundi daretur copia. Claud. laud. Stil. 11 114-5 ambitio, quae vestibulis foribusque potentum | excubat. Aristid. or. Plat. 2 prope fin. II 308 J. 513 C. of mock philosophers: the salutes of others they will not even return with courtesy, but the cooks and bakers and other servants of the rich they salute from a distance, before they are well in sight, as though it were for this that they rose from bed. καν τοῖς προθύροις καλινδοῦνται, πλείω τοῖς θυρωροῖς συνόντες ἢ τοῖς δεσπόταις αὐτῶν. Diod. v 40 § 1 ascribes the invention to the Tyrrhenians ἔν τε ταῖς οἰκίαις τα περίστῳα πρὸς τὰς τῶν θεραπευόντων ὄχλων ταραχὰς ἐξεῦρον εὐχρηστίαν.

VETERES CLIENTES V 64 who have been long clients. III 1. vI 346 amici. IV 52 dominum. vII 170 caecos. Ix 16 aegri. xv 33 n. Quintil. decl. Ix § 18 aemulus. 133 VOTAQUE DEPONUNT ▼ 15-23. M. Sen. suas. 5 § 1 quae male expertus est vota deponit. CENAE SPES V 166 spes bene cenandi vos decipit. Lucian de merc. cond. 7 dwells upon the thought that parasites live on hope ἡδονῆς ἕνεκα καὶ τῶν πολλῶν καὶ ἀθρόων ἐλπίδων ἐσπηδᾶν αὐτοὺς ἐς τὰς οἰκίας, amazed at the abundance of gold and silver, εὐδαιμονήσαντας δὲ ἐπὶ τοῖς δείπνοις καὶ τῇ ἄλλῃ τρυφῇ ἐλπίσαντας δὲ ὅσον αὐτίκα χανδὸν οὐδενὸς ἐπιστομίζοντος πίεσθαι τοῦ χρυσίου ... In their whole life they effect nothing répa TĤs èλπidos. 8 if they secured any pleasure by their slavery, there might be some excuse for them; but for the bare hope of pleasure to endure many indignities, is I think ridiculous and senseless, and the more as they see that the labours are certain and manifest and necessary, τὸ δὲ ἐλπιζόμενον ἐκεῖνο ὁτιδήποτέ ἐστι τὸ ἡδύ, has neither ever yet in all this time befallen them, nor seems ever likely to befall.. The companions of Odysseus had at least the sweetness of the lotus to compensate their loss of glory.. But that one who is famine's bedfellow should submit to wait upon another who is fattening upon the lotus, in the mere hope that he may himself one day have a taste, this is a folly πληγῶν τινων Ομηρικῶν ὡς ἀληθῶς δεόμενον.

CAULIS

MISERIS ATQUE IGNIS EMENDUS III 250 n. xI 78-81. L. Pompon. Bon. Maialis fr. 3 in Non. 'revortit' cenam quaeritat: si eum nemo vocat, revortit maestus ad maenam miser. Lucian Hermotim. 71 after speaking

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of the goddess Evxn, who denies her votaries no favour, granting them even mountains of gold; in the midst of these day-dreams if the servant asks any necessary question, e. g. ὅθεν ἄρτους ὠνητέον, or what he must answer the landlord who has often called for the rent, they are ready to bite off the boy's nose, as though he had robbed them of all those treasures. epist. Sat. 21 this is what most afflicts us, that so and so should keep a perpetual feast, on a purple couch, envied by all his acquaintance; and that we, his equals, should be always musing whence to procure 4 obols, that we may at least before we go to bed, have our fill of bread or porridge, with a seasoning of cress, thyme or onions. IGNIS 120 fumus.

135 IV 140-3. v 92-6 n. OPTIMA SILVARUM PELAGIQUE Lucan iv 373-6 o prodiga rerum | luxuries numquam parvo contenta paratu | et quaesitorum terra pelagoque ciborum | ambitiosa fames et lautae gloria mensae! Philo cited on 94. Musa on 144, On the use of the neut. optima cf. Heind. on Hor. s. 1 2 25. Haase on Reisig 636. 136 REX V 161 n.

TANTUM

VACUIS TORIS v 17 vacuo...lecto. IPSE 95 n. Cic. in Pis. § 67 Graeci stipati, quini in lectis, saepe plures; ipse solus. Plin. pan. 49 § 6 non tibi semper in medio cibus semperque mensa communis? Plut. Lucull. 41 some Greek visitors having been entertained several days by Lucullus, declined an invitation; they were unwilling to put him to such a daily expense.' He answered; 'it is true, some little of this is done for you; but most for Lucullus.' When he was dining alone and a single table with a slight repast was set before him, he rebuked his cook; to the slave's plea that he thought there was no need of a sumptuous feast as there was no company,' L. rejoined: 'did you not know ὅτι σήμερον παρὰ Λουκούλλῳ δειπνεῖ Λούκουλλος ; The story getting wind, Cicero and Pompeius one day told L. that they would dine with him, and take pot luck. He tried to put them off, but they prevented him from even giving any orders, except as to the room; they were to dine in 'the Apollo'; but each dining room had its own bill of fare; that of the Apollo amounted to 200 sestertia. IACEBIT II 120.

137 TOT...ORBIBUS 75. xi 117–129. Seneca, Dio LXI 10 § 3, who blamed others' prodigality, had 500 tables of citrus wood with ivory feet all alike, and feasted upon them. Annius, Mart. vII 48, had 200 tables and yet pro mensis habet Annius ministros, the waiters carry round the dishes and do not set them down on the tables; (originally the tables were changed with each course, whence mensa prima, secunda etc. Serv. Aen, 1 216, 723. vin 283); transcurrunt gabatae [dishes] volantque lances. | has vobis epulas habete, lauti: | nos offendimur ambulante cena.

PULCHRIS the wood of the citrus was preferred to all others. Cato in Festus 242 21 aedes...expolitae maximo opere citro atque ebore atque pavimentis Poenicis. Vell. 11 56 § 2 the furniture of Caesar's Gallic triumph was of citrus. Strab. 202 the Ligurians have great store of forest trees, many of them Tŷ TOKıλią 'in vein' not inferior to the citrus for making tables. 826 it is Maurusia that supplies the Romans with the most variegated and largest tables of one piece μovožúλovs. ef. Plin. XIII

§ 91. Petron. 119 27-31 ecce Afris eruta terris | ponitur ac maculis imitatur vilibus aurum | citrea mensa... | hoc sterile ac male nobile lignum] turba sepulta mero circum venit. Lucan Ix 425-9 tantum Maurusia genti | robora divitiae, quarum non noverat usum, sed citri contenta comis vivebat et umbra. | in nemus ignotum nostrae venere secures | extremoque epulas mensas que petivimus orbe. Plin. x 91-102 speaks of the citrus at length; the veining so much admired was in a kind