FANCY PRICES OF TABLES. THEIR SIZE. [I 137 150 of wen upon the tree or its root xvi § 185 quibus sunt tubera sicut in carne glandia,...quodam callo carnis in se convoluto. hoc pretiosissimum in citro et acere. XIII § 95 quod tanti emitur arborum vitium est; in leaf, scent, trunk the citrus resembled the wild cypress: the most approved grew on mt. Ancorarius in Mauretania, then exhausted. § 96 the favorite slabs were striped like tigers, spotted like panthers, or had a wavelike curl resembling the eyes of a peacock's tail [cf. Mart. xiv 85 lectus pavoninus]; next came apiatae, speckled as with parsley seeds. The most important point was the colour, that of mead, mulsum, being preferred. The citrus was much used in veneering Mart. xiv 89, 138. Sen. de ir. III 35 § 5 these eyes which cannot endure mensam nisi crebris distinctam venis. The word citrus is a corruption from κédpos. the tree, Thuja articulata Vahl, Callitris quadrivalvis Ventenat, still grows in forests in Barbary and on mt. Atlas, as in Pliny's days v § 12. It exudes the sandarac of commerce. Lenz Botanik d. Gr. u. Römer 362-4. Voss on Verg. g. II 127. Plin. xvi §§ 66. 68. There was a brisk trade in these tables. Mamurra in Mart. Ix 60 7-10 who spent his days in the shops, inspecting the costliest slaves, plate, jewels, etc. and after all bought for a single as two cups, mensas et opertos exuit orbes, | expositumque alte pingue poposcit ebur. | et testudineum mensus quater hexaclinon | ingemuit citro non satis esse suo. So Eros x 80 2 sighs from the bottom of his heart, because he cannot buy up all murrine vases, all handsome slaves in the market, nobiliusve citrum. Many laugh at the tears of Eros, but weep themselves inwardly, lumine sicco. They were counterfeited dig. xIx 1 21 § 2 si mensas quasi citreas, quae non sunt. Another esteemed material was maple Hor. s. II 8 10. Ov. m. XII 245. Plin. xvi § 66 acer ... operum elegantia ac subtilitate citro secundum; one kind crispo macularum discursu was called 'peacock's tail.' § 68 an excrescence on the maple, molluscum,...si magnitudinem mensarum caperet, haud dubie praeferretur citro; of another excrescence, bruscum, tables of a dark tint nigrescentes were made; maple was used in veneering XXXIII § 146 aut acere operta aut citro. Mart. XIV 90. Lenz Botanik der Gr. u. Römer 649. We even read of tables of silver Petron. 73. dig. xxxIII 10 3 § 3. 981; of gold Mart. III 31 4; jewelled dig. xxxiv 2 19 § 14. Claud. Prob. et Ol. cons. 265. LATIS XI 122-3 latos nisi sustinet orbes | grande ebur. Cic. Verr. Iv § 37 maximam et pulcherrimam mensam citream. The largest known to Plin. XIII §§ 93, 94 were a that of Ptolemy king of Mauretania 41 ft. in diameter, 3 in. thick, of two halves cunningly joined; b a solid one of Nomius, freedman to Tiberius, 3 ft. 11 in. in diameter, 5 in. thick; c one of Tiberius, veneered, 4 ft. 2 in. in diameter, 11⁄2 in. thick. § 97 after the veins and colour of the wood the size was chiefly regarded. ORBIBUS XI 122 n. Varr. 1. 1. v § 118 'the dining-table was called cilliba; it was square, as it still is in camp; . . . afterwards it was made round.' [Ov.] her. 16 = 17 87 orbe quoque in mensae. Mart. Ix 23 5 ut Mauri Libycis centum stent dentibus orbes. Massive horizontal sections of the tree, or of its roots. The taste for these luxuries came in B. c. 187 after the war with Antiochus Liv. xxxix 6 § 7 monopodia. Teuffel in Pauly mensa. Marquardt v (2) 37, 313-4. Becker Gallus II 302-6. When these circular tables came into vogue, the rectangular triclinia were exchanged for semicircular couches called sigmata from the Gr. c. These were adapted for six guests (hexaclinon), or Mart. x 48 6 for seven guests. XIV 87'stibadia' accipe lunata scriptum testudine sigma: | octo capit; on such a sigma Elagabalus Lampr. 29 entertained his 8 bald, 8 one-eyed, 8 gouty, 8 deaf, 137-140] COMEDUNT PATRIMONIA. LUXURIAE SORDES. 151 8 black, 8 tall, and 8 fat guests; the last company could not squeeze into the space. Apul. v 3 uses semirotundum as a subst. = sigma. Marquardt v (1) 315. Becker Gallus III 269, 270. 138 ANTIQUIS 76 n. Sen. tranq. an. 1 § 7 mensa non varietate macularum conspicua nec per multas dominorum elegantium successiones civitati nota, sed in usum posita, quae nullius convivae oculos nec voluptate moretur nec accendat invidia. Theophrastus h. p. v 3 § 7 who speaks of the durability beauty and costliness of the fúa, and of its employment in the roofs of temples, makes no mention of tables Plin. XIII §§ 100-102 et alias nullius ante Ciceronianam vetustior memoria est, quo noviciae adparent. But as Quintil., Tac., Plin., call the writers of the Ciceronian and Augustan ages veteres, furniture of those ages might well be called antique. DS. v 46 § 6, after Euhemeros, describes the gates of the temple of Panchaea as of gold and silver, ivory and Oúa. cf. Hor. c. IV 1 20. Plin. XIII § 92 names several tables of antiquarian renown, one of Cicero's bought in illa paupertate, et quod magis mirum est, illo aevo for 500 sestertia; some of Asinius Gallus were sold for 1000 sestertia; two ab Iuba rege pendentes sold, the one for 1200 sestertia, the other for a little less; interiit nuper a Cethegis descendens one sold for 1400 sestertia, latifundi taxatione, si quis praedia tanti mercari malit. Tert. pall. 5 1 953 Oehl. adigo cauterem ambitioni, qua M. Tullius quingentis milibus nummum orbem citri emit, qua bis tantum Asinius Gallus pro mensa eiusdem Mauretaniae numerat. hem, quantis facultatibus aestimavere ligneas maculas! Indeed the male passion for tables was pleaded in excuse for the female passion for pearls Plin. § 91 mensarum insania, quas feminae viris contra margaritas regerunt. Sen. ad Helv. 11 § 6 lapides aurum argentum et magni levatique mensarum orbes terrena sunt pondera. ben. VII 9 § 2 mensas et aestimatum lignum senatorio censu, eo pretiosius, quo illud in plures nodos arboris infelicitas torsit. Varr. r. r. III 2 § 4 citrum aut COMEDUNT PATRIMONIA 34 n. Novius fr. agric. 1 ap. Non. 'comest' edepol, paternam qui comest pecuniam. Titin. fr. fullon. 1 ibid. meam dotem comest. Afran. fr. aequal. ibid. tua bona hic comest. Cic. p. Sest. § 110 usque eo non fuit popularis, ut bona solus comesset. § 111 utrum ego tibi patrimonium eripui, Gelli, an tu comedisti? ad fam. Ix 20 § 3 bona. XI 21 § 2 rem (also devoravit). Petron. 44 cited on VIII 95. Menand. opyý ap. Ath. 166b κατέδομαι καὶ τοὺς λίθους | ἁπαξάπαντας, οὐ γὰρ οὖν τὴν γῆν μόνην. id. ναύκληρος ib. εἴ τις πατρώαν παραλαβών | γῆν καταφάγοι. Hom. aurum. 419. So Cic. p. Quinct. § 40 adesa....pecunia. Tac. XIII 21 fortunis. (chiefly from Victor. v. 1. Iv 6 and Heinr. cf. Torr. and Lamb. on Hor. ep. 1 15 40). Sen. ben. 1 10 § 2 foedissimum patrimoniorum exitium culina. Mart. cited on 140. 139 PARASITUS described in sat. v. 140 LUXURIAE SORDES Plin. ep. 11 6 dined with a host § 1 ut sibi videbatur, lautum et diligentem, ut mihi, sordidum simul et sumptuosum. §2 nam sibi et paucis opima quaedam, ceteris vitia et minuta ponebat. § 6 quorsus haec ne tibi..quorundam in mensa luxuria specie frugalitatis inponat..§7 igitur memento nihil magis esse vitandum quam istam luxuriae et sordium novam societatem: quae cum sint turpissima discreta ac separata, turpius iunguntur. Iv 2 § 5 of Regulus in summa avaritia sumptuosus. Sen. ep. 20 § 3 numquid in te liberalis sis, in tuos sordidus, numquid cenes frugaliter, aedifices luxuriose. Iuv. loves such antitheses. 49, 50 fruitur dis | iratis. 145-6 iratis plaudendum. 19 tristibus obscenis. 10 Socraticos. . cinaedos. III 182-3 ambitiosa | 152 APROS, ANIMAL PROPTER CONVIVIA NATUM. [I 140-142 paupertate. IV 31 purpureus scurra. VIII 107 plures de pace trium QUANTA EST GULA Mart. v 70 5 o quanta est gula centies comesse. GULA V 94 n. 158. XI 39. XIV 10. cf. II 114 gutturis. The word generally connotes gluttony or epicurism; many exx. in Mühlmann. QUAE SIBI TOTOS PONIT APROS Tiberius Suet. 34, to set an example of frugality, sollemnibus ipse cenis pridiana saepe ac semesa obsonia apposuit dimidiatumque aprum, affirmans' omnia eadem habere, quae totum'. Hor. s. II 2 89-92 rancidum aprum antiqui laudabant, non quia nasus | illis nullus erat, sed, credo, hac mente, quod hospes | tardius adveniens vitiatum commodius quam | integrum edax dominus consumeret. 3 234. 4 40-42. 8 6,7. Mart. 1 20 cited on v 104. Mart. 1 43=44 1, 2, 9—14 bis tibi triceni fuimus, Mancine, vocati | et positum est nobis nil here praeter aprum. |... nudus aper, sed et hic minimus qualisque necari | a non armato pumilione potest, et nihil inde datum est; tantum spectavimus omnes: ponere aprum nobis sic et harena solet. | ponatur tibi nullus aper post talia facta: | sed tu ponaris cui Charidemus apro. VII 59 non cenat sine apro noster, Tite, Caecilianus: | bellum convivam Caecilianus habet. 141 PONIT v 51, 85, 135, 146. xI 84, 108. Mart. 1 44-45. Ruhnk. on Ov. her. 16 215. APROS V 116 n. Cic. Heins. on Oy. a. a. 1 231. Heind, on Hor. s. II 2 23. ANIMAL PROPTER CONVIVIA NATUM Plat. resp. 373 c. Chrysippos in Porph. de abst. III 20 the gods made mankind for their own sakes and for one another . . but the hog οὐ δι ̓ ἄλλο τι πλὴν θύεσθαι ἐγεγόνει καὶ τῇ σαρκὶ τὴν ψυχὴν ὁ θεὸς οἷον ἅλας ἐνέμιξεν εὐοψίαν ἡμῖν μηχανώ μενος. I 14 swine are good for nothing but to be eaten.' So Varr. r. r. 11 4 SS 9, 10 who derives us (originally as he says, σûs) from Ovew. d. n. 1 § 160. So Clem. Al. str. 11 § 105 p, 484 P. Galen alim. fac. I 19 VI p. 700 K. says that it is the most nutritious of meats. Plin. VIII § 207. Plut. Anton. 28 §2 Philotas, then a medical student at Alexandria, saw the kitchen of Antonius; among other provisions 8 boars were roasting; he was amazed at the number of guests. 'Nay,' said the cook, 'the guests are not many, about 12; but Antonius must have his meat done to a turn. He may call for his dinner at once, or presently, or he may defer it. Hence it is necessary to prepare not one dinner, but several.' Cleopatra (Plin. Ix §§ 119, 120, Macr. II 17 [= 13] §§ 15—18) challenged him to spend 100 million sesterces on one meal; she won the wager by drinking a large pearl dissolved in vinegar. The prodigality of the actor Aesopus Plin. x §§ 141, 142; of Caligula Suet, 37; of Vitellius Suet. 13 homo non profundae modo sed intempestivae quoque ac sordidae gulae. CONVIVIA Cic. Cat. mai. § 45 bene. . maiores accubitionem epularem amicorum, quia vitae coniunctionem haberet, convivium nominaverunt. NATUM Ov. m. xv 116-7 oves, placidum pecus inque tuendos | natum homines. Hor. c. 1 27 1 and Lucil. in schol. ib. Plin. xiv § 139 tamquam ad perdenda vina geniti. XIX § 93 scilla... medicamini nata. XIII § 99 of citrus tables nec vinis laeduntur ut his genitae. Macr. I 17 (=11 13) § 15 Antonius quidquid mari aut terra aut etiam caelo gigneretur ad satiandam ingluviem suam natum existimans. Chrysippos Plut. stoic. rep. 21 p. 1044 the peacock ἕνεκα τῆς οὐρᾶς γέγονε, διὰ τὸ κάλλος αὐτῆς. 142 POENA TAMEN PRAESENS Plin. xiv § 142 hence (from drunkenness) paleness, hanging cheeks, bloodshot eyes, quaking hands. ... and quae sit poena praesens, furiales somni et inquies nocturna. Cic. divin. II § 122 ne si navigare quidem velim, ita gubernem, ut somniaverim; prae 142 143] DANGER OF BATHING ON A FULL STOMACH. 153 sens enim poena. Cf. pr. pecunia, ready money; periculum, imminent jeopardy; ; venenum, quick poison. Sen. ep. 95 §§ 15-18 draws a ghastly picture of this punishment § 18 innumerabiles morbos, supplicia luxuriae. Heinr, reads Poena as in Hor. c. III 2 32. Tibull. 1 9 4; praesens is often used of a god who reveals himself, makes his power felt, see Forc. Grang. sees an allusion to Hor. c. Iv 5 24 culpam poena premit TU 73 n. comes. DEPONIS AMICTUS in the apodyterium or spoliarium. Petron. 73 proiectisque vestimentis. . . . balneum intravimus. Marquardt v (1) 286. 143-146 an imitation of Pers, 1 98-106 turgidus hic epulis atque albo ventre lavatur, | gutture sulpureas lente exhalante mefites; | sed tremor inter vina subit calidumque trientem | excutit e manibus, dentes crepuere retecti, | uncta cadunt laxis tunc pulmentaria labris. | hinc tuba, candelae, tandemque beatulus alto | conpositus lecto crassisque lutatus amomis in portam rigidas calces extendit: at illum | hesterni capite induto subiere Quirites. 143 TURGIDUS ET CRUDUM PAVONEM IN BALNEA PORTAS Cic. p. Deiot. § 21 a passage which shews that such excess was a matter of course cum, inquit, vomere post cenam te velle dixisses, in balneum te ducere coeperunt. ad fam. ix 18 § 3 plures iam pavones confeci quam tu pullos columbinos. § 4 satius est hic cruditate [mori] quam istic fame. fin. II § 23 asotos, . . . qui in mensam vomant et qui de conviviis auferantur crudique postridie se rursus ingurgitent. fat. § 34 causa est. ., cruditas morbi. Cat. mai. § 44 caret [senectus] epulis exstructisque mensis et frequentibus poculis: caret ergo etiam vinolentia et cruditate et insomniis. Hor. ep. 1 6 61 crudi tumidique lavemur. Colum. pr. § 16 ut apti veniamus ad ganeas, quotidianam eruditatem Laconicis excoquimus. Sen. ep. 86 § 10 of old baths had utilem ac salubrem temperaturam, non hanc quae nuper inventa est similis incendio, adeo quidem ut convictum in aliquo seclere servum vivum lavari oporteat. nihil mihi videtur iam interesse, ardeat balneum an caleat. 15 § 3. Petron. 72 after a luxurious feast Trimalchio asks quare non vivamus?.... coniciamus nos in balneum ....sic calet tamquam furnus. Habinnas replies de una die duas facere, nihil malo. After the bath ebrietate discussa the party adjourn to another dining room. Sen. ep. 86 § 11 quantae nunc aliquis rusticitatis damnat Scipionem, quod non in caldarium suum latis specularibus diem admiserit? quod non in multa luce decoquebatur et exspectabat, ut in balneo concoqueret? Plin. xiv § 139 after speaking of gourmands who take poison to enlarge their capacity of drinking wine, cautissimos ex eis balineis coqui videmus exanimisque efferri. xxix § 26 illa perdidere imperii mores, illa quae sani patimur,... balineae ardentes quibus persuadere in corporibus cibos coqui ut nemo non minus validus exiret, oboedientissimi vero efferrentur. Quintil. v 9 § 11 tumores a symptom common both to poisoning and indigestion et veneficii et cruditatis. This excess was habitual with Caligula Phil. leg, ad G. 2 11 548 м. oopayia kaì èπì TλńρEσι TOîs ὄγκοις ἀπλήρωτοι ἐπιθυμίαι θερμολουσίαι τε ἄκαιροι καὶ ἔμετοι καὶ εὐθὺς πάλιν οἰνοφλυγίαι καὶ ἔφεδροι γαστριμαργίαι, and with Nero Suet. 27 epulas a medio die ad mediam noctem protrahebat, refotus saepe calidis piscinis ac tempore aestivo nivatis. Plut. de sanit. 4, 5 speaks of the many occasions in which excess was almost compulsory; 11 p. 127-8 many neglect the indigestions which are heralds of disease; from love of pleasure or from shame they 'plunge into baths' and strive to drive out οἴνῳ δὴ τὸν οἶνον, κραιπάλῃ δὲ τὴν κραιπάλην. 17. Galen VII 702—3 Κ. to bathe immediately after eating ὠμῶν καὶ ἀπέπτων χυμῶν ἐμπίπλησι 154 CRUDUM PAVONEM IN BALNEA PORTAS. [I 143 To oua. The best time xIx 692-3 is when yesterday's meal is thoroughly digested, and we are ready for another; we ought not to bathe after eating, ἵνα μὴ ἔμφραξις κατὰ νεφροὺς καὶ ἧπαρ γένηται. Becker Gallus III3 68114. Marquardt v (1) 277-304. Herzog in Pauly 12 2252-7. On the time of bathing see XI 204 n. CRUDUM III 233. Galen alim. fac. III 19 vi 701 K. pronounces the peacock hard, indigestible and sinewy; similarly Simeon Seth alim. fac. TANE p. 106 Langkavel. Bochart cites Avicenna and other Arabian physicians to the same purpose. Hor. s. II 2 23-30 derides the preference of peacock to chicken, simply because of its rarity and cost and outward beauty. PAVONEM VII 32 n. Solomon's ships, 1 k. 10 22. 2 chr. 9 21, brought peacocks from Tarshish (Tartessus). India produced the largest peacocks Ael. n. a. xvi 2; they were kept in the royal parks x 18; a miraculous story of an Indian peacock presented to an Egyptian king, who would not keep it either as a pet or for the table x1 33 as oixías ävρμа yаσтρòs xáρiv, but dedicated it to Zeus; a young epicure bribed a priest to procure it for him; but an asp appeared in its stead; the priest was punished for sacrilege; the epicure was shortly after choked by the bone of a bird; the peacock lived for 100 years, but appeared no more to men. In Lucian navig. 23 a peacock from India is one of the delicacies to which the poor man aspires in his day-dream. Auson. epist. 20 10 calls it a royal bird. Media (Suid. Mŋdiкòs õрvis. тaws evπýλng. Clem. Al. paed. II 1 § 3 p. 164 Р. ш 4 § 30 p. 271), Babylonia (DS. 11 53 § 2), Persia (schol. Aristoph. Ach. 63. av. 707) are named as its home. Peacocks were introduced into Greece from 'the barbarians' Ael. v 21; Theophrastus, Plin. x 79, said that in Asia also they were advecticii. To Rome they were brought from Samos VII 32 n. Varr. ap. Gell. VI-VII 16 § 5. In the time of Perikles they were so rare in Greece, that visitors came to Athens from Sparta and Thessaly, to see the birds and buy eggs; there was a show on the new moon, and this continued for 30 years (Antiphon in his speech on the peacock in Ath. 397 c-e); a pair of birds then cost 10,000 drachmae (id. in Ael. n. a. v 21). Alexander so admired those which he saw in India, that he punished the slaughter of them by a fine ibid. cf. Curt. Ix 1 § 13. In Rome Hortensius Varr. r. r. III 6 § 6 was said to have first served them up at his inaugural dinner as augur; quod potius factum tum luxuriosi, quam severi boni viri laudabant. Macr. III 13 [=II 9] § 1. Plin. x § 45. Ael. n. a. v 21. Tert. de pall. 5 ad fin. praecidam gulam, qua Hortensius orator primus pavum cibi causa potuit occidere. M. Aufidius Lurco was the first to fatten them, and made a profit of 60,000 HS. upon them Varr. ib. § 1. Plin. ib. Tert. de anima 33 Lurconiana condimenta. An egg in Varro's time § 6 sold for 5 denarii, a bird for 50. Macr. ib. ecce res nonammiranda solum sed etiam pudenda, ut ova pavonum quinis_denariis veneant, quae hodie non dicam vilius, sed omnino non veneunt. In B.C. 46 a peacock was a standing dish Cic. fam. IX 20 § 2 sed vide audaciam. etiam Hirtio cenam dedi sine pavone. Hor. s. 1 2 116 peacock ranked with turbot. Publilius Syrus in Petron. 55 2 tuo palato clausus pavo nascitur plumato amictus aureo Babylonico. Mart. XIII 70 cited on VII 31. Among the delicacies with which Vitellius, Suet. 13, dedicated' the huge dish which he called clipeus Minervae Toλiouxov, were pheasants' and peacocks' brains: peacock was an ingredient in the pentapharmacum of. Aelius Verus Spartian. 5. The Roman aviaries, with their partridges, peafowl, guineafowl, pheasants, pigeons, flamingoes, Mart. III 58 12-19, made a gay show. A double house, guards and keepers, Ael. v 21, were |