160

TIGELLINUS.

[I 155 they put to death multitudes of the rich, allowing them to make their wills, Dio 11 § 2, but if any bequeathed to him and to T. less than they expected,' the will was disregarded. cf. on the wealth of T. Tac. h. 1 37. When Sporus was married to Nero with all due forms, T. gave him in marriage, Dio 13 § 1, 'as the law appointed.' A.D. 68 Larcius Lydus offered Nero 1,000,000 HS. as a fee for his performance on the harp; Nero refused the money, 'disdaining to do anything for hire,' but T. exacted it from L. as the price of his life. Ios. b. I. Iv 9 § 2 Nero committed the government to the worst of men, Nymphidius and T.' Demetrios the cynic was expelled from Rome by T. for having denounced upon the spot the effeminacy and prodigality of Nero's baths and gymnasium; T. also secretly tracked Apollonios of Tyana, Philostr. iv 42 § 2 ómóte καὶ αὐτὸς ἐπιλήψιμόν τι καὶ παραβεβλημένον εἴποι. Ap. 43 § 1 quietly continued his philosophical discussions; and one day hearing thunder during an eclipse, exclaimed 'something shall be and shall not be;' which was fulfilled three days after, when a thunderbolt struck a cup in Nero's hand. § 2 on this T. began to fear Ap. as a diviner, and not daring openly to accuse him, watched him speaking and silent, sitting and walking, what he ate and at whose house, whether he sacrificed or no, 'with all the many eyes of government, πᾶσιν ὀφθαλμοῖς, ὁπόσοις ἡ ἀρχὴ βλέπει. When, 44 § 1, the temples were full of suppliants, praying for Nero's recovery from a catarrh, with its swollen throat and thick voice, Ap. contained his own indignation, though 'bursting' with it, and also kept Menippos silent, • they must pardon the gods, εἰ μίμοις γελοίων χαίρουσιν. Τ. heard of the words, and charged Ap. with 'impiety' against Nero. § 2 'there stood ready against him an accuser who had already ruined many καὶ τοιούτων ΟλυμTiάdwv μEσtós.' T. held the accusation in his hand, and brandished it like a sword, it had been new whetted for him and would slay him.' On opening the roll, T. found no trace of writing; suspecting that a demon must have been at work, he took Ap. aside, and pressed the question, who he was. Ap. told him his father and country; he studied philosophy, that he might know gods and men. § 3 'but how, Ap., do you confute demons and phantoms?' In the same way as I confute bloodstained and impious men,' a home thrust for T. Will you prophesy to me?' 'How can I, who am no prophet?' And yet they say that it was you who said, something great shall be and shall not be.' 'True, but set that down not to prophecy, but to wisdom, which God reveals to wise men.' 'Why do you not fear Nero?' 'Because the same God who makes him terrible, makes me fearless.' § 4 'What do you think of Nero?' Better than you; for you think him worthy to sing, I, to be silent.' T. in confusion, Go your ways, on giving bail." 'Who will give bail for a body, which no one will bind ? Τ. ταῦτα δαιμόνιά τ ̓ εἶναι καὶ πρόσω ἀνθρώπου, καὶ ὥσπερ θεομαχεῖν φυλαττόμενος, said Go where you will; σὺ γὰρ κρείττων ἢ ὑπ ̓ ἐμοῦ ἄρχεσ Oai. v 35 § 4 Ap. boasts that he took the field against Nero,' Tov QμÓTATOV Τιγελλῖνον ἐπικόψας ἀκούοντα. VII 4 § 1 by encouraging Vindex and dismaying T., Ap. made σa@poréρav тηy Tuρavvida. When Nero's star waned, T. deserted him Tac. h. 1 17. Plut. Galba 17 § 2; after Nero's death he was forced to give up his command (Plut. ib. 8 § 2 yet his тáyμaтa are mentioned ib. 19 § 1) and the people called aloud in circus and theatre for his blood Tac. ib., Plut. ib. 17 §§ 1-3. Suet. Galba 15 populo R. deposcente supplicium Haloti et Tigellini, solos ex omnibus Neronis emissariis vel maleficentissimos incolumes praestitit atque pro Tigellino etiam saevitiae populum edicto increpuit. Galba's favorite Vinius however had received heavy bribes from T., who gave his daughter presents to the

155 1561

PONE...LUCEBIS. CHRISTIANS BURNT.

...

161

value of 1,600,000 HS. Plut. ib. §§ 1, 2, 4. T. persisted in his revels to the last, Plut. Otho 2, while honest men murmured that he should still see the sun's light μετὰ τοσούτους καὶ τοιούτους δι' αὐτὸν οὐχ ὁρῶντας. When Otho's executioner reached him at Sinuessa, he asked leave to shave, and so cut his throat. Tac. h. 1 72 par inde exsultatio consecuta . . . inpetrato Tigellini exitio. Sophonius T. obscuris parentibus, foeda pueritia, inpudica senecta, praemia virtutum, quia velocius erat, vitiis adeptus, crudelitatem mox, deinde avaritiam et virilia scelera exercuit, corrupto ad omne facinus Nerone, quaedam ignaro ausus, ac postremo eiusdem desertor ac proditor: unde non alium pertinacius ad poenam flagitavere, diverso adfectu, quibus odium Neronis erat et quibus desiderium. apud Galbam Titi Vinii potentia defensus, praetexentis servatam ab eo filiam. haud dubie servaverat, non clementia, quippe tot interfectis, sed effugium in futurum. eo infensior populus, addita ad vetus Tigellini odium recenti Titi Vinii invidia, concurrere e tota urbe in Palatium ac fora, et ubi plurima volgi licentia, in circum ac theatra effusi seditiosis vocibus strepere, donec T. accepto apud Sinuessanas aquas supremae necessitatis nuntio inter stupra concubinarum et oscula et deformes moras sectis novacula faucibus infamem vitam foedavit etiam exitu sero et inhonesto.

PONE... LUCEBIS= si pones, lucebis. In such cases Cic. never inserts et before the apodosis; later writers insert or omit it indifferently. vi 57 vivat Fidenis, et agello cedo paterno: XVI 29-31. Sen. n. q. 11 59 § 3 contemne mortem, et omnia quae ad mortem ducunt contempta sunt. ep. 109 § 6 detrahe illi vim propriam et ille nihil agit. Quintil. decl. 9 § 13 obice mihi amicum, et habes maledicendi materiam. cf. VF1. ▾ 666-7 da vellera, rector, | et medio nos cerne mari. Iuv. vi 261-4. On the constr. in the text cf. Cic. Phil. 11 §§ 104, 115 n. p. Sull. § 5 Halm. p. dom. § 37 Manut. Hor. ep. 1 16 54 Obbar. Madvig opusc. II 162. TAEDA LUCEBIS IN ILLA Lucr. III 1017 Munro ver

bera carnifices robur pix lammina taedae. Schol. quem [Tig.] si laeseris, vivus ardebis, quemadmodum in munere Neronis vivi arserunt, de quibus ille iusserat cereos fieri, ut lucerent spectatoribus, cum fixa illis essent guttura, ne se curvarent. A.D. 64 Nero accused the Christians of setting fire to Rome, and exhibited races in his gardens during their martyrdom Tac. xv 44 pereuntibus addita ludibria, ut ferarum tergis contecti laniatu canum interirent, aut crucibus affixi, aut flammandi atque ubi defecisset dies in usum nocturni luminis urerentur. Thence Sulp. Sev. II 29. 'When slain,' cries Tertull. apol. 50, 'we have conquered; . . . though now you call us sarmenticii and semaxii, because we burn, bound to the stake of an axle cleft in two, amidst a pile of faggots, sarmentorum. This is the robe of our victory, our palmata vestis, our triumphal chariot.' Burning was the customary punishment of magicians Herald. ad loc. cited by Oehler. cf. on vivi crematio Paulus sent. v 23 § 17. 24 § 1. dig. XLVIII 19 8 § 2. 28 pr. and §§ 11, 12. 38 § 1. Hildebr. on Apul. III 9 and x 10. Many of the martyrs, as Polycarp and those of Lyon, so perished. Prudent. perist. 3. Gataker advers. post. c. 44. and the tracts of Chr. Kortholt Kilon. 1689 and Casp. Sagittarius Lips. 1696 on the persecutions. Vulcat. Gallic. Avid. Cass. 4 primus etiam id supplicii genus invenit, ut stipitem grandem poneret pedum octoginta et centum et a summo usque ad imum damnatos ligaret et ab imo focum adponeret incensisque aliis alios fumo cruciatu timore etiam necaret. On the tunica molesta see VIII 235 n. 156 QUA TAEDA STANTES they are fastened to the place and cannot stir. Schol. Nero maleficos homines taeda et papyro et cera supervestiebat.

PECTORE

162

RELATIVE. DEDIT ACONITA.

so P. The schol. reads, with many MSS., gutture.

[I 157-159

157 ET DEDUCIT i.e. et quae taeda deducit. In Gr. and Lat. the relative is often to be supplied from a preceding clause in a different case. Hom. β 54 δοίη δ' ᾧ κ' ἐθέλοι καί οἱ κεχαρισμένος ἔλθοι. ib. 114. Cic. Verr. IV § 9 mancipium.. ..., quo et omnes utimur et non praebetur a populo. § 64 de quo et vos audistis . . . et.... usque ad ultimas terras pervagatum est. Cf. Halm on Cic. in Vatin. § 24. Madvig opusc. II 177 and on Cic. fin. v § 26 p. 650. SULCUM a number of victims, buried to their middle in the sand, are burnt in a long row. So schol. as an alternative explanation fossam, in qua stipites figebant, in quibus ardebant. Cato in Gell. III 14 § 19 of the Carthaginians homines defoderunt in terram dimidiatos ignemque circumposuerunt: ita interfecerunt. Pollio in Cic. ep. fam. x 32 § 3 B.C. 43 at Gades Balbus defodit in ludo et vivum combussit, Fadius, a Roman citizen, who refused to become a gladiator. Sen. de ira 111 3 § 6 circumdati defossis corporibus ignes. DEDUCIT HARENA Verg. g. 1 114 umorem bibula deducit harena. HARENA SO Caligula Suet. 27 Atellanae poetam ob ambigui ioci versiculum media amphitheatri harena igni cremavit. Cries of the populace respecting the corpse of Tiberius Suet. 75 in amphitheatro semiustilandum. Plin. pan. 33 § 3 nemo e spectatore spectaculum factus miseras voluptates unco et ignibus expiavit. cf. Friedländer 112 270. 158 DEDIT VI 134. the technical term cf. dóous, whence dose; the correlative is accipere; XIII 186 n. Ov. a. a. III 465 et dare mixta viro tritis aconita cicutis. Quintil. vII 2 §§ 17, 18, 25. IX 2 § 105. Exx. on every page of Celsus, see Matthiae lex. Cels. TRIBUS PATRUIS schol. generaliter dicit carpens eos qui veneno grassantur; there is no authority for supposing that Tigellinus is meant. ACONITA 70 n. vi 639. VIII 219 n. x. 25. Verg. g. 11 152 Serv. Lucan IV 322. Sen. de ira 11 98 § 2 lurida terribiles miscent aconita novercae. Aconite is described by Theophr. h. pl. Ix 16 §§ 4, 5. Plin. h. n. xxvII §§ 4-10. The poison was extracted from the root; it might be drunk in wine or mead without being detected; and was compounded so as to kill in 2, 3, 6 months, or one or two years, in the last cases by a gradual wasting of the body (Theophr.). Pl. § 4 aconite the quickest of all poisons: ortum fabulae narravere e spumis Cerberi canis extrahente ab inferis Hercule ideoque ad Heracleam Ponticam, ubi monstratur is ad inferos aditus, gigni. It was brought from the harbour Acone in the sinus Mariandynus Theopomp. in Ath. 85 b. Plin. vi § 4. Mart. Cap. § 688. O. Schneider on Nicand. alexiph. 41. It is the first poison treated of by Nicander 12-73 with schol., who prescribes many antidotes, as does Plin., see ind.; none however were known to Theophrast. § 5. Hunters of panthers, boars, wolves and other wild beasts laid baits of meat poisoned with aconite Diosc. Iv 77. Xen. de venat. 11 § 2. Plin. VIII § 99. The discovery of aconite was ascribed to Hekate DS. IV 45 § 2. The description of Theophr. does not agree with those of Diosc. Iv 77, 78 (who distinguishes two kinds, the second the ac. Napellus Linn.) and Plin. See Salm. Plin. exerc. 881-7. Schneider Theophr. III 805-6 and ind. Sprengel on Diosc. 11 606-8. HSt. Tert. pall. 2 ad fin. eradicato omni aconito hostilitatis.

VEHATUR

Claudius Suet. 28 gave to his freedman Harpocras the right lectica per urbem vehendi. 159 PENSILIBUS PLUMIS 32 n. 64 n. VI 88. x 362. Plin. xxvi § 14 of hammocks invented by Asclepiades suspendendo lectulos quorum iactatu aut morbos extenuaret aut somnos adliceret. Mart. XII 17 you wonder, Lentinus, that fever never quits you;

159-1611

PLUMA. VERBUM. HIC EST.

163

you treat it too well; it lives on truffles, oysters, Falernian wine; 8 dormit et in pluma purpureoque toro. XIV 146 2. Apul. m. x 34 lectus ... plumea congerie tumidus, which is a paraphrase of the text (cf. schol. lectica plumis strata PENS. in altum structis). Cic. Verr. v § 27 lectica octophoro ferebatur, in qua pulvinus erat perlucidus Melitensis rosa fartus. Sen. ad Marc. 16 § 1 the equestrian statue of Cloelia in the via sacra, a most frequented thoroughfare, exprobrat iuvenibus nostris pulvinum escendentibus, in ea illos urbe sic ingredi, in qua etiam feminas equo donavimus. DESPICIAT III 239-241. Sen. ep. 80 § 8 quos supra capita hominum supraque turbam delicatos lectica suspendit: omnium istorum personata felicitas est. 160 CUM VENIET CONTRA III 290. Mart. v 4 4,5 hanc tu I quotiens venire, Paulle, videris contra. XIV 62 2 contra qui venit DIGITO COMPESCE LABELLUM the index finger Apul. m. 1 8 he, moving to his mouth the finger next the thumb et in stuporem attonitus, 'tace, tace' inquit et circumspiciens tutamenta sermonis 'parce' inquit in feminam divinam, ne quam tibi lingua intemperante noxam contrahas.' The Egyptian god Horos Harpokrates became the Roman god of silence, and his effigy, in this attitude, was a favorite amulet Plin. xxxIII § 41. O. Jahn in Berichte d. sächs. Ak. 1855 47. Varro l. 1. v § 67 digito significat ut taceas. Ov. m. Ix 692 quique premit vocem digitoque silentia suadet. Auson. epist. 25 27 aut tua Sigalion Aegyptius oscula signet. Aug. civ. D. XVIII 5 quoniam fere in omnibus templis, ubi colebantur Isis et Serapis, erat etiam simulacrum, quod digito labiis impresso admonere videretur ut silentium fieret, hoc significare idem Varro existimat, ut homines fuisse eos taceretur. Creuzer Symb. 113 64, 317. Cuper in Poleni thes. I art. 8 who gives many plates. Martian. Cap. §§ 90, 729 Kopp. Heraïskos, a philosopher of mysterious power, was said to have been born, like the Egyptian Oros and Helios (Damaskios in Phot. bibl. cod. 249 p. 343 a 34 and thence Suid. diaɣvúμwy, 'Нpatoкos) èπì Tоîs XEiλEGI EXWV TÒV KATAσLYÁŠOvтa dákтuλov. cf. Pauly III 1511. Angerona, a Roman goddess of whom very little is known, also, Macr. 111 9 § 4 digito ad os admoto silentium denuntiat. cf. Plin. III § 65. Creuzer 1 714. Pauly 12 1005. 161 ACCUSATOR ERIT

them.

QUI VERBUM DIXERIT "HIC EST." H. Vales. when the poisoner you speak of shall meet you, be still, for he who shall but say HIC EST, nefarius scilicet, homicida, is ut accusator eius gravissimas poenas luet.' No other explanation suits the context. Attack no powerful criminal; do not even point him out as he goes by; for his guilty conscience will straightway suspect that you know its secrets and are about to reveal VERBUM a single word. II 53 paucae. XVI 24 duo. Cic. does not express our 'only' in such cases; in Caes. however, Liv., and the silver age we find unus tantum. Ter. Andr. 860 verbum si addideris. Phorm. 197 id, si potes, verbo expedi. Hor. ep. 1 7 38 nec verbo parcius absens. s. 1 1 121. Plin. ep. 11 3 § 4 ne verbo quidem labitur. III 9 § 37 litteram non addam. Cic. fam. II 17 § 6 ad me litteram numquam misit. Krebs-Allgayer antibarb. paucus, unus. Nägelsb. Stilistik 228. The lexx. give exx. of verbum used of more words than one. HIC EST Pers. 1 28 at pulchrum est digito monstrari et dicier, hic est! Mart. v 13 3 sed toto legor orbe frequens et dicitur, hic est. 1 1 1. Lucian somn. 11 'I will invest you with such insignia, that every one who sees you will nudge his neighbour and point to you with his finger, saying, ourOS ÉKEIVOS. Iuv. does not libel the reign of terror Suet. Tib. 61 nemini delatorum fides abrogata. omne

164 LICET COMMITTAS. HYLAS URNAM SECUTUS. [I 161—4

crimen pro capitali receptum, etiam paucorum simpliciumque verborum. Dio LVII 23 §§ 2, 3 Tib. minutely investigated all the hard sayings which the accused were said to have uttered against him, even in private conversation with a single friend. Even under Nerva Mart. x 48 21, 22, 24 offers as special attractions to his guests accedent sine felle ioci nec mane timenda | libertas et nil quod tacuisse velis. |... nec facient quemquam pocula nostra reum. Soldiers in civil costume would sit by a stranger, and revile the emperor, in order to tempt him to do the like Epict. Iv 13 § 5. Friedländer 13 338–342.

162 SECURUS the writer of an Aeneid would make no sore conscience wince. LICET COMMITTAS XI 205 licet vadas. Plin. ep. 1 12 § 12. Hand III 543-4. So licebit Heind. on Hor. s. II 2 59. FEROCEM Verg. XII 19, 20 Latinus to Turnus o praestans animi iuvenis, quantum ipse feroci | virtute exuperas. Turnus and Aeneas do not appear in the same field of battle till Aen. x 275 seq. the Aeneid closes with their single combat and the death of Turnus XII 676-952. 163 COMMITTAS match, pit e. g. a pair of gladiators against one another vi 436 committit vates et comparat. Lucan 1 97 Cort. exiguum dominos commisit asylum. Mart. VII 24 1-2 cum Iuvenale meo quae me committere temptas, | quid non audebis, perfida lingua, loqui? VIII 43 cited on 72. Torrent. and Cas. on Suet. Aug. 89. cf. συγκρούω. συμβάλλω. Hom. A 8 ἔριδι ξυνέηκε μάχε obal. The poet is said to do what he describes Hor. s. 1 10 36 turgidus Alpinus iugulat dum Memnona. Thuc. 15 § 2 oi waλacoì тŵV TOLNTŴV. ἐρωτῶντες. Tert. ad nat. I 10 (1 329 Oehler) of Homer de illis [deis] favore diversis gladiatoria quodammodo paria composuit [al. commisit], Venerem sauciat sagitta humana. Thom. mag. TENNA Hemst. yevvậ ὁ Πλάτων τὸν οὐρανόν, ἀντὶ τοῦ γεννητὸν λέγει.

NULLI GRAVIS EST Ov. tr. II 411-2 nec nocet auctori, mollem qui fecit Achillem, | infregisse suis fortia facta modis. Statius might write an Achilleis and be laureate of Domitian. cf. Io. Sarisb. policr. pr. So Trebatius advised Horace s. II 1 10-12 to abandon satire and sing the glories of Augustus; 21-3 quanto rectius hoc quam tristi laedere versu | Pantolabum scurram Nomentanumve nepotem, | cum sibi quisque timet, quamquam est intactus, et odit.

PERCUSSUS ACHILLES as foretold by Hektor Hom. X 359 seq. The death of Achilles was a common theme for recitation Epictet. cited on VII 84. 164 MULTUM QUAESITUS HYLAS URNAMQUE SECUTUS Verg. g. 111 6 cui non dictus Hylas puer? The armour-bearer of Herakles, young Hylas, when he left the Argo to draw water, was drawn down by the nymphs of the river Askanios, and sought in vain by Herakles, who threatened to devastate Mysia, if the people did not discover the boy, alive or dead. Theokr. id. 13 58 τρὶς μὲν "Υλαν ἄυσεν, ὅσον βαθὺς ἤρυγε λαιμός. Verg. ecl. 6 43-4 his adiungit Hylan nautae quo fonte relictum clamassent, ut litus 'Hyla, Hyla' omne sonaret. VFl. III 596-7 rursus Hylan et rursus Hylan per longa reclamat | avia: responsant silvae et vaga certat imago. IV 18-19 Hylan resonantia semper | ora. Stat. s. 1 2 199 quantum non clamatus Hylas. Hence the proverbs "Tav крavуáčew of those who cry aloud to no purpose (Zenob. vI 21). ŠTEîs тòν où таρóνтα (Apostol. vIII 34). At Prusa a yearly festival commemorated the legend Strabo 564; crowds roamed through woods and mountains calling Hylas, 'as if they had gone in search of him.' Nicander in Antonin. Liber. 26 the natives still offer sacrifices to Hylas at the fountain, and thrice the priest calls him by