218-221]

PAEDAGOGUS. DISPENSATOR.

325

artificio quaestus fecissent, commune eorum esset. RHETORIS AERA Cas. and Marcil. on Suet. Vesp. 18. Lucian Hermotim. 80 ἀπαιτῶν γὰρ παρά τινος τῶν μαθητῶν τὸν μισθόν, ἠγανάκτει, λέγων ὑπερήμερον εἶναι καὶ ἐκπρόθεσμον τοῦ ὀφλήματος, ὃν ἔδει πρὸ ἑκκαίδεκα ἡμερῶν ἐκτετικέναι τῇ ἕνῃ καὶ νέᾳ· οὕτω γὰρ συνθέσθαι. Marquardt v Ι 94. CUSTOS paedagogus. Hor. s. 1 6 86 seq. ipse mihi custos incorruptissimus omnes | circum doctores aderat; quid multa? pudicum qui primus virtutis honos, servavit ab omni | non solum facto, verum opprobrio quoque turpi. ib. 4 118. a. p. 161. Plaut. Bacch. 421-2. Mart. xI 39. Petron. 94 n. Tac. dial. 29 at nunc natus infans delegatur Graeculae alicui ancillae, cui adiungitur unus aut alter ex omnibus servis plerumque vilissimus nec cuiquam serio ministerio adcommodatus. horum fabulis et erroribus teneri statim et rudes animi imbuuntur; nec quisquam in tota domo pensi habet quid coram infante domino aut dicat aut faciat. The very parents encourage wantonness in their children. Theatre, amphitheatre, circus, are the one interest of old and young. quos alios adulescentulorum sermones excipimus, si quando auditoria intravimus? ne praeceptores quidem ullas crebriores cum auditoribus suis fabulas habent; colligunt enim discipulos non severitate disciplinae nec ingenii experimento, sed ambitione salutationum et inlecebris adulationis. Plut. de educ. 7 drunken and gluttonous slaves chosen as paedagogi, whereas for agriculture, trade, household management, the ablest and most trusty are chosen. Masters must be chosen blameless in life and manners and of much experience. Many parents, in spite of warning, commit their sons to profligate dullards, to save the stipend of a capable master; as if a man were anxious about the shoes, but careless about the feet. Sext. Emp. rhet. § 42 compares the demagogue to nurses: αἱ μικρὸν τοῦ ψωμίσματος τοῖς παιδίοις διδοῦσαι τὸ ὅλον καταTivovo. Marquardt v 1 114. Liban. or. II 592. III 255-7. IV 868. ep. 139. 172. 235. ep. lat. p. 737.

ACOENONOETUS

ef. 111 67 n. v 45 zelotypus. schol. communi carens sensu. Gell. XII 12 Cicero borrowed money from P. Sulla, who was then accused, in order to buy a house. Being charged with taking this bribe from one who was on his trial, he denied both the loan and the purchase. Shortly afterwards he bought the house and was upbraided for the lie. He laughed 'άкoιVovónTo' inquit estis, cum ignoratis, prudentis et cauti patrisfamilias esse, quod emere velit, empturum sese negare propter competitores emptionis.'

219 QUI DISPENSAT I 91 n. Suet. Aug. 67 Torr.

QUI DISPENSAT, FRANGIT SIBI DCass. LVII 10 § 4 all money given by Tiberius was counted out before his eyes; for as in the time of Augustus μεγάλα ἐκ τῶν τοιούτων οἱ δοτῆρες αὐτῶν ἀπετέμ‐ VOVTO, Tib. was very watchful against like abuses in his day.

...

CEDE etc. bear with the fraud and bate a little of your just demand, like a retail-dealer, who will take a price much less than he at first put upon his goods. Theophrastus speaks of various arts by which fathers evade paying for their children's schooling char. 22 kai тà maidía dè deivòs [ò ἀνελεύθερος] μὴ πέμψαι εἰς διδασκάλου, ὅταν ἢ τὸ ἀποδιδόναι, άλλα φῆσαι, κακῶς ἔχειν, ἵνα μὴ συμβάλλωνται, ib. 30 καὶ τῶν υἱῶν δὲ μὴ πορευομένων εἰς τὸ διδασκαλεῖον διὰ τὴν ἀρρωστίαν, ἀφαιρεῖν τοῦ μισθοῦ κατὰ λόγον καὶ τὸν ̓Ανθεστηριῶνα τὸν ὅλον μὴ πέμπειν αὐτοὺς εἰς τὰ μαθήματα, διὰ τὸ θέας εἶναι πολλάς, ἵνα μὴ τὸν μισθὸν ἐκτίνῃ. Friedländer 15 270. 220 PATERE Luc. vIII 749 cedis et ipsa rogo paterisque haec damna sepulchri. 221 INSTITOR

326 INSTITOR. CADURCI. MORNING SCHOOLS. [VII 221–227

a factor, manager, foreman dig. xiv 3 18 qui tabernae locove ad emendum vendendumve praeponitur, quique sine loco ad eundem actum praeponitur; a traveller hawker or pedlar ib. 5 § 4 etiam eos institores dicendos placuit, quibus vestiarii vel lintearii dant vestem circumferendam et distrahendam, quos vulgo circitores appellamus. ib. § 7. Ov. a. a. 1 421. They were commonly slaves or freedmen dig. XIV 3 de institoria actione. Liv. XXII 25 § 19 of C. Terentius Varro patrem lanium fuisse ferunt, ipsum institorem mercis, filioque hoc ipso in servilia eius artis ministeria usum. Mühlmann 11 1148. Movers Phönizier II 3 110. TEGETIS V 8 n. CADURCI VI 537 with schol. Vall. cf. vI 145 n. Plin. xix § 13 in culcitis praecipuam gloriam Cadurci obtinent. He is speaking of the different kinds of linen. Bedding of linen, so called from the Cadurci, whose district was afterwards called Cahorsin, now Querci, in Guienne, who were famous for the manufacture Strab. Iv p. 191.

222 PEREAT 174. I 124. iv 56 Provided you do not utterly lose the fruits of your labour. NOCTIS Ov. amor. 1 13 17-8 tu pueros somno fraudas tradisque magistris, | ut subeant tenerae verbera saeva manus. Teles in Stob. fl. xcvIII 72 after the child has escaped the nurse he falls under the paedagogus, trainer, grammarian, musician, painter. As time goes on the arithmetician, geometrician, riding-master, are added to the list, ὑπὸ τούτων πάντων μαστιγοῦται, ὄρθρου ἐγείρεται, σχολάσαι οὐκ ἔστιν, Mart. rx 59 9 nec matutini cirrata caterva magistri. ib. 63 1 seq. quid tibi nobiscum est, ludi scelerate magister, invisum pueris virginibusque caput? | nondum cristati rupere silentia galli: murmure iam saevo verberibusque tonas. id. XII 57 4-5 negant vitam | ludimagistri mane.

Auson.

id. Iv 29-30 nec matutinis agitet formido sub horis, | quod sceptrum vibrat ferulae. 223 SEDISTI the master sits on the cathedra 203 n., while the class stands around 226. Prudent. peristeph. Ix 21 2 (the whole poem gives a lively picture of a school) praefuerat studiis puerilibus et grege multo | saeptus magister litterarum sederat. Zonar. XIII 19 III 231 seq. D Theodosius finding his sons seated, while their teacher Arsenius stood, bid him be seated, while they stood and so they continued their lessons from that time. Once Arsenius had occasion to flog Arkadius, which so exasperated the prince, that he conspired against his life. 224 OBLIQUO LANAM DEDUCERE FERRO i. e. to card (carere) wool, or prepare it for spinning, the business of carminatores (Orelli 4103) or pectinatores (Henzen 7265). Claud. Eutr. II 381 seq. doctissimus artis | quondam lanificae, moderator pectinis unci. | non alius lanam purgatis sordibus aeque | praebuerit calathis; similis nec pinguia quisquam | vellera per tenues ferri producere rimas. Marquardt v 2 116-7. 225 LUCERNAS 227 FLACCUS as Horace predicted, when he said to his book ep. 1 20 17-8 hoc quoque te manet, ut pueros elementa docentem occupet extremis in vicis balba senectus. id. s. 11 10 75. He himself learnt Homer at school ep. 11 2 42. cf. 1 126-131. Quintil. 1 8 §§ 5—6 optime institutum est, ut ab Homero et Vergilio lectio inciperet.... utiles tragoediae: alunt et lyrici; si tamen in his non auctores modo, sed etiam partes operis elegeris. nam et Graeci licenter multa, et Horatium in quibusdam nolim interpretari. Auson. id. Iv 55-6 te praeeunte, nepos, modulata poemata Flacci, altisonumque iterum fas est didicisse Maronem. FULIGO Smoke from the lamps.

brought by the scholars.

MARONI

227 228] HOR. AND VERG. READ IN SCHOOLS.

327 Auson. epigr. 137 1 arma virumque docens atque arma virumque peritus. Quintil. x 1 § 85 apud nos Vergilius auspicatissimum dederit exordium. on the poets read in schools cf. ib. § 86 seq. Nep. ap. Suet. gr. 4 poetarum interpretes, qui a Graecis yраμμаτikol nominentur. ib. 11 Cato grammaticus, Latina Siren, | qui solus legit ac facit poetas. ib. 16 primus dicitur [Q. Caecilius Epirota] Latine ex tempore disputasse primusque Vergilium et alios poetas novos praelegere coepisse. quod etiam Domiti Marsi versus indicat: Epirota tenel lorum nutricula vatum. ib. 23 Palaemon boasted that his name was inserted in the bucolics not at hap-hazard, sed praesagiente Vergilio fore quandoque omnium poetarum ac poematum Palaemonem iudicem. Cic. orat. § 72. de divin. 1 §§ 34. 116. Phaedr. I epil. 33 quondam legi quam puer sententiam, a line of Ennius. comment. ad Petron. 5 det primos versibus annos. August. conf. 1 13 § 20 seq. civ. D. 1 3. Macrob. Sat. 1 24 § 5. Gell. XVI 6. Oros. I 18 p. 72 H of Aeneas ludi litterarii disciplina nostrae quoque memoriae inustum. Plin. ep. 11 14 § 2 sic in foro pueros a centumviralibus causis auspicari, ut ab Homero in scholis. Mart. vIII 3 13-6 an iuvat ad tragicos soccum transferre cothurnos, | aspera vel paribus bella tonare modis, praelegat ut tumidus rauca te voce magister| oderit et grandis virgo bonusque puer? Gell. vI=vII 17. xiii 31 30. xv 9. xix 10. xx 10 (in all three places grammarians are discomfited by proof of their ignorance of Ennius or Caecilius, Plautus, Varro or Verg.). Epikt. man. 49 when any one boasts that he understands and can expound Chrysippus, say to yourself, if Chrysippus had not written obscurely, this man would have had nothing to boast of. If I admire interpretation by itself, apart from practice, I have turned out à grammarian instead of a philosopher; excepting indeed that I expound Chrysippus in place of Homer.' Greg. Naz. or. 43 (the famous funeral oration on Basil, giving a curious account of student life at Athens) 23 1 p. 7884 ἡ [γραμματικὴ] γλώσσαν ἐξελληνίζει [Iuv. 230] καὶ ἱστορίαν συνάγει [Iuv. 234 seq.] κal voμoleтei Toιńμασi. Theodoret. serm. de fide Iv 467° Par. 1642 'most of these do not know even Achilles' wrath, è s ἄρχεσθαι τῶν ἐλλογίμων μαθημάτων εἴωθε τὰ μειράκια. Quintil. x 1 §§ 36 1. 35 n. 53 1. 36 n. 54 1. 4 n. 59 1. 31 n. Sext. Empir. adv. gramm. passim. Marquardt v 1 192. Du Cange literator. Cramer Gesch. d. Erziehung 1 282 seq. Lauer Gesch. d. homer. Poesie 5 seq. Limburg Brouwer hist. de la civilis. des Grecs v 22. 60. 72. 91. 228 XI 7. Seldom however (small as the sum is which will content the grammarian) can the amount be recovered without a trial before the tribune, i. e. the tribunus plebis, who appears to have had a kind of judicial authority under the empire Tac. XIII 28 simul prohibiti tribuni ius praetorum et consulum praeripere, aut vocare ex Italia [lest they should encroach on the jurisdiction of the consuls and praetors they were forbidden to summon people from the country for trial; we may infer then that they had the vocatio in the city, which was not the case under the republic] cum quibus lege agi posset. addidit L. Piso, ne quid intra domum [i. e. sed pro tribunali] pro potestate adverterent, neve multam ab iis dictam quaestores aerarii in publicas tabulas ante quattuor menses referrent; medio temporis contra dicere liceret, deque eo consules statuerent. Quintil. decl. 380 tribuni cognoscunt, non utrum scriptum sed quare scriptum sit. Rein in Pauly tribuni p. 2116. Becker 11 3 255. Gell. XIII 12 § 9. Mommsen die röm. Tribus 50 adds Plin. ep. 1 23 where he discusses the question whether a tribune ought to appear

...

328 HISTORY IN GRAMMAR-SCHOOLS. BATHS. [VII 228–234

in court as an advocate. id. pan. 95. DCass. LV 8 § 7. Spartian. Sev. 3 § 7. cod. Th. xii 1 74 § 3. 229 vos you

parents: the remaining verses are ironical.

230 that the teacher be never at fault in accidence or syntax vi 453. See the dispute between two grammarians as to the voc. of egregius in Gell. XIV 5. L. Lersch die Sprachphilosophie der Alten, Bonn, 1838-41. 231 HISTORIAS Cic. de or. I § 187. Sen. ep. 88 § 3 seq. grammaticus circa curam sermonis versatur, et, si latius evagari vult, circa historias; iam ut longissime fines suos proferat, circa carmina. quid horum ad virtutem viam sternit? syllabarum enarratio et verborum diligentia et fabularum memoria et versuum lex ac modificatio? Quintil. 18 § 18 seq. (the chapter ends with the words mihi inter virtutes grammatici habebitur, aliqua nescire): partes duae, quas haec professio pollicetur, id est, ratio loquendi et enarratio auctorum; quarum illam methodicen, hanc historicen vocant. ib. 2 § 14. 9 § 1. x 1 § 31 1. 30 n. Iuv. vi 451 nec historias sciat omnes. Tales, whether legendary or historical. Suet. gr. 11 summum grammaticum, optimum poetam | omnes solvere posse quaestiones, | unum deficere expedire nomen. ib. 20 quem [Corn. Alexandrum grammaticum] propter antiquitatis notitiam polyhistorem multi, quidam historiam vocabant. Sext. Empir. adv. gramm. I c. 12 treats of the historical part of grammar: see the whole book with Dionys, Thrax as there cited. Augustin. de ord. II 12 § 37 poterat iam perfecta esse grammatica, sed quia ipso nomine profiteri se litteras clamat, unde etiam Latine litteratura dicitur, factum est ut quidquid dignum memoria litteris mandaretur, ad eam necessario pertineret... huic disciplinae accessit historia, non tam ipsis historicis quam grammaticis laboriosa. Auson. prof. 21 25-6 ambo loqui faciles, ambo omnia carmina docti, | callentes mython plasmata et historiam. Ios. c. Ap. 11 8 turpe est, historiae veram notitiam si proferre grammaticus non possit, OMNES to be taken both with historias and auctores. 233 THERMAS balnea are bathing-rooms or houses, thermae large buildings intended for gymnastic exercises and also supplied with hot water and vapour baths. Preller die Regionen der St. Rom 105 seq. The thermae of Agrippa are called yvuváσior DCass. LIII 27 § 1; as are those of Nero ib. LXI 21 § 1. Tac. XIV 47. Marquardt v 1 281 seq. Becker Gallus III3 68-114. PHOEBI a balneator of the day 4 n. schol. privatae balneae, quae Daphnes appellantur. cf. Marquardt v 1 280. Gell. III 1 Gellius was walking in the spring apud balneas Titias with the philosopher Favorinus, and as they walked Sall. Cat. was read, and questions arising out of it propounded to the company. So ib. XVIII 4 in Sandaliario forte apud librarios Sulpicius Apollinaris unmasked a pretender, iactatorem quempiam et venditatorem Sallustianae lectionis. Themist. or 21 p. 259be self-praise always nauseous, whether in the man of money, displaying his plate and his purple, or in the braggart soldier of comedy, but most of all in the scholar, making a show of his memory and learning, counting up the works of Plato and Aristotle at every time and on every occasion, κἂν συλλουσόμενον παρακαλῆς κἂν συνδειπνήσοντα ἄγῃς, κἂν ὑπὲρ Αἰσχύλου πυνθάνῃ, κἂν ποία νῆσος Σιμωνίδου τοῦ μελοποιοῦ.

232 1 7 n.

234 NUTRICEM schol. Tisiphonen. Serv. Aen. või 1 Aeneia nutrix hanc alii Aeneae, alii Creusae, alii Ascanii volunt, is a parallel. ANCHISAE the father of Aeneas. On such questions, quae erant dediscenda, si scires, e.g. de Aeneae matre vera (Sen.

234-237]

FRIVOLOUS SCHOOL PROBLEMS.

329

ep. 88 § 32 seq.) cf. ib. § 5 seq. 108 § 30. de brev. vit. 13 § 2 seq. Stob. fl. IV 54. Gell. xiv 6 a friend who had spent his life in study, lent Gellius to adorn his Attic nights' a vast note-book filled with recondite extracts, e.g, why Telemachus woke Pisistratus who was sleeping by his side with his foot, not with his hand; the names of the comrades of Ulixes who were torn by Scylla; in what verse the words become longer each by a syllable than the last etc. ib. XVIII 2 Roman students in Athens met at dinner, where the host proposed a prize of an ancient author, Greek or Latin, and a laurel crown for the successful solution of some question: quaerebatur autem res huiuscemodi: aut sententia poetae veteris lepide obscura, non anxie, aut historiae antiquioris requisitio aut decreti cuiuspiam ex philosophia perperam invulgati purgatio aut captionis sophisticae solutio aut inopinati rariorisque verbi indagatio aut tempus item in verbo perspicuo obscurissimum. The seven quaesita related i to a passage of Ennius; ii to Plato's community of women; iii the sophisms 1) quod non perdidisti, habes; cornua non perdidisti: habes igitur cornua. 2) quod ego sum, id tu non es, 3) cum mentior et mentiri me dico, mentior an verum dico? iv quam ob causam patricii Megalensibus mutitare soliti sint, plebes Cerealibus? v what poet uses the verb verant? this question alone was left unsolved, no one remembering Enn. an. XIII. vi the meaning of 'asphodel' and of 'the half is more than the whole' in Hesiod. vii whether scripserim, legerim, venerim, are of past or future time, or both? ib. xx 7. Quintil. 1 8 § 18 seq. Auson. prof. xxi 25 seq. XXII. Suet. Tib, 70 maxime tamen curavit notitiam historiae fabularis, usque ad ineptias atque derisum. nam et grammaticos, quod genus hominum praecipue, ut diximus, appetebat, eiusmodi fere quaestionibus experiebatur. quae mater Hecubae?' 'quod Achilli nomen inter virgines fuisset?' 'quid Sirenes cantare sint solitae? ib. 56. Plut. de def, orac. 17 p. 419. Hadrian had the same mania Spartian 16 § 8. 20 § 1. August. 1. 1. nostros familiares graviter miserari soleo, qui si non responderint, quid vocata sit mater Euryali, accusantur inscitiae, Philipp, epigr, 43 5-6 oîs Tò MIN 2ÞIN εὔαδε, καὶ ζητεῖν εἰ κύνας εἶχε Κύκλωψ. Kynulk. in Athen. XIII p. 610 the names of the heroes in the Trojan horse; which of Odysseus' followers were eaten by the Kyklops, and which by the Laestrygones. The deipnosophists of Ath. and Plut, qu. Rom., qu. Gr., qu. conv. contain many exx. of this class of questions. cf. Gräfenh, Gesch. d. Philol. § 277 IV 268. Wouwer polym, x. Two classes of grammarians were called évOTATIKOί and λUTIKOί: the former proposed such questions, the latter (e.g. Sosibius, Athen. xI 493-4) solved them Gräfenh. ib. cf. I 201. II § 106 11 seq. pp. 332 seq. III § 223 p. 223 seq. Lehrs de Aristarchi stud. Homer. 219. Cresol. theatr. rhet, v 13. 235 ANCHEMOLI a warrior who fought under Turnus Aen. x 388-9 Rhoeti de gente vetusta | Anchemolum, thalamos ausum incestare novercae. Serv. ad 1. haec fabula in Latinis nusquam invenitur auctoribus. Avienus tamen, qui totum [Vergilium et] Livium iambis scripsit, hanc commemorat, dicens Graecam esse. Rhoetus ergo Marrhubiorum rex fuerat in Italia, qui Anchemolo filio Casperiam superduxit novercam: hanc privignus stupravit. quo cognito, cum eum pater prosequeretur et ad poenam vocaret, fugiens ille se ad Daunum contulit. [merito ergo in bello Turni, Dauni filio Anchemolus gratiam reddit].

QUOT ACESTES VIX

ERIT ANNIS Aen. v 73 aevi maturus Acestes cf. ib. 35 seq.

236 ib. I 195 vina bonus quae deinde cadis onerarat Acestes | litore Trinacrio. 237 EXIGITE XIII 36. Suet.