360

SYRIAN PLUMS AND FIGS.

III 82positus irasci coepisti convivatori, vocatori, ipsi qui tibi praeferebatur: demens, quid interest, quam lecti premas partem? honestiorem te aut turpiorem potest facere pulvinus? GRANG. Luke 14 9 10 where Price cites James 2 3. ecclus. 29 34. Plaut. Stich. 492-3 ergo oratores populi summates viri | summi accubent, ego infumatis infumus. Haupt opusc. II 519 6 ἐὰν θέλητε, ἀναπέσωμεν, si vultis discumbamus. ποῦ κελεύεις; ubi iubes? EV πρÚT TÓπw ȧváπeσov, in primo loco discumbe. Plut. Aemil. Paul. 28 §§ 5 6. quaest. conv. 1 2 and 3.

III 82 RECUMBET Hor. c. III 3 11. ep. 1 5 1. Plin. ep. 11 6 § 3.

Mart. x1 23 11. GRANG.

83-85 The joining these fellows with a cargo of grocery is excellent. Iuv. well knew the art of inflicting degradation. He makes it his boast to have been nourished on the Sabine olive, as well as to have breathed the air of Aventine: attachment to national food is one of the common objects of patriotic prejudice. The olive still flourishes as the proper fruit of Italy.' BADHAM, who might have cited Selden (table talk preaching' § 16) 'that rhetoric is best which is most seasonable and most catching. An instance we have in that old blunt commander at Cadiz, who shewed himself a good orator; being to say something to his soldiers (which he was not used to do), he made them a speech to this purpose: What a shame will it be, you Englishmen, that feed upon good beef and brewess, to let those rascally Spaniards beat you, that eat nothing but oranges and lemons. And so put more courage into his men than he could have done with a more learned oration.'

83 PRUNA Stat. s. 1 6 14 (among Domitian's gifts scrambled for at the Saturnalia) quod ramis pia germinat Damascos. Dioscor. 1 174 Syrian plums, especially those grown at Damascus, are digestible and astringent. The best grow at Damascus (Oribas. 1 58 with Daremberg p. 580 and ind. prunes. so Ath. 49d-50. Galen vi 613 K. Plin. xv § 51 already grown in Italy, cf. geopon. x 39; where they were dried in the sun Pallad. Nov. 7 §§ 15 16). Aаμаσкηνòν became the general term, for the earlier KOKKÚμnλov (geopon. x 73. Ath. l. c.), whence our damson. Eight large dried damsons are rated at 4 denarii in ed. Diocl. vI 86 Waddington. The physicians have much to say of their uses in diet Paul. Aegin. 1 81 (with Adams 1 136). Simeon Seth p. 22 seq. Galen vi 353 also joins them with figs as laxatives for the aged, both fresh in summer, and dry in winter, either boiled or steeped in μeλíкρатov (p. 354 as laxatives Spanish prunes preferable, cf. XII 32). XI 367 (joined with figs). Hehn Kulturpflanzen u. Hausthiere2 329-332. A. F. Magerstedt die Obstbaumzucht der Römer (Sondershausen 1861) 221-4. Damascus now exports dried apricots in large quantities.

COTTONA Hehn 1. c. 83-86 'The native home of the figtree is the semitic W. Asia, Syria and Palestine; there it grows most luxuriantly and yields the sweetest fruit in abundance. The O. T. often names the tree, esp. with the vine, and is full of pictures and similes drawn from it; to dwell under, or eat of, one's vine and figtree, is to enjoy a quiet, peaceful existence.' Figs served as bread and meat Plin. xv § 82 panisque simul et opsonii vicem siccatae implent, utpote cum Cato cibaria ruris operariis iusta ceu lege sanciens minui iubeat per fici maturitatem. recenti fico salis vice caseo vesci nuper excogitatum [cf. Heraklid. pol. c. 24 in Müller fragm. hist. gr. 11 219]. § 83 ex hoc genere sunt, ut diximus, cottana et caricae quaeque conscendenti navem adversus Parthos omen fecere M. Crasso venales praedicantis voce, cauneae. omnia haec in Albense rus e Syria intulit L. Vitellius, qui postea censor fuit, cum legatus in ea

сит

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FIGS. SABINE OLIVES. OIL.

361

provincia esset, novissimis Tiberii principis temporibus. Then, &s now, figs, fresh and dried, were the staple and wholesome food of the people in Italy, esp. in S. Italy' (Hehn). The best figs still come from Smyrna, pressed as of old, in boxes; they are grown in the N. of Caria. ed. Diocl. 6 84 rates Carian figs at 25 for 4 denarii. This kind was also grown in Syria (Plin. x § 51). Magerstedt 1. c. 174–199. Athen. III c. 6—19. Hermann-Blümner gr. Privatalt. p. 25. indd. to Plin. and the writers on medicine and agriculture. Winer RW. Feigenbaum.'

III 84 USQUE ADEO NIHIL EST Pers. 1 26 27 usque adeone | scire tuum nihil est, nisi te scire hoc sciat alter? Aen. XII 646 Forb. Stat. s. II 2 67 usque adeone parum lentas transire paludes? Sen. n. q. vòi 1 § 1. Verg. g. Iv 84.

85 Baca Sabina v 86 n. Plin. xv § 3 and xxxvII § 202 (Italian cil). Galen x11 513 K (Sabine oil the best of all within my knowledge). It is hard for us to understand the place which the olive (oil-tree), its wood and fruit and esp. its oil filled and to a great extent still fill to the people of southern climes. Colum. v 8 § 1 (from the farmer's point of view) olea.. prima omnium arborum est. § 5 sed neque depressa loca neque ardua magisque modicos clivos amat, quales in Italia Sabinorum vel tota provincia Baetica videmus. cf. Pallad. Mar. 9 § 8 oleo Sabino. In the O.T. from Noah's dove onwards, joined with corn and wine, or (as in Jotham's parable) with the figtree and the vine, it is the symbol of settled order and plenty; and now at this day, introduced into America and Australia, it has an influence on the tide of emigration. Iuv. going into the market, might have bought prunes and figs of Italian growth; and if he asked for the best eating olives, he would have been served with foreign samples Plin. xv § 16 Italicis transmarinae praeferuntur in cibis cum oleo vincantur. Oil was exported from Palestine into Egypt (Hos. 12 1) and Tyre (Ez. 27 17). The Jews used the fruit and its oil as food and for cooking, as a cosmetic, in burials, as a medicine, for illumination (see the articles 'anoint,' 'oil,' 'ointment,' 'olive,' 'unction' in concordances and the bible-dictionaries of Calmet, Smith, Kitto, Schenkel, Winer and Herzog's Real-Encykl. 'oel,' 'oelbaum,' 'salbe,' Celsii hierbotan. II 331 seq.; for the later church use W. E. Scudamore in Cheetham dict. chr. ant. oil,' 'unction'). Hehn Kulturpflanzen2 87-103, 140-1 handles the congenial theme excellently. The olive tree in Homer (Buchholz die homerischen Realien 1 2 255-9). The Athenians shewed on the akropolis the tree created by Athene, and miraculously restored when burnt by the Persians (Meurs. Cecrop. 19 20 and fort. Att. 2 f. Valck. and Bähr on Hdt. vIII 55, Welcker gr. Götterlehre 1 318-9. п 308. Soph. OC. 694-706. Paus. I 24 § 3. 27 § 2. Stark in Sitzungsber. d. K. S. Ges. 1856 82-101. Bötticher Baumcult der Hellenen 423-436. Hermann-Blümner gr. Privatalt. 21. Verg. g. I 18 oleaeque Minerva | inventrix). When the unchaste Vestal was buried alive, bread, water, milk, oil, as the prime necessaries of life, were interred with her (Plut. Num. 10 § 8). Cato r. r. 10 stock for an oliveyard of 140 iugera. Mart. x 36 2 of a box of olives from Picenum: inchoat atque eadem finit oliva dapes. Hor. c. 11 15 5-8 complains that oliveyards were converted into flowerbeds. epod. 2 49–56 he prefers the olive to costly fish and fowl. Large collections respecting the olive and its oil in literature, agriculture, trade and daily life, in Magerstedt die Obstbaumzucht der Römer (Sondershausen 1861) 232-270. Hofmann lex. and ind. to Pliny and the medical and agricultural writers under olea, -i, -um, -iva. Daremberg in his Oribase 1 609-611. Hehn dividing N. Europe as beer-and-butter land from S. Europe as wine-and

362

ADULANDI GENS PRUDENTISSIMA.

III 85

oil land, shews (pp. 123–140) that the latter is gaining ground on the former. Still to this day' he says (90) 'a German boor consumes with enjoyment great lumps of bacon, but is loath to pour oil on his vegetables or fry his meat with oil, just as the Gauls, according to Posidonius (Ath. 151), from want of habit and because of its scarcity eschewed the use of oil." But Winer ('oel') and Kitto (‘oil') attest that Westerns also soon come to prefer vegetable to animal fats, and indeed cotton-seed-, maize- and other oils are now largely superseding butter and dripping (see Encycl. Brit. new ed. oils ').

III 86 see consummate specimens of flattery in Luc. imagg. and pro imagg. ADULANDI GENS PRUDENTISSIMA Gnatho (Ter. eun. 260—4) was entreated by a poor starveling who envied his success, ut sibi liceret discere id de me: sectari iussi, | si potis est, tamquam philosophorum habent discipuli ex ipsis | vocabula, parasiti ita ut Gnathonici vocentur. See O. Ribbeck's monograph 'Kolax.' The chief texts are Theophr. char. 2 (1 Jebb), who wrote a separate book on the subject. Plut. II 48-74. Max. Tyr. 6 (36) § 7. 20 (4). Ath. 248-260d. Stob. fl. XIV. Suet. Nero 22 (testimonial to Greek supremacy in adulation by a judge beyond exception) cited on vIII 226. cf. 227 n. DCass. LXI 20 Reimar (5000 Augustiani enrolled as professional claqueurs, to lead the applause when Nero acted: crying eg. ὁ καλὸς Καῖσαρ, ὁ ̓Απόλλων, ὁ Αὔγουστος, εἰς ὡς Πύθιος. μά σε, Καῖσαρ, οὐδείς σε νικᾷ). LXIII 8 § 3. Suet. 20. 25. Tac. XIV 15 f.

87 SERMONEM INDOCTI, FACIEM DEFORMIS Philostr. soph. 1 25 § 20 (cited p. 179) Varus was persuaded by his flatterers und' av ràs Mocas ἀναβάλλεσθαι αὐτοῦ ἥδιον, ὁπότε πρὸς τὸ ᾄδειν τράποιτο. παραπλήσια δὲ τούτοις καὶ περὶ τῶν σοφιστῶν ᾤετο· παριππεῦσαι γὰρ καὶ τὰς ἐκείνων γλώτα TAS, ÓTÓTE MEλErwn. Luc. somn. 13 f. gold makes its owners fair, wise, strong. ib. 14.

SERMONEM INDOCTI Spaniards, a hero of Iuv. and a friend, were not behind in the art of adulation. Sen. cons. Polyb. 2 § 6 assures this 'master of requests' that his paraphrases of Homer and Virgil will be as immortal as the originals: quamdiu fuerit ullus litteris honor, quamdiu steterit aut Latinae linguae potentia aut Graecae gratia, vigebit cum maximis viris, quorum se ingeniis vel contulit vel, si hoc verecundia eius recusat, adplicuit. cf. 8 § 2. 11 § 5. Martial (x 1 6. x 11) makes the court chamberlain Parthenius a great poet. Lucian paints the Greeks Timon 51 f. for Timon is the best of orators, and what he will.' adv. indoct. 20 your flatterers lead you by the nose and make you believe that you are not only handsome and loveable, but wise and an orator and historian without a peer. It is said that you recite to them at dinner, and they, like land frogs, croak with thirst, and will not drink, till they have burst with screaming. They even persuade you that you resemble some king, like those pretenders, the Pseudalexandros, Pseudophilippos, Pseudoneron.

FACIEM DEFORMIS AMICI Luc. Timon 23 surrendering to his flatterers, who swear that he is fairer than Nireus, more highly born than Kekrops or Kodrus, wiser than Odysseus, richer than sixteen Kroesi together.

88 CERVICIBUS Philostr. Apoll. vr 30 § 1 Ap. taking Titus by the neck (καὶ γὰρ δὴ ἔρρωτο αὐτὸν ἴσα τοῖς ἀσκοῦσι τὸ σῶμα), asked: ‘Who will break to the yoke a bull with so sturdy a neck?' § 2 He' replied Titus 'who reared me as a calf,' i.e. his father. cf. Jacobs on anthol. gr. viii 45.

89 HERCULIS A.D. 68, Nero (DCass. LXIII 20 § 5) on his return from

-95

CERVICES HERCULIS.

GALLINAE MARITUS.

363

his gymnastic triumphs in Greece, was greeted with illuminations and shouts, especially from the senators, of οὐᾶ Ολυμπιονίκα, οὐᾶ Πυθιονίκα, οὐς Αὔγουστε Αὔγουστε. Νέρωνι τῷ Ἡρακλεῖ, Νέρωνι τῷ ̓Απόλλωνι. So Commodus was called the Roman Hercules (Lamprid. Comm. 8 §§ 5, 9. 982. 10 § 9. 17 § 8. id. Anton. Diadum. 7 §§ 23) and named September after himself Hercules (Lamprid. Comm. 11 §§ 8, 13 14). So Maximinus (Capitol. Max. 4 § 9. 6 § 9 some called him Milo, some Hercules, some Antaeus). ANTAEUM Ov. met. ix 184 Bach. A favorite subject, in poetry from Pindar and Pisander, and in art, Hercules appearing as the ideal wrestler Pape-Benseler Eigennamen, Daremberg dict. des ant. and Pauly s. v. Preller griech. Myth. I1 217—9. Creuzer Symbolik 113 77. Luc. Iv 589-655. Stat. Th. v1 886-9. Philostr. imag. 11 21 with Jacobs. Apollod. п 5 § 11 Heyne.

III 90 MIRATUR VOCEM ANGUSTAM Luc. adv. indoct. 8 9 Euangelus persnaded by fatterers (ἐπαινούντων καὶ βοώντων, ὁπότε καὶ τὸ σμικρότατον ἐκεῖνος ἀνακρούσαιτο) to compete for the Pythian prize for lyre and song, broke the chords and was flogged out of the theatre by order of the judges, in spite of his gold and jewels.

91 Buffon hist. naturelle par C. Sonnini (Paris an IX) XLI 131 on sait que le coq s'approche de la poule par une espèce de pas oblique, ... accompagnant son action d'un certain murmure expressif;...on sait que le mâle saisit avec son bec la crête ou les plumes du sommet de la tête de la femelle, soit par manière de caressé, soit pour garder l'équilibre. Étienne de Clavière Iuv. periphrases (Bourges 1607) says that any one who has kept fowls knows that it is the hen's note that is thin, or querulous, or hoarse; the cock's is shrill and clear. ANGUSTAM = tenuem is rare; ang. spiritus Cic. in lexx. on the training of the voice see Grasberger Erziehung im klass. Alterth. 11 273-6.

ILLE, QUO MARITO Lucr. 115 Munro. Nipperdey on Tac. an. Iv 56. Staveren on Nep. Ages. 4 § 4. Friedländer (in Bursian's Jahresber. ш 1877, 214) rightly rejects Bücheler's revelation (Rhein. Mus. xxix 637) 'in explicandis saturis quos quidem novi interpretes multa praetermisere, velut ne hoc quidem adnotatum inveni ad ı 91, circuitu illo poetam ideo usum esse ut gallus gallinaceus quantum Gallo praestaret semiviro, verborum ludibrio comprehenderet.' With the flattery cf. Sil. ш 618-9 to Domitian quin et Romuleos superabit voce nepotes, | quis erit eloquio partum decus. MARITO SO (of the lower animals) Verg. Hor. Colum. Plin. (x § 76 of partridges, § 155 gallinae). Mart. Ix 71 1. xv 140 1. Stat. Th. v 330 stabuli. So vir, ἀνήρ, πόσις, uxor, γυνή.

39

93 THAIDA Bayle s.v.

94 95 DORIDA NULLO CULTAM PALLIOLO VI 63-77. Friedländer (Bursian Jahresber. xiv 174) prefers Priscian's reading pullo cl. Mart. Ix 32 1 hanc volo quae facilis quae palliolata vagatur, as Doris is here evidently (?) the meretrix in comedy. W. E. Weber, reading nullo, takes D. to be the slave-girl in simple tunic. So Madvig and Düntzer, as it seems rightly. [Cypr.] de spect. 5 f. (p. 9 9 H) a just reproof of the mimes istud publicum monstrum omnibus videntibus geritur et prostitutarum transitur obscaenitas: quaesitum est quomodo adulterium ex oculis admitteretur. huic dedecori condignum dedecus superducitur, homo fractus omnibus membris et vir ultra muliebrem mollitiem dissolutus, cui ars sit verba manibus expedire: et propter unum nescio quem nec virum nec feminam commovetur civitas tota ut desaltentur fabulosae antiquitatum libidines. On the theatre Friedländer 115 391-433 and in Marquardt StV. 111 508–532 (525 except in the mimes all parts were taken

364 ACTORS. NOCTE DIEQUE. IACTARE MANUS. III 95—

by men); on music Sittengesch. п15 291–328. Claud. in Eutr. 11 402—5 fit plausus et ingens | concilii clamor, qualis resonantibus olim | exoritur caveis, quotiens crinitus ephebus | aut rigidam Nioben aut flentem Troada fingit.

III 95 Tert. spect. 17. 23. Hier. ep. 43 2 fin. in theatralibus scaenis unus atque idem histrio nunc Herculem robustus ostendit, nunc mollis in Venerem frangitur, nunc tremulus in Cybelen. 79 9 pr. histrio fractus in feminam. Cypr. ad Donat. 8. ep. 2. Chrys. hom. in Matt. 37 (38) 6 (VII 475d Gaume). Deinokrates, a Messenian envoy, dancing in woman's attire Polyb. XXIV 5 § 11. Plut. Flamin. 17 § 6. Quintil. 1 10 § 31 apertius tamen profitendum puto, non hanc [musicen] a me praecipi, quae nunc in scaenis effeminata et impudicis modis fracta non ex parte minima, si quid in nobis virilis roboris manebat, excidit.

96 PERSONA Suet. Ner. 21 tragoedias quoque cantavit personatus, heroum deorumque item heroidum ac dearum personis effectis ad similitudinem oris sui et feminae, prout quamque diligeret.

PLANA anth. Pal. xI 222 ΧΕΙΛΩΝ καὶ ΛΕΙΧΩΝ ἴσα γράμματα. ἐς δὲ τί τοῦτο; | ΛΕΙΧΕΙ γὰρ ΧΕΙΛΩΝ, κἂν ἴσα, κἂν ἄνισα. RIGAULT. OV. am. 1 5 21 quam castigato planus sub pectore venter.

99 see Croft on Elyot's Governour (1883) 1 205. VIII 15 n. cf. tener 1 22 n.

MOLLI II 47, 165.

100 101 MAIORE CACHINNO CONCUTITUR XI 2 3 quid enim maiore cachinno | excipitur. Aus. epigr. 54 3 solito maiore cachinno concussus. RIDES, CONCUTITUR VIII 24. XVI 17-22 n. Holden on Cic. p. Planc. § 15. p. Sest. § 92 a categorical for a conditional sentence. Public school Lat. Gr. p. 473. Ter. haut. 79. 486-7. Verg. g. 11 519 Forb. Ov. a. a. II 543. heroid. 4 139. Rutil. Lup. 1 15. Mart. III 46 5 and 9. Munro on Lucr. III 9 45.

100

Sen. n. q. I pr. § 6 in alienam voluntatem sermo compositus. Obbar on Hor. ep. 1 18 10 11. Mart. XII 40.

104 NON SUMUS ERGO PARES Mart. 11 18 2 (cited 1 100) iam sumus ergo pares.

et nocte...et

Pont. I 1 40. Stat. s. IV 6 94.

104 105 OMNI NOCTE DIEQUE Mart. Ix 62 1 2 omni die. 11 43 2 nocte dieque. so Ov. met. II 343. XII 46. Sil. XII 483. XIII 290. XIV 61. VFl. II 281. vIII 416. v 1 72. Prud. cath. 8 56. Auson. v (eglog.) 16 12 (p. 15 S) (Stat. Th. v 82 sub nocte dieque).

105 106 ALIENA SUMERE VULTUM A FACIE commended in a famulus by Stat. s. II 6 52 53 tecum tristisque hilarisque nec umquam | ille suus vultumque tuo sumebat ab ore. Ov. tr. v 8 17.

106 IACTARE MANUS Quintil. x 3 § 21 illa, quae altiorem animi motum sequuntur quaeque ipsa animum quodam modo concitant, quorum est iactare manum. x1 3 § 179. Ov. f. III 536. DCass. LXI 20 § 3 when Nero acted, Burrhus and Seneca prompted him, καὶ αὐτοὶ τάς τε χεῖρας καὶ τὰ ἱμάτια, ὁπότε φθέγξαιτό τι, ἀνέσειον. LAUDARE PARATUS VI 16. 207. 245.

IX 7. 49. XIII 108. xv 102. Pers. I 132. vI 36.

107 RUCTAVIT Suet. Vit. 7 arts of V. to win favour; he kissed all, even the private soldiers on his road, perque stabula ac deversoria mulionibus ac viatoribus praeter modum comis, ut mane singulos, ‘iamne ientassent' sciscitaretur seque fecisse ructu quoque ostenderet. Mart. III 82 8. x48 10 ructatrix mentha in the pharmacopoeia. 187 4 betrays the tippler.