-251 VITULI MARINI.

CULINA,

CORBULO.

385

φυλάξασθαι. 32 § 2 τον χρηστὸν Κλαύδιον, ὡς ὑπὸ γυναίων ἡττηθεὶς ἐπελάθετο τοῦ ἄρχειν, ἀλλὰ καὶ τοῦ ζῆν (ἀπέθανε γὰρ ὑπ' αὐτῶν, ὡς φασι).

III 238 VITULIS MARINIS Sil. V 132-3 aere atque aequorei tergo flavente iuvenci | cassis erat munita viro. Calpurn. vII 65 66 aequoreos ego cum certantibus ursis | spectavi vitulos. Ambr. hexaëm. v §§ 5 (vitulos marinos) 6f. (vitulos aquarum, where also porcos maris, as we have many marine animals named from similarity to the better known land animals). edict. Diocl. vIII 37 pellis bituli marini <infecta> dépμa μboxov eaxaooíov (Waddington je ne crois pas que l'expression μ. 0. ait jamais été en usage chez les Grecs') To pwкns аepy. costing 1250 denarii. You may see them sleeping any sunny day on the sandbanks at the mouth of the Elbe or the Weser (W. E. Weber).

239 VOCAT OFFICIUM= Pers. vi 27.

239 240 Sen. ben. 111 28 § 5 servum vocas quemquam tu? quo tandem ab istis gerulis raperis cubile istud tuum circumferentibus? quo te paenulati isti in militum <et> quidem non vulgarem cultum subornati, quo, inquam, te isti efferunt? ad ostium alicuius ostiarii, ad hortos alicuius ne ordinarium quidem habentis officium: et deinde negas tibi a servo tuo beneficium dari posse, cui osculum alieni servi beneficium est?

241 OBITER LEGET AUT SCRIBET I 63 n. vII 179 n. Plin. ep. vii 4 § 8 indle plura metra, si quid otii, maxime in itinere temptavi.

242 NAMQUE FACIT SOMNUM CLAUSA LECTICA FENESTRA Plin. xxvi § 14 of Asclepiades alia quoque blandimenta excogitabat, iam suspendendo lectulos, quorum iactatu aut morbos extenuaret aut somnos eliceret. Exx. of facere somnum (-os) infr. 282. Ov. f. 1 421. ш 18. met. VII 153. Cels. I 18 (p. 101 6 D). v 25 4 (p. 183 36). 11 exx. in ind. Plin. h. n. Stat. Ach. II 446. lexx. VTVоrolós (add Porphyr. abst. 1 28. Dioscor. I 14). -éw. somnificus Plin. h. n. and Mart. Cap.

247 PINGUIA CRURA LUTO III 76 seq. n. Hor. ep. 11 2 72-75 Schmid (interruptions in the streets, builders' wagons, funerals, mad dogs, and last hac lutulenta ruit sus). Mart. x 82 client facing the blasts of aquilo, rains and snows.

249 250 probably rightly explained by schol. 'pulmentaria secum portant comparata e sportula,' i.e. the clients send their slaves home with food bought with the sportula; the food is bought ready cooked and kept warm in chafing-dishes. FRIEDLÄNDER 15 395.

250 CULINA Wytt. on Plut. 11 180o éσxápa. ẻσxapis. bread carried about piping hot in clibano argenteo (Petron. 35); snails in craticula argentea (ib. 70). Sen. n. q. Iv 13 § 10 sed quid sentire possunt emortuae fauces et occallatae cibis ardentibus? quemadmodum nihil illis satis frigidum, sic nihil satis calidum est, sed ardentes boletos cet. (cited on XIV 8). Ath. 5ef 6d. BOETTIGER. How often have I been reminded of the sportula by the firepans and suppers of the Neapolitans! As soon as it grows dark, the streets are filled with twinkling fires glancing about in every direction on the heads of those modern Corbulos, and suddenly disappearing as they enter their houses with their frugal meal. GIFFORD. 251 CORBULO progr. of C. Wolfgramm (Prenzlau 1874). Egli in Büdinger Untersuchungen zur röm. Kaisergesch. 1 281-292, 302-340. Waddington fasti 126-8. Stat. s. v 2 34 35. Wolfgramm (Philologus XLIV 371-6) holds that Cn. Domitius Corbulo, cons. suff. A.D. 39 (Kleins Fasti 31) and brother of Caesonia (Plin. h. n. vII § 39) is the D. C. who occurs praetura functus A.D. 21 (Tac. an. III 31), and also the famous general driven to death by Nero A.D. 66 or early in 67. J. J. Müller (cl. Tac. XI 18 cui principium illa militia fuit) and Mommsen (StR. Ir2 1099)

386

CANEPHOROE.

CARRARA MARBLE.

III 251dispute the identity, which Waddington maintains. But cui in Tac. 1. c. refers to gloria; Tac. III 31 agrees exactly with DCass. LIX 15 § 3 who expressly identifies the consul of 39 with the ex-praetor of 21. I see no reason (with Friedländer 15 470) to suppose that any other Corbulo is meant here: 'andere stadtbekannte Personen, die Iuv. ebenfalls unbedenklich mit ihren wahren Namen nennen konnte, sind:...der starke Mann Corbulo.'

III 252 VERTICE to this day the Italian women carry goods to market on their heads (see Bourdel. on Petron. 34 p. 183 b Burman). Grangaeus cites Prop. IV 9 5. v 4 16. Ov. Pont. I 8 12. Paulus Festi p. 16 M arculum appellabant circulum, quem capiti imponebant ad sustinenda commodius vasa, quae ad sacra publica capite portabantur. cf. E. Saglio in dict. des ant. canephoroe.

254 TUNICAE Hier. ep. 66 6 pr. quis enim hoc crederet, ut consulum pronepos et Furiani germinis decus inter purpuras senatorum furva tunica pullatus incederet, et non erubesceret oculos sodalium, ut deridentes se ipse derideret?

254-258 Lucr. vI 548-9 plaustri concussa tremescunt | tecta viam propter non magno pondere tota. Sen. n. q. vi 22 § 1 si quando magna onera per vices vehiculorum plurium tracta sunt et rotae maiore nisu in salebras inciderunt, terram concuti senties.

255 SERRACO Quintil. VIII 3 § 21 nec augenda semper oratio, sed summittenda nonnumquam est. vim rebus aliquando verborum ipsa humilitas affert. an cum dicit in Pisonem [fr. 9 Baiter] Cicero cum tibi tota cognatio serraco advehatur,' incidisse videtur in sordidum nomen, non eo contemptum hominis, quem destructum volebat, auxisse? cited also in Fortunat, rhet. III 4. Sidon. ep. Iv 18 pr.

255 256 Hor. s. 1 6 43. II 6 28.

257 SAXA LIGUSTICA Jordan Topogr. d. St. Rom 1 17. 19. Marquardt Privatleben 602-3. Stat. s. IV 2 29 Luna que portandis tantum suffecta columnis. 4 23 anne metalliferae repetit iam moenia Lunae? Namatian. 11 63-8 advehimur celeri candentia moenia lapsu: | nominis est auctor luce corusca soror. | indigenis superat ridentia lilia saxis, | et levi radiat picta nitore silex. dives marmoribus tellus, quae luce coloris | provocat intactas luxuriosa nives. See A. v. Reumont (Itasius Lemniacus) des Claudius Rutilius Namatianus Heimkehr (Berlin 1872) 188-199. Plin. xxxvi § 14 the white marble formerly in use was Parian, multis postea candidioribus repertis, nuper vero etiam in Lunensium lapicidinis. § 48 Mamurra was the first to have no column but of marble in his whole house, and all solid from Carystus or Luna. Varro in Plin. xxxvi § 135 Luniensem silicem serra secari. Known to the Etruscans, and in Rome before Augustus, but not as building material. Serv. Aen. vII 720 the temple of Palatine Apollo built de solido marmore, quod adlatum fuerat de portu Lunae. Wilmanns inscr, 315 10 11. Suet. Aug. 28 urbem...marmoream se relinquere quam latericiam accepisset. The best authority on the marbles used in building at Rome is Bruzza iscrizioni dei marmi grezzi (annali 1870 106—204); a list of the remaining columns in Corsi delle pietre antiche 1828-33-46. Blümner Technologie 1 (Teubner 1884) deals with work in stone; the marble quarries of Luna 39-41.

,, 257-260 Plut. Galba 8 § 4 after Nero's fall the mob knocked down an informer Aponius and drew over him dμágas λopópovs. dig. 1x 2 52 § 2 in a collision between two loaded wagons on the clivus Capitolinus onc retro redierat et puerum cuiusdam obtriverat.

-267

STRIGILIS.

PORTHMEUS. TRIENS.

387

III 259 QUID SUPEREST DE CORPORIBUS P e corporibus, no doubt rightly, Beer compares Caes. b. G. 1 26 § 5 (cited in lexx.), and Ov. am. III 9 39 40 iacet ecce Tibullus; vix manet e toto, parva quod urna capit. 59 60 si tamen e nobis aliquid.. | restat. Add Cic. p. Sulla § 15 nihil sibi . ex pristina dignitate superesse. Curt. x 2 § 27.

261 SECURA PATELLAS Pers. III 26 cultrixque foci secura patella. PATELLAS Hor. ep. 1 5 2 Obbar. In the Archiv f. lat. Lexikogr. 1 194 Havet, citing Varro Eumen. fr. 160 Bücheler (in Non. p. 543) patella esurienti posita provocat Neapolitanas piscinas, says 'je ne comprends pas comme patella pourrait signifier ici un plat ou une assiette. C'est évidemment ici un nom de coquillage, tout comme le patella des naturalistes d'aujourd'hui... En ce sens, patella paraît être un äπağ eipημévov.' Surely the authority from whom Nonius took the example, and who had the context before him, was better able to judge of the sense than we; but even as the text stands, there is no need to invent a new meaning for so common a word: 'setting a dish before his hungry friend, he challenges the fishponds of Naples.' Dish for 'meat on the dish.' So plat, Schüssel.

263 STRIGLIBUS Marquardt Privatleben 281. Böttiger cites Rhodius on Scribon. 39 p. 81 and Eschenbach de unctionibus veterum c. 3. Theokritus being in a bath, where two fellows desired to borrow his strigil or cleanser of him, the one of which was a stranger, the other a noted thief, answered the first thus, 'I will not lend it you, because I do not know you'; and the second thus, 'I will not lend it you, because I do know you' (Plut. II 534, de vitioso pudore 14. HOLYDAY). Apul. fl. §§ 35 36. GUTO Varro 1. 1. v 124. Hor. cited on 204. see the story of the Attic page who brought gutum Samium ore tenus... inanem, tamquam si inesset oleum, and turned it upside down, and at last declared that the oil must have frozen (Gell. xvII 8 §§ 5-8). Böttiger cites Casaubon on Theophr. ch. 5 p. 75. Eschenbach 1. c. p. 483 seq. Diogenes takes his öλπŋ (= ampulla) with his scrip, cloak and staff, into Charon's boat (anth. Pal. VII 67 5. 68 5). Apul. fl. §§ 35 36.

266 PORTHMEA Eur. Alk. 253-4. Theokr. 17 49 σтvyvov (here taetrum) ἀεὶ πορθμῆα καμόντων. anth. Pal. VII 63 1 τὸν κύνα Διογένη, νεκυοστόλε, δέξο με, πορθμεῦ. 66 3 (Diogenes log.) πάντα φέρω πορθμῆϊ. 67 1 2 Αΐδεω λυπηρὲ διηκόνε, τοῦτ ̓ ̓Αχέροντος | ὕδωρ ὃς πλώεις πορθμίδι κυανέῃ. 63 12 Αϊδος ὦ νεκυηγέ, κεχαρμένε δάκρυσι πάντων, | ὃς βαθὺ πορθHEÚELS TOUT' 'Axépovтos dwp. append. 236 (ed. Jacobs, Lips. 1814, 11 831 = Kaibel 646 a) 3 οὐκ ἔστ ̓ ἐν "Αιδου πλοῖον, οὐ πορθμεὺς Χάρων. ina painting of Polygnotus (Paus. x 28 § 1) ò πорėμеÙS Éπì тαîs KÚTAIS. ib. § 2 from the cyclic poem Minyas ἔνθ ̓ ἤτοι νέα μὲν νεκυάμβατον, ἣν ὁ γεραιός | πορθμεὺς ἦγε Χάρων, οὐκ ἔλλαβον ἔνδοθεν ὅρμου. anth. Lat. IV 56 5 (Burm. q. v. II 40 41) vexit aqua porthmeus. Valckenaer diatr. c. 25 p. 280. DS. 1 96 §§ 7 8 the rationalistic version: the fashionable burying ground of Memphis was near the Acherusian lake; bodies were ferried over, and the ferryman (Top@ueùs in Egyptian Xápwv) received an obol as his fare. GURGITIS II 150 Stygio ranas in gurgite nigras.

267 NEC HABET QUEM PORRIGAT ORE TRIENTEM Plaut. Poen. prol. 20 ipse abiit ad Acheruntem sine viatico. Apul. met. vi 18 nec mora cum ad flumen mortuum venies, cui praefectus Charon protinus expetens portorium, sic ad ripam ulteriorem sutili cumba deducit commeantes. ergo et inter mortuos avaritia vivit. nec Charon ille..., tantus deus, quidquam. gratuito facit et moriens pauper viaticum debet quaerere, et aes si forte prae manu non fuerit, nemo eum exspirare patietur. huic squalido seni dabis nauli nomine de stipibus, quas feres, alteram: sic

388

PAVING., ROMAN MOHOCKS,

III 267tamen, ut ipse sua manu de tuo sumat ore. Examples of coins found Marquardt Privatleben 338-9. Kallim. fr. 110 Schneider TоÜveкa Kai νέκυες πορθμήϊον οὔ τι φέρονται | μούνῃ ἔνι πτολίων, ὅ τε τέθμιον οἰσέμεν ἄλλους | ἐν στομάτεσσι νεὼς ̓Αχερουσιάδος ἐπίβαθρον | ἀνθρώπους δανάκην. Luc. catapl. 18 f. οὐδὲ τὸν ὀβολὸν ἔχω τὰ πορθμεία κατα βαλεῖν.

III 269 270 CEREBRUM TESTA FERIT CIL III 1 2083 tegula nam Romae Proculum prolapsa peremit. Ov. Ibis 299 300 (301 302 aut ut Achilliden, cognato nomine clarum, | opprimat hostili tegula iacta manu, where Ellis cites Paus. 1 13 § 7); the death of Abimelech (judges 9 53. 2 Sam. 11 21); Hdn. vII 12 § 5.

270 FENESTRIS the ground-floor had no windows to the street, but the upper storeys had, as we see at Herculanum (Marquardt Privatleben 241).

270 271 Aristoph. Ach. 6167 ὥσπερ ἀπόνιπτρον ἐκχέοντες ἑσπέρας, | ἅπαντες ἐξίστω παρήνουν οἱ φίλοι.

272 SILICEM VI 350. lava. B.C. 293 (Liv. x 47 § 4) via a Martis ad Bovillas silice perstrata est; completed B. c. 189 (ib. xxxvIII 28 § 3). B.C. 174 (XLI 27 § 5) censores vias sternendas silice in urbe, glarea extra urbem substruendas marginandasque primi omnium locaverunt. (ibid. §7) et clivum Capitolinum silice sternendum curaverunt. See on paving the streets Beckmann hist. of inventions. H. Nissen Pompeianische Studien (Leipz. 1877) 516-524 the word street, Strasse,' strata viarum, shews to whom the west owes the pavement which distinguishes its cities from the East. Isid. orig. xv 16 attributes the invention to the Phoenicians. Solomon is said (Ios. ant. vIII 7 § 4) to have paved the roads to the holy city, and in the days of Claudius the Jews proposed to pave Jerusalem itself (ibid. xx 9 § 7). Many inscriptions record the paving (often by rich citizens) of Italian and provincial towns. See too Mommsen in Hermes XII 486-491. Burn Rome and the Campagna lii-liv. Mommsen StR. 112 494. 522. Hirschfeld Verwaltungsgesch. 1 152. Under and after the Antonines we find (Wilmanns 1262) a procurator ad silices, and (ib. 1291) a procurator silicum viarum sacrae urbis. Jordan Topographie d. St. Rom 1 4 who cites Promis Alba Fucense 95 seq. silex in the best time denotes hard stone generally (e.g. limestone of the Apennines CIL 1 1 1161. Cato in Festus 281); travertine; the black basaltic lava, the usual paving stone; and even marble. A paviour is silicarius (Blümner Technologie 8). See Pauly 'viae'. Many monographs have appeared on the Roman roads of England, Germany and other countries: but a Bergier for the 19th century has not yet arisen to combine all their results.

276 VOTUM MISERABILE=IX 147.

rentum.

278 EBRIUS AC PETULANS VI 297 petulans madidumque Taseq. Iv 137 n. Gracchus in Gell. x 3 § 5. Schiller's Nero 119 seq. Ael. v. h. Ix 29. Capitolin. Ver. 4 § 6 fertur..in tantum vitiorum Gaianorum et Neronianorum ac Vitellianorum fuisse aemulum, ut vagaretur nocte per tabernas ac lupanaria obtecto capite cucullione vulgari viatorio et comissaretur cum triconibus, committeret rixas, dissimulans quis esset, saepeque efflictum livida facie redisse et in tabernis agnitum, cum se absconderet. Tert. apol. 35 pr. of public holidays: grande videlicet officium vicatim epulari..... catervatim cursitare ad iniurias, ad inpudentias, ad libidinis inlecebras. 39 fin. of Christian feasts: inde disceditur non in catervas caesionum nec in classes discursationum nec in eruptiones lascivia

...

rum. Sen. contr. 30 (cf. n. on 292) § 2 'accusa' inquit. pauper divitem, lugens candidatum ego accusem? ambulare mihi meo arbitrio non licet.... 'cur me' inquit 'sequeris?' quasi aliud iter pauperes, aliud divites habeant. § 3 incedere magno comitatu, splendido cultu, non est fortunae meae; ista divites possunt; satis est si vivimus....'quare' inquit 'me sequeris per publicum ? facinus indignum commissum est: dives et pauper eadem via incessimus. § 4 fin. 'cur me sequeris?' magistratus post terga sua non summovent. § 5 quid iste accusanti fecisset, qui persequitur tacentem? §7 venit iste cum turba clientium ac parasitorum et adversus paupertatem totam regiam suam effundit. 'cur me non accusas, non postulas?' vix temperabat quin diceret quid ego in te accusatorem non audeam, qui occidendum curavi eum qui tantum mecum litigaverat?' § 13 'quare me sequeris per publicum?' facinus indignum, iudices, factum est: pauper et dives eandem terram calcavimus. Suet. Nero 16 fin. vetiti quadrigariorum lusus, quibus inveterata licentia passim vagantibus fallere ac furari per iocum ius erat. On the lesser quinquatrus (13 June) the tibicines were entitled to stagger drunk, masked and in woman's attire, through the streets (Ov. f. VI 651-92. VM. п 5 § 4. Becker-Marquardt Iv 452). Iulia, daughter of Augustus, was banished by her father, who published her shame (Sen. ben. vi 32 § 1) admissos gregatim adulteros, pererratam nocturnis comissationibus civitatem, forum ipsum ac rostra, ex quibus pater legem de adulteriis tulerat, filiae in stupra placuisse. See Schwarz de comissationibus veterum. Altona 1744. Erasmus cites 'nightcaps' somewhat parallel: prov. 4 16 (of evil men) 'they sleep not, except they have done mischief; and their sleep is taken away, except they cause some to fall'; and Aristoph. vesp. 89-91 ἐρᾷ τε τούτου, τοῦ δικάζειν, καὶ στένει, | ἢν μὴ ἐπὶ τοῦ πρώτου καθίζηται ξύλου. | ὕπνου ὁρᾷ τῆς νυκτὸς οὐδὲ πασπάλην.

III 280 MOX DEINDE ind. s. v. mox. cf. Reid on Cic. acad. 11 § 44. 282 SOMNUM FACIT 242 n.

283 COCCINA Cf. vII 136 n. Marquardt Privatleben 312, 552-3 gay colours in the vestis cenatoria.

285 MULTUM FLAMMARUM Borghesi v 532-3 sees here the light borne before the emperor and members of his household (Lips. exc. on Tac. an. 17. Reimar on DCass. LXXI 35 n. 155). AENEA XIII 115. cf. vIII 86. xv 81. In the tabulae honestae missionis down to A.D. 134 the bronze plate is always called tabula aenea-never ahenea-from A.D. 138. tabula aerea. The Domitii Ahenobarbi and the formula hoc aere aeneaque libra, as well as the general use of the republican time, shew that aeneus is the proper designation of that which is made of bronze; aereus is not found before Vergil and in the earlier time it generally=aeratus, bronzed (Mommsen in Hermes I 467).

285-287 Beckmann hist. of inventions (II 172-185 Bohn) proves from Libanius and Jerome, that the streets of Antioch were lit up by night; he doubts whether the same can be proved of Rome by Suet. Caes. 31 ex consuetudine convivio se frequenti dedit. dein post solis occasum, mulis e proximo pistrino ad vehiculum iunctis, occultissimum iter modico comitatu ingressus est; et cum luminibus exstinctis decessisset via, diu errabundus, tandem ad lucem duce reperto, per angustissimos tramites pedibus evasit. Amm. xiv 1 § 9 haec confidenter agebat in urbe ubi pernoctantium luminum claritudo dierum solet imitari fulgorem. cod. Iust. VIII 12 19 ad praebenda luminaria. In Petron. 79 pr. Cumae (?) was evidently in the dark neque fax ulla in praesidio erat, quae iter aperiret errantibus, nec silentium noctis iam mediae promittebat occurren