8. State and prove the principle of Vis Viva.

9. Investigate the conditions of equilibrium of a fluid under the influence of given forces.

10. Form the differential equations of motion of a fluid.

SYSTEMATIC ZOOLOGY.

The Board of Examiners.

1. What are the distinctive characteristics of the subkingdom Vertebrata?

2. Enumerate the classes of the Vertebrata. What are the arguments for and against the separation of the Batrachia from the Reptilia as a separate class?

3. What are the arguments for and against the recognition of the following systematic groups, viz.:Hematocrya, Hæmatotherma, Ichthyopsida, Sauropsida ?

4. Set forth the grounds of the classification of Fishes into systematic groups, above the rank of Families, by (1) Linné, (2) Cuvier, (3) Müller, (4) Günther.

5. Give the Orders of the Class Pisces according to Müller or Günther, and give in detail the characters of the Order Leptocardii, shewing those which are exceptional in the subkingdom.

Vertebrata, and giving the reasons which have been advanced for and against the reference of these animals to the Class Pisces.

6. Define the Families of the Cyclostomata, and point out the characters in which the Order differs from other Fishes.

7. In what characters do all the Teleostea agree and differ from the other Orders of Fishes? Enumerate the Sub-Orders into which they are divided.

8. Define the Cycloida, and the Family Scomberoidea, noting the more remarkable variations in the dorsal fins found in it.

9. Define the Families of the Trachomedusæ.

10. Into what Families are the Radiolaria divided?

11. Define the Orders of the Class Infusoria.

12. What are the chief arguments for and against classifying the Sponges with the Colenterata?

PHYSICAL GEOLOGY AND MINERALOGY.

The Board of Examiners.

1. Explain clearly what is understood by Stratification, Bedding, Lamination, Foliation, Cleavage, Thinning-out, and False-bedding in Rock masses. What is the significance of "unconformity"?

2. Describe each of the sorts of "joint-planes" in strata, and their relations to each other and to the Rock masses with which they are associated.

3. What are the chief lithological varieties of stratified Aqueous Rocks, and how has the material for each been provided and consolidated?

4. Describe the general characters of Dykes, their positions, compositions, and effects.

5. What are Faults, Hade, Throw, Underlie, and Veins ? How do they originate? And how are their inclinations measured differently from dip of strata?

6. What portion of the rock formations of a district does a geological map shew, and how are dips, strikes, and the various kinds of contortions of the strata shewn?

7. What ages and modes of formation have been suggested by modern geologists for Granitic Rocks?

8. What are the chief modes of occurrence and variations of structure of Intrusive Trap and Contemporaneous Trap Rocks?

9. How are the geological dates of various upheavals determined?

10. Enumerate the chief characters to be observed in determining species of minerals.

11. How are the crystallographic systems in which mineral species occur defined and practically determined?

STRATIGRAPHICAL GEOLOGY AND

PALEONTOLOGY.

The Board of Examiners.

1. Write down in chronological order the series of Fossiliferous Geological Formations from Cambrian to Pleistocene.

2. In what exact chronological order of sequence have the Subkingdoms and Chief Orders and Classes of Animals appeared in geological for

mations?

3. What is the range in time, and what are the chief structural peculiarities of the Dinosauria among Reptiles?

4. What are the arguments for and against the belief that Birds existed in the New Red Sandstone or Triassic Period?

5. Mention some genera of Plants, Echinoderms, Mollusca, Fishes, Batrachia, and Reptiles peculiar to the Trias.

6. Give the generic characters of the chief genera of Enaliosauria peculiar to Mesozoic Rocks.

". What is the range in time of (a) Ceratites, (b) Ammonites, (c) Nautilus, (d) Stigmaria, (e) Terebratula, (f) Producta, (g) Leptana, (h) Encrinus, (i) Clathraria?

8. By what genera of fossils would the following

Geological Formations be indicated, viz. :—(a)Miocene, (b) Muschelkalk, (c) Stonesfield Slate, (d) Gault?

9. What are the arguments for and against the inclusion of the Rhætic beds with the Lias, and

the separation of the Lias as a distinct geological system from the Oolites ?

10. Describe the relative positions of the strata from the Thanet Sands to the Hempstead beds inclusive, and give the paleontological reasons which have been relied upon by different geologists for referring portions of the series to the Eocene, the Oligocene, and the Miocene periods respectively.

DEDUCTIVE LOGIC.

The Board of Examiners.

1. To what extent is Formal Logic conversant with language? Show the impossibility of eliminating all consideration of language from Logic.

2. It may be objected to the Law of Excluded Middle, 1. That everything is in a constant state of change, and therefore it is untrue to say of any given thing that it must either have, or not have, a certain attribute; 2. That a middle way is possible between exclusive propositions, since, for example, a thing may be neither large nor small; 3. That a proposition need be neither true nor false, since it may be unmeaning. How would you meet these objections?