CHAP. CONTENTS I. ENGLAND A FIEF OF THE HOLY SEE II. THE WORK OF GUALO THE LEGATE III. PANDULPH REPLACES GUALO AS LEGATE VII. TROUBLES AT CANTERBURY AND THEIR Result 83 102 XII. THE FIRST YEARS OF POPE INNOCENT IV XIII. THE ENglish at the COUNCIL OF LYONS XIV. THE YEAR AFTER THE COUNCIL OF LYONS XV. HENRY III PREPARES FOR THE CRUSADE XIX. THE POPE'S GIFT OF THE SICILIAN CROWN TO HENRY'S SON, Edmund . INTRODUCTION ALMOST every historical inquiry is beset with difficulties. It might, perhaps, seem to the ordinary observer that it should be an easy matter, with the expenditure of just a little trouble and labour, directed with an honesty of purpose, to determine what are the undoubted facts in the story of the past, and to disentangle the certain from those elements of the uncertain with which most human relations are overlaid and embroidered. This, however, in practice is frequently, if not generally, found to be most difficult, and the reason is not far to seek. The human mind is so constituted that it intrudes itself and its own views into most considerations in such a way, that facts become distorted to accord with the individual method of regarding them. Many people come to history to find evidence for something they wish to prove, and their eyes consequently magnify what they expect to see, whilst, probably quite unconsciously, they obscure, or diminish, or discount what does not accord with their preconceived notions. If this be true in regard to facts, all the more certainly is it the case with respect to inferences or deductions which have to be drawn from them, in order to explain their existence or to point their moral. Everyone who has made the endeavour will recognise how difficult it is accurately to determine the sense of even one document, and what stern self-discipline is requisite as the first condition of every critical inquiry or histerical in vestigation. In briefly introducing the present study of the relat. es between the Church and State in the reign of Henry III, it is perhaps well to make one or two remarks up in the way in which I wou.i de ure to approach the quest. That attitude of mind, to which I have just referre 1. su detrimental to any fair examination of the fats, is cn. fined to no party and, as far as I know, is induced by spe-ai views on religious matters. As a rule it is uber increased by dire t ́entroversy; as the immediate ne esi sity of gaining a dialectic trim;h over an adversary of deten ing a ch en putin or of pahing forwari advantage, is not e ni, we to the tone and temper mini nee it for the format: n of a balan ed julgement My endeavour in this volume has been to state the fa as far as poss.be in the language of the old chroni lers and of the letters and other d uments of the re in On the one side and on the other, in regard to the relations between England and R me in the thirteering century, there has been, it seems t› me, a tenden y--I may call it, ears, a natural ter fency-to mim se and exaggerate The hng one set of opin: ns have been, perhars, to bi to the difficulties which un duktely d d exit between England and R me at th pen-l, and which were certainly not light diffirates ther views have, it seems to me, been v in assuming that these dif. Ulties were re or spiritual diffi vities hasty I make every ex we fir be - because to them the a symbol for a certa. expression for a system f to that f mere teased in many thi |