Jam lavat et bucca foculum excitat et sonat unctis Hæc inter pueros varie properantur: at ille this untimely end, his unconscious domestics are making preparations for his meal and his previous bath.' LU. 262. Ipse genu posito flammas ex suscitat aura; Ov. F. v. 507. R. 'Makes a clatter.' 'The scrapers' were of metal and were 'oiled' to prevent their hurting the skin. GR. 263. For strigilibus. GR. Pers. v. 126. PR. Guttus was an oil flask' made of horn, with a narrow neck, which dropped the oil over the body after bathing. PR. LU. 264. Pueros the servants.' parìdì of παλαιοὶ, παρθένων ἔργον εἶναι τὸ οινοχοεῖν, καὶ ἀνδρῶν δὲ νέων, ὧν καὶ ὑπηρετεῖν· ὅθεν καὶ παῖδες οἱ δοῦλοι, καὶ παιδίσκαι, διὰ τὸ τῆς παιδικῆς ἡλικίας ὑπηρετητικόν Eustath. on Hom. II. ▲ p. 438. St Luke xii. 45. SL. vi. 151. Hor. I Od. xxxviii. 1. Garçon, in French, serviteur dans un lieu public. Our own word KNAVE originally signified a boy,' and afterwards a servant;' both which senses are now obsolete. Ille i.e. servulus infelix according to most Commentators: but see note on i. 62. 265. Cf. ii. 149 sqq. Virg. Æ. vi. 313 sqq. Prop. II. xxvii. 13 sq. R. He takes a seat, (because he has a hundred years to wait, PR.) on the banks of the Styx or Acheron.' PI. Novicius by the end of the century he will become used to the grim ferryman:' but omne ignotum pro magnifico: Tac. στυγνοὸν ἀεὶ πορθμῆα καμόντων Theoc. xvii. 49. Sen. H. F. 764 sqq. R. 266. Portitor horrendus terribili squalore Charon; turbidus cœno gurges; Virg. He has no hopes,' because he is unburied. R. Tunc alnos primum fluvii sensere cavatas; Virg. G. i. 136. torrentem undam levis innatat alnus missa Pado; Id. ii. 450 sq. R. 267. Triens is here put for obolus. Luc. Dial. Mort. 9. cf. Diod. ii. 5. PR. Prop. IV. xi. 7. It was the fare for the passage, naulum; viii. 97. ovdì ròv ößoλòv ἔχων τὰ πορθμία καταβαλεῖν· Luc. Cat. 18. R. This idle notion the Romans had adopted from the Greeks; though not a general custom, the vulgar adhered to it most scrupulously, and dreaded nothing more than being consigned to the grave without their farthing. G. 268. Now follows an animated and faithful picture of the evils of night: these are nearly the same in every overgrown capital, which is not protected by a night-watch or a vigilant police. G. 269. The higher the house the greater the danger. LU. quum areæ complanatœ recipere non possent tantum multitudinem ad habitandum in Urbe, ad auxilium coacti sunt Romani ad altitudinem ædium devenire; Vitr. ACH. 270. Curta 645. R. The potsherd.' M. mutilated, broken;' Ov. F. ii. 271. From the force with which they come upon the flint pavement, you may judge a fortiori of the little chance your head would have.' PR. 272. Remiss.' 275 Nocte patent vigiles, te prætereunte, fenestræ. Ebrius ac petulans, qui nullum forte cecidit, 274. So clear it is that :' adeo quanto rerum minus, tanto minus cupiditatis erat; Liv. pr. F. Quot sunt corpore pluma, tot vigiles oculi subter; Virg. Æ. iv. 181 sq. 275. Vigilis where the inmates are awake: LU. as pervigiles popinæ; viii. 158. vigiles lucernæ; Hor. III Od. viii. 14. R. 276. Tu prece poscis emaci; Pers. ii. 3. because in a vow there is a sort of bar gain made with the deity or party to whom it is addressed. GR. Feras tecum; Quint. Decl. iii. p. 38. R. 277. You are willing to compound for the contents of the pots and sloppails, so that the utensils themselves are not launched on your head.' Understand fenestra. GR. Pelves foot-pans' modaværñgis, VS. which were not applied to that purpose exclusively : M. but ἐνεμεῖν τε καὶ ἐνουρίειν καὶ πόδας ἐναπονίζεσθαι Her. ii. 172. 278. A vivid picture is now presented of the wanton insults to which the poor were exposed from the midnight frolics of drunken bullies. Nero was one of the first of these disturbers of the public peace. Tac. xiii. 25. Suet. Ner. 26. Under shelter of his example private persons took the opportunity to annoy the public: every quarter was filled with tumult and disorder, and Rome, at night, resembled a city taken by storm: cf. Dio. Otho, Commodus, Heliogabalus, Verus, &c. were also addicted to the same brutal joke. Suet. Oth. 2. Plin. xiii. 22 s 43. Xiph. G. R. PR. 'He looks upon it as a very bad night's sport unless he had thrashed somebody; so that he cannot sleep for vexation. LU. K 279. He passes as restless a night as Achilles mourning the loss of Patroclus.' LU. 280. "Αλλοτ' ἐπὶ πλευρὰς κατακείμενος, ἄλλοτε δ' αὔτε ὕπτιος, ἄλλοτε δὲ πρηνής τότε δ ̓ ὀρθὸς ἀναστὰς κ. τ. λ. Hom. Il. Ω 10 sqq. PR. Sen. de Tr. An. 2. R. 281. Ergo &c. This seems to be a question on the part of Juvenal. LU. cf. Plaut. Amph. I. i. PR. The verse is probably spurious; it might be omitted without prejudice to the sense. HK. 282. This is very similar to a passage in the Proverbs : "Enter not into the path of the wicked, and go not in the way of evil men; for they sleep not except they have done mischief; and their sleep is taken away unless they cause some to fall;" iv. 14. 16. PR. Improbus daring;' Virg. E. xi. 512. R. οἱ νέοι τὰ ἤθη εἰσὶ φιλόνικοι ὑπεροχῆς γὰρ ἐπιθυμεῖ ἡ νιότης· ἡ δὲ νίκη ὑπεροχή τις καὶ εὐέλπιδες· ὥσπερ γὰρ οἱ οἰνώμενοι. οὕτω διάθερμοί εἰσιν οἱ νέοι ὑπὸ τῆς φύσεως. καὶ ἀνδρειότεροι θυμώδεις γὰρ καὶ εὐέλπιδες· ὧν τὸ μὲν μὴ φοβεῖσθαι τὸ δὲ θαῤῥεῖν, ποιεῖ· οὔτε γὰρ ὀργιζόμενος οὐδεὶς φοβεῖται τό τε ἐλπίζειν ἀγαθόν τι, θαῤῥαλίον ἐστί. καὶ τὰ adınńμæta úðınoñoıv eis üßgiv Arist. Rh. II. xiv. 2. 283. He has just sense enough left. to steer clear of the scarlet cloak which marks the rich nobleman.' LU. vii. 135 sq. vi. 246. xλaïva, hyacinthina lana: Pers. i. 32. Tyrioque ardebat murice lana; Virg. Æ. iv. 262. VS. R. From the cloak being worn, we may infer that these outrages were more common in the long winter nights. HK. 284. Comitum; i. 46, note. çikoróvws ἕπεσθαι, μᾶλλον δὲ ἡγεῖσθαι, ὑπὸ τῶν οἰκετῶν προωθούμενον καὶ ὥσπερ τινὰ πομπὴν 285 Multum præterea flammarum et ænea lampas 295 Nil mihi respondes? Aut dic, aut accipe calcem ! Tantumdem est; feriunt pariter: vadimonia deinde ἀναπληροῦντα· Luc. π. τ. ε. μισθ. συνόντ. 10. R. " : 285. Flambeaux and a bronze candelabrum.' LU. These were the exclusive insignia of the rich the latter was carried before tribunes; Plin. xxxiv. 2. PR. Cic. Ver. IV. 26. R. In Guernsey, persons of the first class in society are distinguished at night by having two candles carried in their lanterns; whereas others have but one. 286. To escort on my way.' 287. His trimming and parting the wick, to prevent his rushlight's going out or burning too fast, VS. would probably hasten the catastrophe he was so anxious to avoid: BRI. as frangere dum metuis, frangis crystallina; peccant secure nimium sollicitaque manus; Mart. XIV. cxi. [Livy xxvii, 50, 3. ED.] 283. • The prelude of the frav. LU. cf. v. 26 sqq. xv. 51 sqq. τοῦ κακῶς λέγειν γὰρ ἀρχὴ γίνετ'. ἂν δ' εἴπης ἅπαξ, εὐθὺς ἀντήκουσας ἤδη λοιδορεῖσθαι λείπεται, εἶτα τύπτεσθαι δέδεικται καὶ παροινεῖν. ταῦτα γὰρ κατὰ φύσιν πέφυκεν οὕτως, καὶ τί μss du; Alex. in Ath. x. 5. R. 289. Where the beating is all on one side.' M. Ego vapulando, ille verberando, usque ambo defessi sumus; Ter. Ad. II. ii. 5. VS. 291. "Αφρων δ' ὅσγ' ἐθέλοι πρὸς κρείσσονας ἀντιφερίζειν νίκης τε στέρεται, προς το αἴσχεσιν ἄλγεα πάσχει Hes. O. D, 210 sq. ACH. 292. These insolent questions are put, in hopes to pick a quarrel. PR. jurgi causam intulit; Phæd. I. i. 4. Acetum sour wine.' PR. see SL, on οξος. 293. Beans boiled in the shell:' a common dish among the poorer people, which was very filling. Mart. V. xxxix. 10. VII. lxxviii. 2. XIII. vii. PR. xiv. 131. inflantes corporu fabæ ; Ov. F. Med. 70. R. There were two kinds of leek, sectile and capitatum: Plin. xx. 6. GR. BRI. of which the former was the coarser sort. PR. cf. xiv. 133. M. 294. Sutor is used for any low fellow; as cerdo, iv. 153. viii. 182. R. Mart. III. lix. Sheep's heads were among the parts given away to the poor, LU. at the Saturnalia and other festivals. F. Mart. XIV. ccxi. PR. 295. Speak or be kicked.' G. Arriv ὕβρις τὸ βλάπτειν καὶ λυπεῖν ἐφ ̓ οἷς αἰσχύνη ἐστὶ τῷ πάσχοντι, μὴ ἵνα τι γένηται αὑτῷ ἄλλο ἢ ὅ τι ἐγένετο, ἀλλ' ὅπως ἡσθῇ Arist. Rh. II. ii. 3. 296. Tell me where you take up your stand :' implying that he was one of the fraternity of regular beggars. M. consistere; Plaut. Curc. IV. i. R. agorcuxai were Jewish oratories or houses of prayer; VS. which were usually built without the walls of a town by the river or sea side. SL. See notes on 13 sqq. iv. 117. This is an insinuation that the poor man was not only a beggar, but (what was worse) a vagabond Jew. MNS. 297. Si for sive. LU. 298. 'Tis all onc.' M. pariter just the same; whether you speak or no. R. see note on poíws Her. vii. 120. Irati faciunt. Libertas pauperis hæc est: 300 Pulsatus rogat et pugnis concisus adorat, Ut liceat paucis cum dentibus inde reverti. Nec tamen hæc tantum metuas: nam, qui spoliet te, Non deerit, clausis domibus postquam omnis ubique Fixa catenatæ siluit compago tabernæ. 305 Interdum et ferro subitus grassator agit rem, Armato quoties tutæ custode tenentur Et Pomtina palus et Gallinaria pinus. Sic inde huc omnes, tamquam ad vivaria, currunt. Qua fornace graves, qua non incude catena? 310 Maximus in vinclis ferri modus, ut timeas, ne This is your boasted liberty!' M. 300. With rogat understand veniam. LU. Adorat humbly prays.' R. 301. That the gentleman will be so good as not to knock out all his teeth.' PR. 302. Now come the dangers from robbers. LU. 303. All the houses being shut up and the shops closed, there is no help to be had. LU. [Livy xxiii, 25, 1. ED.] 304. The shutters were fastened by a strong iron chain running through each of them. VS. Burglary was one of Nero's scandalous practices: tabernulas etiam ef. fringere et expilare: quintana domi constituta, ubi parte et ad licitationem dividendæ prædæ pretium assumeretur; Suet. 26. LU. Tac. A. xiii. 25. R. 305. A bandit or bravo' LU. does your business.' M. cf. Suet. Aug. 32. 43. R. 306. When the banditti became so numerous in any spot, as to render traveiling dangerous, it was usual to detach a party of military from the capital to scour their retreats: the inevitable con sequence of which was, that they escaped in vast numbers to Rome, where they continued to exercise their old trade of plunder and blood, and, probably, with more security and effect than before. G. VS. 307. The Pomptine marsh' in Campania (pestifera Pomtini uligine campi; Sil. viii. 381. Mart. X. lxxiv. 10. XII. cxii.) was first drained, partially, by Ap. Claudius, A. U. 441. then more completely by Corn. Cethegus, A. U. 590. (Liv. Ep. xlvi.): Julius Cæsar intended to execute this among other public works (Suet. 44.); and Augustus partly carried his intention into effect. (Hor. A. P. 65.) The work was resumed by Trajan (Dio), by Theodoric (Cassiod. V. E. ii. 32 sq), and in later times by Sixtus V and Pius VI. But after all that has been done, its vapours are too deleterious to admit of any persons now harbouring there. PR. GE. AN. R. G. The Gallinarian forest' was in the same neighbourhood: ὕλη ἄνυδρος καὶ ἀμμώδης, ἣν Γαλλιναρίαν ὕλην καλοῦσι Strab. v. p. 168. Cic. Div. 1x. 23. R. 308. Vivaria; iv. 51. preserves, stews, or vivaries: M. Hor. I Ep. i. 79. R. Where they will have abundance of sport;' GR. or where they will fatten.' LU. 309. Though there is no forge or anvil but rings with the clank of chains : yet all is ineffectual for the suppression of crime.' LU. 315 Vomer deficiat, ne marræ et sarcula desint. His alias poteram et plures subnectere causas; Sed jumenta vocant et sol inclinat: eundum est. Nam mihi commota jam dudum mulio virga Adnuit. Ergo vale nostri memor et, quoties te Roma tuo refici properantem reddet Aquino, 320 Me quoque ad Helvinam Cererem vestramque Dianam Convelle a Cumis. Satirarum ego, ni pudet illas, Adjutor gelidos veniam caligatus in agros." ་ 311. Mattocks and hoes.' The former word still exists in Italian and Spanish; marre, in French, denotes the hoe used in vineyards: R. and from the latter word comes our English verb SARCLE, to weed corn.' 312. Cf. xiii. 34 sqq. R. Pater, avus, proavus, abavus, atavus, tritavus; Plaut. Pers. I. ii. 5. F. the seventh generation would be tritavi pater, and the next proavi atavus. It is here put for our forefathers' indefinitely. M. 313. The military tribunes with consular power were first appointed A. U. 310, sixty-five years after the abolition of the regal government: (Liv. iv. 7.) VS. and tribunes of the commons, sixteen years after the same event. (Liv. ii. 33.) LU. Augustus and the other emperors assumed to themselves the latter title. R. On the tribunicia potestas see CAR, L. ix. p. 226 sqq. 314. This prison was built by Ancus Marcius; Liv. i. 33. GR. Servius Tul. lius added the dungeon, called from him Tullianum; Calp. Decl. 5. Tac. A. iv. 29. LI. Sall. B. C. 58. VS. The next prison was built by Ap. Claudius the decemvir. Liv. iii. 57. Plin. vii. 36. V. Paterc. i. 9. R. 317. " The muleteer gives a hint, by smacking his whip.' LU. viii. 153. R. 318. Sis licet felix, ubicumque mavis, et memor nostri, Galatea, vivas; Hor. III Od. xxvii. 13 sq. M. 319. Poets were fond of periodical retirement into the quiet and repose of the country: me quoties reficit gelidus Digentia rivus. Aquinum, a town of the Volscians, was the birth-place of Juvenal. VS. 320. Ceres and Diana were especially worshipped at Aquinum: therefore they here stand for the town itself. The origin of the epithet Helvine' is uncertain: (1) from the Helvii, a people of Gaul; Cæs. B. G. vii. 7. 75. B. C. i. 35. Plin. iii. 4. xiv. 3. VS. (2) from a fountain of the name in the vicinity; PR. (3) and the name of this, Eluinus, from washing off contaminations previously to initiation:' LU. or (4) from the yellow (helvus) colour' of the ears of corn. SCO. BRO. Helvus is akin to gilvus dun,' in etymology and in signification: both the initials are blended in the Dutch ghele uwe. "A sweaty reaper from his tillage brought First fruits, the green ear and the yellow sheaf;" Milton P. L. xi. flava Ceres; Virg. G. i. 96. 321. Convelle cf. 223. Unless they scorn my poor help.' T. 322. Aquinum was 'cool' from its hills, woods, and streams. PR. Caligatus in military boots;' LU. BRI.equipped for our campaign;' PR. HO. armed at all points.' M. G. Dio says that Caligula wore the shoe from |