and were asleep. A volunteer regiment arrived the next morning, and twenty-four hours after they were still at the task of settling their camp. It was a case of men who were used to doing it and those who were not; but the next time that volunteer regiment goes into camp it will not take them half so long, for they have been given a practical demonstration by the regulars how to do it. The kitchens of the volunteer regiments were so inferior to those of the regulars that it is almost impossible to compare them. The regulars had very little more to do with, but they had that valuable knowledge taught by experience which enabled them to do a great deal with a very little. However, the secret of the superior kitchens and care of the food was not so much to be found in equipment as it was in enlisted cooks as compared to civilian cooks. It was the business of the enlisted cooks to do things properly, while the civilian cooks employed by a majority of volunteer regiments were merely temporary, for the encampment, and did not care. And one soon finds out how repugnant to this latter class of men is any suggestion or discipline. But it obtained the best results possible in camp life to have a volunteer regiment beside a regular one. The volunteers came, saw, and overcame"

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their deficiencies, leaving with great profit for future experiences.

The sanitation of this enormous camp, which included approximately two thousand regulars and ten thousand militiamen, was excellent. This work was in charge of an expert medical staff. All refuse was disposed of by a new system of incinerators, which reduced all waste matter to a minimum. A course of lectures was conducted on sanitation and field hospitals, with practical demonstration. The hospitals were established a few miles from camp, and there everything was conducted as it would be in time of war. Men with supposed injuries were brought in and treated as if they really had been shattered by shrapnel, except that amputations and such operations were descriptive, of course, instead of actual. The perfection of the medical department is most commendatory. ing is lacking in experience or equipment, and the lives of those who suffer for their country are now as safe almost as if the injured ones were in our best city hospitals.

Noth

The maneuvers at Gettysburg were conducted according to a programme, which is interesting, as it gives one an exact idea of just how the instruction was presented. On the first day of the week the regular and militia regiments would

arrive. Camp would be established on that day, and the morning following the officers of the regiment would be taken upon a tactical ride and walk and study of the exercises for the afternoon. These exercises were carried on in the fields and hills beyond the camp, and consisted in the maneuvering of companies and troops in advance, with rear and flank guards and patrols under the direction of the regimental commander. The officers of the Staff and War College would present a problem such as the reconnoitering and taking of a hill or other point of vantage, which would be guarded by an opposing force, and it was necessary for the commander and his officers to conduct the movements of their troops according to the best tactical requirements. At the completion of the exercises the troops were marched to the camp by the non-commissioned officers, and the officers remained on the ground to discuss the work with the instructors. These exercises were continued for five days with various arrangements of regiments, while the troops remaining in camp were engaged in drills and instruction in other military matters. Beside the regimental maneuvers there were also squadron and battalion exercises in outpost and reconnaissance, done generally by the

cavalry, and artillery work in attack and defense. All the instruction and work was done with the final maneuver on the last day in view. Then the entire force, divided into two sides, the Reds and the Blues, fought an enormous sham battle extending over several miles and making practical use of the theories of war in which they had been instructed on the previous days. This final maneuver closed the week's programme, and the next day the soldiers were paid off and departed for their home stations. They were replaced by new regiments, and so the work was continuously carried on through the month.

The excitement with which one witnesses the battle is unparalleled in an average experience. Along a country road in the soft sunshine of a summer's morning the troops go by, turning presently into an open field with the wheat stacked high. They are advancing on an outpost on yonder hill. Suddenly from out of the cool green of the woods before them there is a puff of smoke, then a rattle of rifles. The woods are alive with the enemy. On the advancing infantry dart from behind one stack and another; the men scattered by ones and twos over the field. Suddenly from the woods the enemy swarm down. The snapping of

the rifles is constant. Hand to hand the soldiers come, and then above the roar sounds the clear call of the bugle. All suddenly stop. The next moment one feels like laughing. So intensely has he watched the fight that to have it stop short is like throwing cold water on a bright fire. And one laughs to think that he forgot completely that all are friends. The bugle was sounded from the knoll where the umpires, as the officers of the Staff and War College are known, were witnessing the entrapment. The officers of the contesting sides now go to the umpires, and the successful side is declared by military position, conduct, and apparent future outcome.

Again, to see a troop of cavalry charge up a hill in the face of a heavy fire from protected artillery, to see the horses wildly plunge over the cannon, the sabers flash, the men scatter, the smoking guns captured, and the dust blown wild by the wind, is all a sight which makes one stand in his stirrups and hold his breath. It is all war without the carnage, yet real enough to make one feel victorious and ride with a proud heart under the flag back to camp.

The maneuvers of the week finished, the regiments departed. Of course what. little spectacular part there was will remain as a vivid memory; but the spectacular features were given the least consideration. The maneuvers were for educational training in military matters first and foremost. There was no ostentatious display, but rather strenuous and serious work. Some have said that the militiamen were worked too hard. Possibly they did re

ceive more than they anticipated, but a week is a brief time enough to learn what was essential.

In view of the altruistic desire for universal peace it may be questioned what is the necessity of preparing for war. It is evidently necessary, though, to do so, for are not England, Germany, and Japan of the same mind in conducting the same kind of maneuvers ? It is to be sincerely hoped that a war will never come; but if it should, surely the United States must not be found wanting in the knowledge of modern military affairs. And so for the better security of international relations the Government has wisely seen fit to appropriate sufficient funds for the improvement of the United States army and navy, and such maneuvers as these just completed at Gettysburg are an example of that constant desire to protect our lives and interests. The intellectual demand upon the officers is yearly increasing, which is a fact few people realize. The army officer of to-day is one who is devoting all of his energy toward the development of the art of war, which development ought to have just as great an interest for each citizen as any investigation in other branches of science. Credit is due to the men who have created this military educational movement, and even the true gratitude of the citizens of the United States, for are not these men perfecting themselves and the regular and volunteer soldiers in that work which is an assurance to all of us for the future of "life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness"?