Boletus domino; sed qualem Claudius edit Virro sibi et reliquis Virronibus illa jubebit 150 Poma dari, quorum solo pascaris odore; Qualia perpetuus Phæacum auctumnus habebat, and Cotta would speak of their clients as Toadstools of very questionable appearance.' quorumdam ex his facile noscuntur venena, diluto rubore, rancido aspectu, livido intus colore, rimosa stria, pallido per ambitum labro: Plin. xxii. 22. LU. ii sunt tutissimi quibus rubet caro, magis diluto rubore, quam boleti ; 23. Ath. ii. 19. Suet. Ner. 33. PR. [Livy xxx, 33, 10. ED.] 147. The agaricus cæsareus or imperial agaric' is the most splendid of all the species; it is common in Italy and is brought to the markets there for sale. The ancient Romans esteemed it one of the greatest luxuries of the table. This is the mushroom with which Claudius was poisoned;" Miller's Gard. Dict. G. Locusta supplied the empress Agrippina with the poison, which she introduced into her husband's favourite dish. VS. J. Suet. 44. Plin. xxii. 22. Mart. XIII. xlviii. boletum, qualem Claudius edit, edas, I. xxi. 4. Claudius was the fifth emperor of Rome. PR. cf. vi. 620 sqq. R. 148. i. e. After which he died.' R. Therefore Nero called mushrooms, Beaua Suet. 33. PR. 150. Pulpy fruits' (as distinguished from nuts and berries') including apples, pears, peaches, &c. M. An allusion perhaps to an Indian nation, of which it is said; odore vivunt pomorum silvestrium et eorum olfactu aluntur; Solin. H. his ego rebus pa scor. his delector, his perfruor; Cic. in Pis. 20. 151. Phæacia, afterwards Corcyra, now 'Corfu.' Homer describes the gardens of Alcinous as filled with perpetual fruits; hence an eternal autumn reigned there. Od. H 112 sqq. VS. LU. Mart. VII. xlii. 6. Antiquitas nihil prius mirata est quam Hesperidum hortos ac regum Adonis et Alcinoi Plin. xix. 4. PR. 152. The garden of the Hesperides, daughters of Atlas king of Mauritania, was famous for its golden apples guarded by a sleepless dragon. Hercules slew the monster and stole the fruit. VS. LU. Ov. iv. 627 sqq. PR. Virg. Æ. iv. 480 sqq. Ath. iii. 7. Apoll. II. v. 11. Diod. iv. 27. R. 153. Such as a monkey eats.' VS. After weighing the various opinions of Commentators upon these three lines, I think the following paraphrase gives their sense; You are at liberty to enjoy a specked and shrivelled windfall, such as idle soldiers would amuse themselves by giving to a monkey, and laugh to see the nice discrimination with which Mr Pug turns it about to nibble the sound part; while he sits in his regimentals on the back of his bearded charger before the gate of their barracks, after going through his manual exercise with due gravity and precision, and in as much military awe of his master's whip, as any of the raw recruits who are grinning at him ever felt for the cane of their drill-sergeant.' To say the apple which the soldier gives away' is more severe than saying ( that which he eats.' The monkey nibbling his apple between whiles is more characteristic, and the comparison more degrading. (See the simile in the passage of Lucian, quoted at 157.) The round target and the lash were not used in the Roman army. Among those who think a monkey' is here meant are CL. DM. RU. GR. HO. HN. R. The Prætorian Bands were stationed by Tiberius in a permanent camp between the Viminal and Tiburtine gates. FE. Pliny mentions sata in castrorum aggeri bus mala, xv. 14. PR. cf. viii. 43. R. 154. Metuens virgæ; vii. 210. Ov. M. i. 323. R. 155 Discit ab hirsuta jaculum torquere capella. Forsitan impensæ Virronem parcere credas. Tu tibi liber homo et regis conviva videris. Nec male conjectat. Quis enim tam nudus, ut illum 165 Vel nodus tantum et signum de paupere loro? 155. Among the amusements of the Asiatic soldiery, Leo Africanus mentions simiam equitem ex capra jaculandi artificem. HN. CL witnessed an exhibition of this kind at a fair in Germany. 156. In his eagerness to lash the guest, Juvenal now excuses the host, and contradicts some of his former invectives on the inherent meanness of the great men of Rome towards their dependents. Correct taste would have led him to carry on both his purposes together, without sacrificing one to the other: the servility of the client might have been exposed, while the pride and parsimony of the patron were preserved as qualities necessary to the effect and consistency of his satire. G. He appears to be acting the rhetorician, and shifting his ground in order to rouse the anger or excite the hatred of Trebius towards Virro; by attributing the conduct of the latter to iπηρεασμός, οι ὕβρις· μὴ ἵνα τι γίνηται αὑτῷ, ἀλλ ̓ ὅπως ἡσθῇ· Arist. Rh. II. ii. 3. cf. the remainder of that chapter and II. v. 157. iii. 152 sq. ridiculus æque nullus est, quam quando esurit; Plaut. Stich. I. iii. 64. PR. Οὕτως ἀπορία μέν σε θές. μων (' of lupines, xiv. 153.) ἔσχεν ἢ τῶν ἀγρίων λαχάνων. ἐπέλιπον δὲ καὶ αἱ κρῆναι ῥέουσαι τοῦ ψυχροῦ ὕδατος, ὡς ἐπὶ ταῦτά σε ὑπ' ἀμηχανίας ἐλθεῖν, ἀλλὰ δῆλον ὡς οὐχ ὕδατος, οὐδὲ θέρμων, ἀλλὰ πεμμάτων καὶ öfwv xai oïvov ̈àvbocμíov iæilvμãv ráλws, καθάπερ ὁ λάβραξ. αὐτὸν μάλα δικαίως τὸν ὀρεγόμενον τούτων λαιμὸν διαπαρείς. παρὰ πόδας τοιγαροῦν τῆς λιχνείας ταύτης ταπίχειρα, καὶ ὥσπερ οἱ πίθηκοι κλοιῷ δεθεὶς τὸν τράχηλον ἄλλοις μὲν γέλωτα παρέχεις, σαυ P "Ecce dabit jam τῷ δὲ δοκεῖς τρυφῶν, ὅτι ἔστι σοι τῶν ἰσχάδων ἀφθόνως ἐντραγεῖν· ἡ δ ̓ ἐλευθερία καὶ τὸ εὐγενές, σὺν αὐτοῖς φυλέταις καὶ φράτορσι, φροῦδα πάντα, καὶ οὐδὲ μνήμη τις αὐτῶν· Luc. μισθ. συν. 24. Cf. v 6 sqq. R. 158. Than a parasite in all the agonies of disappointed hunger.' PR. 159. Cf. i. 45. expletur lacrymis egeriturque dolor; Ov. Tr. IV. iii. 38. R. 161. Cf. Pers. v. 73-90. Hor. II S. vii. 32 sqq. 80-94. 111. and I Ep. xvi. 63 sqq. Mart. II. liii. IX. xi. R. 162. Cf. Hor. II S. vii. 38. Mart. I. xciii. 9. V. xlv. 7 sqq. är dì xaì ñ xvícoa ἡ τῶν σκευαζομένων ἐς τὸ δεῖπνον ἀπέκναι Luc. Catap. 16. R. 163. Utterly destitute.' LU. cf. iv. • Him and his insolence.' LU. The golden boss' was an amulet adopted from the Etruscans, (who probably brought it from the east,) and at first was worn only by the children of the nobility. In process of time it became common, like the tria nomina, to all who were free-born. It was a hollow globule something in the shape of a heart. This badge of liberty was worn by the children of all ranks of freemen till the age of fifteen. In our author's days the golden bulla was probably used only by the rich; the poorer classes had it of leather or other cheap materials. Pers. v. 31. VS. LU. G. Macr. i. 6. PR. xiii. 33. M. xiv. 5. Plin. xxxiii. 1 s 4. Aur. Vict. 6. Plut. Rom. p. 30. R. [Livy xxvi, 36, 6. ED.] 166. i. 133 sq. cf. the quotations from Lucian at 22 and 157. R. Οἴμοι, τί δῆτ ̓ ἔτερψας ὦ τάλαινά με Semesum leporem atque aliquid de clunibus apri. Si potes, et debes. Pulsandum vertice raso Ελπὶς τότ', οὐ μέλλουσα διατελεῖν χάριν; This is the soliloquy of the expectant parasite. LU. Μόνον τῶν περιφερομένων τὰ ὀστὰ, εἰ ἀφίκοιτο μέχρι σοῦ, καθάπερ οἱ κύνες περιεσθίων, ἢ τὸ σκληρὸν τῆς μαλάχης φύλλον, ᾧ τὰ ἄλλα συνειλοῦσιν, εἰ ὑπερεφθείη ὑπὸ τῶν προκατακειμένων, ἄσμενος ὑπὸ λιμοῦ παραψάμενος. Luc. μισθ. συν. 26. οὐ λευNOU TOTE Üтou suQognesis, (cf. 67-75.) οὔτε γε Νομαδικοῦ ἢ Φασιανοῦ ὄρνιθος, ὧν μόλις τὰ ὀστᾶ ἡμῖν καταλέλοιπε· (cf. 114.) ib. 17. R. 168. Minor may mean either (1) 'smaller poultry' (viz. ' chicken or ducks' as distinguished from geese'): LU. or (2) 'lessened' by Virro having helped ARGUMENT. This Satire is the most complete of our Author's works; and one in which all his excellencies are combined. Forcible in argument, flowing in diction, bold, impassioned, and sublime; it looks as if the Poet, conscious of the difficulties which he had to grapple with, had taxed all his powers to do justice to the theme. It is addressed to Ursidius Postumus as a dissuasive from marriage, grounded on the impossibility of meeting with any eligible partner; the good old times being long gone by, when females were chaste and frugal: 1—29. If therefore he was tired of a bachelor's life, he had better bid adieu to this world altogether. 30-47. The catalogue, which it contains, of vices and follies is most appalling; but is not very methodically arranged. Luxury is the source of all, 286-300. From this spring-unbridled lust, pervading all ranks, 47132. 327 sqq. 366–378. 597–601. gallantry, 231-241. artfulness, 271-278. unnatural passions, 318-326. attachment to unfeminine pursuits, 67-70.246–267. boldness, 279-285. coarse manners, 418433. drunkenness, 300–319. 425 sqq. profaneness, 306–345. quarrelsomeness, 268-270. litigiousness, 242-245. cruelty, 413-418. 474— 495. waywardness 200—223. and fickleness, 224–230. imperiousness, presuming upon wealth and beauty, 136-160. pride, 161-183. ambitious extravagance, 352-365. 495-511. love of finery and cosmetics, 457-460. fondness for public singers and dancers, 379-397. gossiping, 398-412. affectation, 184-199. pedantry, 434-456. superstition and credulity, 511-591. the producing of abortion, 592–597. the introducing of supposititious children, 602-609. the employment of philtres, 133-135. 610-626. poisoning of step-sons, 627-652. and murder of husbands. 652-661. G. R. The ashes of the ladies, whose disreputable actions are here recorded, have long been covered by the Latian and Flaminian ways; nor have their follies, or their vices, much similarity with those of modern times. It would seem from internal evidence, that this Satire was written under Domitian. It has few political allusions, and from its subject might not have been displeasing to that ferocious hypocrite, who affected at various times a wonderful anxiety to restrain the licentiousness of the age! G. Among other writers who have been severe upon the female sex are Euripides generally, and Aristophanes in his Thesmophoriazusæ. With this Satire may also be compared Lucian, Amores c. 33 sqq. c. 38 sqq. R. Jo. Filesaci Uxor Justa; SR. Chrysostom, homily on Herodias; Barth. ep. from Spain to Celestin, p. m. 334 sqq. les Mémoires de Brantosme; HN. Simonides; Ariosto, Aretino, and Boccacio among the Italians; among the French, Jean de Meung, Gringoire, Molière, la Fontaine, Boileau in Sat. x. ACH. and Pope in his Moral Essays, ep. ii. CREDO Pudicitiam Saturno rege moratam 1. Credo implies some doubt. LU. Julia lex (38) ex quo renata est, atque intrare domos jussa Pudicitia est; Mart. VI. vii. 1 sq. The reign of Saturn,' who was said to have been king of Latium, was the golden age.' cf. Hes. O. D. i. LU. Cic. de N. D. ii. 64. Virg. E. iv. 6-45. Æ. vii. 180. viii. 314-329. Ov. M. i. 89 sqq. Lactant. i. ult. v. 5. S Hieron. in Isa. iv. 11. ix. ult. PR. xiii. 28 sqq. 38 sqq. Tib. I. iii. 35 sqq. Luer. v. 905 1026. Prop. II. xxxii. 52 sqq. Ov. Her. iv. 131 sqq. R. Tarried' understand esse. 3. Domus antra fuerunt, et densi frutices et vinctæ cortice virga; Ov. M. i. 121 sq. Euryalus and his brother Hyperbius are said to have built at Athens the first dwellings of brick; Toxius was the first who constructed houses of mud in imitation of swallows' nests; previously to which antra et specus erant pro domibus; Plin. vii. 56. PR. nemora atque cavos montes silvasque colebant, et frutices inter condebant squalida membra, verbera ventorum vitare imbresque coacti; Lucr. v. 953-955. R. Such was the cave of Inkle and Yarico: Spect. No. 11. The household god whose altar was the hearth.' The deceased were buried in their houses, and afterwards worshipped as the tutelary deities of the mansion. SV. 4. Antiquitus ante usum tectorum oves in antris claudebantur; Fest. v. caulae. R. Thus old Silenus says "avayxaíws ἔχει, σαίρειν σιδηρᾷ τῇδί μ' ἁρπαγῇ δόμους, ὡς τόν τ' ἀπόντα δεσπότην, Κύκλωπ', ἐμὸν καθαροῖσιν ἄντροις μῆλά τ' εἰσδεχώμεθα” Eur. Cyc. 32-35. See other parts of the same play. 5. Silvestres homines; Hor. A. P. 391. PR. antra petens: contra ignis, viridique torus de fronde; V. Flacc. i. 136 sq. silva domus fuerat, cibus herba, cubilia frondes; Ov. A. A. ii. 475. To this hardy and simple mode of living may be attributed the unsophisticated virtues of olden times: cf. 286 sqq. and xiv. 161 sqq. R. 6. With leaves and straw.' 'LU. silvestria membra nuda dabant terræ nocturno tempore capti, circum se foliis ac frondibus involventes; Lucr. v. 968970. PR. Of neighbouring brutes.' sæcla ferarum infestam miseris faciebant sæpe quietem ejectique domo fugiebant saxea tecta setigeri Suis adventu validique Leonis, atque intempesta cedebant nocte paventes hospitibus sævis instrata cubilia fronde; Lucr. v. 980-985. 7. Manuum mira freti virtute pedumque consectabantur silvestria sæcla ferarum missilibus saxis et magno pondere clave multaque vincebant; Lucr. v. 964-967. Haud similis: cf. Lucr. v. 923 sqq. R. Cynthia, whose real name was Hostia, was the mistress of Propertius. LU. R. The other beauty is Lesbia (her real name was Claudia) the mistress of Catullus, whose exquisite hendecasyllables on the death of this favourite sparrow are still extant. LU. R. G. 8. Passer mortuus est meæ puellæ, quem plus illa oculis suis amabat. O miselle passer! tua nunc opera meæ puellæ flendo turgiduli rubent ocelli; Cat. iii. 3. 5. 16-18. LU. ii. PR. Mart. VII. xiv. 3 sq. R. Whose beaming eyes were clouded :' a metaphor from the face of the heavens. LU. συννεφοῦν ὄμματα. GR. turbatiore calo; Suet. Tib. 69. The Gaul who fought Valerius, is described (when assailed by the raven) to have been oculis simul ac mente turbatus; vii. 26. Liv. |