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Si tibi simplicitas uxoria, deditus uni

Est animus; submitte caput cervice parata

:

Ferre jugum nullam invenies, quæ parcat amanti.
Ardeat ipsa licet, tormentis gaudet amantis
210 Et spoliis. Igitur longe minus utilis illi

Uxor, quisquis erit bonus optandusque maritus.
Nil umquam invita donabis conjuge: vendes
Hac obstante nihil: nihil, hæc si nolet, emetur.
Hæc dabit affectus: ille excludetur amicus
215 Jam senior, cujus barbam tua janua vidit.
Testandi quum sit lenonibus atque lanistis
Libertas et juris idem contingat arenæ;
Non unus tibi rivalis dictabitur heres.
"Pone crucem servo."

camp thus every thing went on ill under his auspices. Happily for the army, he left it at last, having previously despatched his laurelled letters to Rome; where the obsequious senate decreed that medals should be struck, and statues raised to commemorate his success; and that he should come among them at all times in triumphal robes. G. LU. Suet. Dom. 2. 6. 13. Tac. Agr. 39 sqq. Mart. II. ii. VIII. xxvi. lxv. Stat. S. I. i. ii. 180 sq. IV. i. 2. ii. 66 sq. R.

Understand numus, which took its name from the person represented thereon, as Philippus and Darius; Auson. Ep. v. and xvi. Jacobus, Louis d'or, Napoleon, &c. R. Having never met with any medal of Domitian with these titles, which are common on Trajan's coins, I rather think the latter are here meant, and, consequently, that the satire, was not written till Trajan's reign. ACH. See CAR, L. ix. p. 215. Martial dedicates his eighth book, Imp. Cæs. Aug. Germanico Dacico. G.

'On the legend of the gold.' ACH. Scriptus æterno Jupiter auro; Mart. XI. v. 3. cf. xiv. 291. R.

206. If you are so very simple as to devote your whole soul to your wife, and to her alone.' qıλoyunsía: Cic. T. Q. iv. 11. BRI.

Uxorius; (cf. 181.) Virg. Æ. iv. 266. Hor. I Od. ii. 20. R.

207. See note on 43. M. Love is often compared to a yoke :' xiii. 22.

"Meruit quo crimine servus

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Hor. I Od. xxxiii. 12. xxxv. 28. II
Od. v. 1. R.

209. However much a woman may love a man, still she delights to torment him and to fleece him.' VS.

210. Amica spoliatrix; Mart. IV. xxix. 5. SCH. cf. 149 sqq. R.

Less useful' (by the figure xagisyTròs) for more pernicious:' see note on axes Her. iii. 81.

211. The better and kinder her husband, the more does she impose on him and abuse his good-nature :"PR. so that good honest men get the worst off. M.

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212. Cf. Plaut. Men. I. ii. 5 sqq. R. 214. She will prescribe to you, whom you are to like and whom you are to dislike.' M.

'Will be shut out' of your house. LU. Ov. A. A. iii. 587 sq.

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215. Whose beard:' see note on 105. R.

216. While pimps, fencing-masters, (iii. 158. PR.) and even prize-fighters' "Have power to will their fortunes as they please, She dictates thine, and imprudently dares To name thy very rivals for thy heirs." G.

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217. The arena,' (ii. 144. PR.) for the combatants in the amphitheatre.' LU.

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218. See 115. Literally persons living on the opposite banks of the same river.' SCH.

219. A pithy dialogue now follows, showing the high hand with which she carries her arbitrary measures.

220 Supplicium? Quis testis adest? Quis detulit? Audi;

Nulla umquam de morte hominis cunctatio longa est." "O demens, ita servus homo est? Nil fecerit, esto: Hoc volo, sic jubeo, sit pro ratione voluntas."

Imperat ergo viro; sed mox hæc regna relinquit 225 Permutatque domos et flamea conterit: inde Advolat et spreti repetit vestigia lecti.

Ornatas paulo ante fores, pendentia linquit
Vela domus et adhuc virides in limine ramos.
Sic crescit numerus; sic fiunt octo mariti

230 Quinque per auctumnos: titulo res digna sepulcri.

Crucifixion, as is well known, was the peculiar punishment of slaves, LI. and the lowest malefactors. cf. Cic. Verr. v. 6. R. (xiii. 105. Sen. Cons. ad Marc. 20. de V. B. 19.) It was abolished by Constantine on his conversion. PR.

The husband mildly ventures to suggest, that it might be humane, at least, to have legal evidence of the culprit's guilt. BR.What is the charge? What is the evidence? Who laid the information?' LU. cf. 552. x. 69 sq. The following piece of advice is among D. Cato's wise sayings: nil temere uxori de servis crede querenti; Dist. iv. 45. R.

220. Hear all there is to be said,' or 'what he has to say for himself.' R. qudi alteram partem.

221. Among the Romans the execution of offenders was delayed, by decrees of the senate, for ten days. PR. Potest enim pæna dilata exigi, non potest exacta revocari; Senec. LU. de vita et spiritu hominis laturum sententiam diu multumque cunctari oportere, nec præcipiti studio, ubi irrevocabile sit factum, agitari; Amm. Marcell. But this humane sentiment was anticipated by the Grecian legislator: véμos äλλos θανάτου, μὴ μίαν μόνον ἡμέραν κρίνειν ἀλλὰ Toλλás Plat. Ap. Socr. G.

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222. Thou driveller! So, a slave is a man!' M. Servi sunt, imo homines; servi sunt, imo conservi; et ex iisdem tecum elementis constant alunturque, atque spiritum eumdem ab eodem principio carpunt, &c. Macr. S. i. 11. Sen. Ep. 47. PR. cf. xiv. 16 sq. Flor. iii. 20. R.

224. Even this absolute tyranny will not long content her wanton caprices: but she abdicates her despotic sway, where her word was a law, and sallies

forth in search of new conquests.' M. cf. Prop. II. xvi. 28. IV. vii. 50. Cic. ad Div. IX. xviii. n. 6. R. See also Pope Mor. Ess. ep. ii. 217 sqq.

225. And by her frequent weddings wears out her bridal veil.' VS. ii. 124. PR.

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226. Returns to her first husband.' LU.

227. Before the expiration of the last honey moon.' See 79. PR. and 52. M.

228. In the interior of their houses they had few doors; the entrances to the apartments were closed by hangings of tapestry; ix. 105. Poll. x. 32. Ř.

229. See 146. Eight husbands in five years.' Julia lex ex quo renata est, certe non plus tricesima lux est, et nubit decimo jam Thelesina viro. quæ nubit toties, non nubit; adultera lege est; Mart. VI. vii. inscripsit tumulo septem celebrata virorum SE FECISSE Chloe: quid pote simplicius? Id. IX. xvi. PR. In the former epigram there would be little point unless lege is taken to mean not indeed according to the letter of the law, but unquestionably according to the spirit of it.' As the dervise told the king of Tartary that he ought not to consider the mansion which had experienced such a succession of occupants in the light of a palace, as it was to all intents and purposes no better than a caravansary. Hor. II S. ii. 129 sqq.

230. As to the latter epigram it may be observed that, although it was customary for ladies to have their husbands' names recorded on their monuments, yet virtuous matrons prided themselves on having been the wife of but one man, and would naturally wish to have this honorable distinction specified on their

Desperanda tibi salva concordia socru.
Illa docet spoliis nudi gaudere mariti;
Illa docet, missis a corruptore tabellis,

Nil rude nec simplex rescribere: decipit illa
235 Custodes aut ære domat: tunc corpore sano
Advocat Archigenen onerosaque pallia jactat.
Abditus interea latet et secretus adulter,
Impatiensque moræ pavet et præputia ducit.
Scilicet exspectas, ut tradat mater honestos
240 Atque alios mores, quam quos habet? Utile porro
Filiolam turpi vetulæ producere turpem.

Nulla fere causa est, in qua non femina litem
Moverit. Accusat Manilia, si rea non est.

tomb: in lapide huic uni nupta
fuisse legar; Prop. IV. xi. 36. and again;
filia, tu fac teneas unum, nos imitata
virum; Id. 68. This passage then is a
bitter, perhaps an overcharged, sarcasm on
the wives of his time, who were so lost
to all sense of decorum, as to be nothing
loath to have their incontinence blazoned
on their tombstones; R. G. just in the
same way, as Chloe was of such brazen
effrontery, that she would not have cared
if her epitaph (titulus) had not only
enumerated her husbands, but also stated
the fact that she had been instrumental
to their deaths.
231. Salva "

SCH.

as long as she lives.'

232. See 149. 210. R. and note on parentes, 13.

“With savage joy, to fleece A bankrupt spouse." G.

233. By the seducer.' cf. 277 sq. xiv. 25-30. and the quotation from Lucian at 434 sqq. R. scriptæ tabellæ ; Ov. A. A. iii. 621 sqq.

234 To write back.' 141. R.

235. The spies set on her daughter's conduct by the suspicious husband.' PR. M. cf. Ov. A. A. iii. 601 sqq. 611 sqq. 652 sqq. LU. See also 357 sq. R.

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Though her daughter is perfectly well:' fallax agrotat; Ov. A. A. iii. 641 sqq. LU.

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236. She calls in Archigenes:' a firstrate physician in the reigns of Domitian, Nerva, and Trajan. VS. LU. xiii. 98. xiv. 252. He was a native of Apamea in Syria, and the author of many medical works. By Archigenes here is meant any

medical man; as by Heliodorus, 373. BO. The mother's object is to get her son-inlaw removed from his wife's room, on the pretence of keeping her quite quiet. R. It may be thought that the lover was to be introduced in a doctor's disguise. VS. Our author perhaps hints at the immorality of the physicians themselves, as being either principals or accessories in the crime. Plin. xxix. 1 Mart. XI. lxxii. HN.

Tosses off the bed-clothes as too heavy.' LU. Ov. Am. I. ii. 2. Her. xxi. 169 sq. Prop. IV. iii. 31. viii. 87. cf. Plaut. Truc. II. v. 26. R.

238. Is all in a tremor.' Latusque per artus horror iit; Stat. Th. i. 493 sq. spesque audaxque una metus et fiducia pallens: nil fixum cordi: pugnant exire paventque: concurrit summos animosum frigus in artus; Id. vi. 393 sqq. it membris gelidus sudor: lætoque pavore promissa evolvit; Sil. iii. 215 sq. xvi. 432. H. 239. Cf. xiv. 25 sqq. R.

Do you expect forsooth?' 75. ii.

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Componunt ipsæ per se formantque libellos, 245 Principium atque locos Celso dictare paratæ. Endromidas Tyrias et femineum ceroma Quis nescit? Vel quis non vidit vulnera pali? Quem cavat adsiduis sudibus scutoque lacessit Atque omnes implet numeros, dignissima prorsus 250 Florali matrona tuba; nisi si quid in illo

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244. They draw up and frame indictments without any help from the attorney.' LU. In our civil-law courts the term libellus is still in use, and answers to a declaration' at common law, which contains the complaint. M.

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245. Both the exordium and the topics to be used;' LU. or the title and section of the law on which the stress of the action rests:' PL. both chapter and verse,' as we say.

A. Corn. Celsus, who died in the reign of Tiberius, left behind him seven books of Institutes. VS. He also wrote both on rural and military affairs: but he is best known as a physician. Quint. XII. ult. PR. It is customary with our author to give the name of some well-known professor of a former age to some contemporary master of the art. G. There was also a P. Juventius Celsus, who was prætor (A.U. 854) under Trajan, and consul for the second time (A.U.882) under Hadrian. He was an eminent lawyer, and wrote Commentaries, and Books of Letters, Digests, and Questions. His father bore the same name, and is occasionally mentioned in the Digests. GR. HK. R.

To dictate' as a master to his scholar. R. cf. v. 122.

246. Cf. i. 23. iii. 68. 103. T. SA. Out of vanity they had these rugs lined with purple silk. FE. i. 27. PR. iii. 283. R.

From the epithet femineum, we may suppose that they used a more delicate unguent than the common gladiators.

247. Antiqui ad palos exercebant tirones: scuta de vimine in modum cratium corrotundata texebant, ita ut duplum pondus cratis haberet, quam scutum publicum habere consuevit: iidemque clavas ligneas, dupli æque ponderis, pro gladiis tironibus

dabant. palorum autem usus non solum militibus, sed etiam gladiatoribus plurimum prodest. a singulis tironibus singuli pali defigebantur in terram, ita ut nutare non possent et sex pedibus eminerent. contra illum palum, tamquam contra adversarium, tiro cum crate illa et clava velut cum gladio se exercebat et scuto; ut nunc quasi caput aut faciem peteret: in qua meditatione servabatur illa cautela, ut ita tiro ad inferendum vulnus insurgeret, ne qua parte ipse pateret ad plagam; Veget. i. 11. LU. R.

The words sudes' stakes' (iv. 128.) and rudes wooden foils' are sometimes confounded. Probably rudibus is the correct reading here. SV. LI. vibrare su dem; Sil. viii. 554. i. 321. cf. Liv. xl. 6.9. [xxvi, 51, f. ED.]Ov. A. A. iii. 515. Veget. ii. 43. Prop. VI. i. 29. vectes; Veget. i. 9. rágonuis waxus Xen. Cyr. ii. 3. 17 sq. R. Ov. F. ii. 367. H.

249. Goes through all the movements of the exercise,' M. or performs the whole exercise with precision at the word of command.' LU. cf. Plin. Ep. ix. 38. Pan. 71. Cic. Div. i. 13. R.

250. The trumpet which assembled (iii. 34 sq.) the courtezans at the festival of Flora.' Lactant. i. 20. LU. Pers. v. 178. Ov. F. v. 183–378. PR. V. Max. II. x. 8. Sen. Ep. 97. Plin. xviii. 29. Varr. L. L. iv. 10. vi. 3. R. see also x. 214. Virg. Æ. v. 113. LI.

The Floralia were first sanctioned by the government in the consulship of Claudius Centho, and Sempronius Tuditanus, (A. U. 513.) out of the fines then exacted for trespasses on the grounds belonging to the people: (this is Ovid's story:) even then, they were only occasional; but about eighteen years afterwards, on account of the unfavourable spring, the senate decreed that they should be celebrated annually, as the most effectual method to propitiate the goddess of the season. They probably had their rise in a very remote age, and, like the

Pectore plus agitat veræque paratur arenæ. Quem præstare potest mulier galeata pudorem, Quæ fugit a sexu? Vires amat. Hæc tamen ipsa Vir nollet fieri: nam quantula nostra voluptas? 255 Quale decus rerum si conjugis auctio fiat? Balteus et manicæ et crista crurisque sinistri

Lupercalia, were the uncouth expressions of gratitude of a rude and barbarous race, handed down by tradition, adopted by a people as yet but little refined, and finally, degenerating into licentiousness amidst the general corruption of manners. These games were celebrated on the last day of April, and the first and second day of May; and with an indecency hardly credible amongst civilized people. The lowest women appeared upon the stage, and exhibited a variety of obscene dances, feats of agility, &c. These miserable wretches assembled at the sound of a trumpet; and the leader of this immodest band must have certainly required all the impudence, and all the profligacy, which Juvenal sees in his female fencer. The people claimed a privilege of calling upon them, to strip themselves; which was regularly done with immense applause! Val. Maximus says, that when Cato once happened to be present at these games, the spectators were ashamed to call upon the ladies as usual. Cato, who seems to have expected it, asked his friend Favorinus, why they delayed; and was answered, out of respect to him; upon which he immediately left the theatre, to the great joy of the people, who proceeded to indemnify themselves for their reluctant forbearance. Martial has an epigram on this anecdote, in which he puts a very pertinent question: Why," says he to Cato, "since you knew the nature of these games, did you go into the theatre? was it merely that you might come out again?" By the way, among many other puzzling circumstances in the Roman history, how are we to account for the high character which Cato obtained from his countrymen. A parent without affection, a husband without attachment, a master without humanity, and a republican without political honesty, he has yet come down to us, as one of the most virtuous men of his age! In his actions, there would seem little more than proofs of a

hard heart, a wily head, and an impudence that would have scandalized a Cynic. G.

The word matron' is used with indignation. R.

Nisi si; Ov. Her. iv. 111. H. 'Unless she meditates some more masculine feat.' Mart. Sp. vi. PR.

252. What sense of shame can there be in a woman, who is so forgetful of her sex as to assume the helmet?' M. 253. Robust and manly fexercises.'

LU.

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254. How little is our pleasure in comparison with theirs!' Ov. M. iii. 320 sqq. BRO. cf. xi. 166 sq. Ov. A. A. i. 342. Prop. III. xix. R.

255. Of your wife's wardrobe.'

256. These arms are those of the Samnite, according to Livy ; duo exercitus erant: scuta alterius auro, alterius argento cælaverunt: spongia pectori tegumentum (i.e. balteus), sinistrum crus ocrea tectum, galeæ cristatae, quæ speciem magnitudini corporum adderent, tunicae (this is the reading here according to VS.) auratis militibus versicolores, argentatis lintea candidæ. (And after the slaughter of the Samnites) Romani ad honorem Deúm insignibus armis hostium usi sunt: Campani, ab superbia et odio Samnitium, gladiatores eo ornatu armarunt Samnitiumque nomine compellarunt ; Liv. ix. 40. Perhaps manica may mean 'sleeved tunics,' which would be better suited to women. Gell. vii. 12. Suet. Cæs. 45. tunica manicas habent; Virg. Æ. ix. 616. The retiarii wore only a tunic: cf. ii. 143. viii. 200-208. and note on 263. R.

The left leg' was advanced when they fought, and but half-covered with a plate of iron, both that it might be less cumbrous and because the rest of the leg was protected by the shield. LU. Macr. S. v. 18. Virgil on the contrary, describes the Hernici as having the right leg protected and the left bare; Æ. vii. 689 sq. PR.

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