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Estuo." Nudus
Nudus agas! Minus est insania turpis.
"En habitum, quo te leges ac jura ferentem
Vulneribus crudis populus modo victor et illud
Montanum positis audiret vulgus aratris."
75 Quid non proclames, in corpore judicis ista
Si videas? Quæro, an deceant multicia testem?
Acer et indomitus libertatisque magister,
Cretice, perluces. Dedit hanc contagio labem
Et dabit in plures; sicut grex totus in agris
80 Unius scabie cadit et porrigine porci,
Uvaque conspecta livorem ducit ab uva.

Fœdius hoc aliquid quandoque audebis amictu.
Nemo repente venit turpissimus.

'These are the dog-days:' LU. tostam fervens Julius coquit messem; Mart. X. lxii. 7. R.

71. If you are so dreadfully hot, you had better strip at once! you might then have some claim upon our pity as a lunatic.' LU. Nudus (as yvuvòs) means with nothing but the tunic on; (Virg. G. i. 299.) R. instead of which, competitors at the games wore campestria drawers.' Hor. I Ep. xi. 18. AD. With agas understand causas. R. 72. A pretty dress, forsooth, you would adopt!' cf. Virg. Æ. iv. 597. xii. 359 sqq. &c. R.

73. Our legions, with fresh laurels crown'd, And smarting still from many a glorious wound." G.

75. As Mare, terra, cælum, Di vostram fidem! Plaut. or O tempora! O mores!" Cic. Cat. i. 1. GR. Mart. IX. lxxi. R. See note on 25. PR.

76. It would be indecent even in a witness: much more in a judge; and that judge a stoic!' An argument a fortiori. BRI. GR.

77. Sour and rigid.' R.

It was the tenet of the Stoics ὅτι μόνος ὁ σοφὸς ἐλεύθερος, καὶ πᾶς ἄφρων δοῦλος. libertas est potestas vivendi ut velis; Cic. Par. V. i. 4. M. ἐλευθερία, ἐξουσία αὐτοgayias D. Laert. vii. 121. cf. Hor. II S. vii. 83 sqq. I Ep. xvi. 63. R.

78. Perluces has a double meaning: the veil thrown over your disposition is as flimsy as that which exposes, rather than conceals, your person. PR. In the latter sense we have a beau described as

Accipient te

crine nitens, niger unguento, perlucidus ostro; Mart. XII. xxxviii. 3. R.

The distemper is catching it will spread.' BRI. Adspice, quid fuciant commercia! 166. contagia vites; hæc etiam pecori sape nocere solent: &c. Ov. R. A. 613 sqq. Virg. E. i. 51. VS. R. qérigovorv enxeñol ¿prxius nanai Menander quoted by St Paul, 1 Cor. xv. 33. [Livy xxix, 6, marg. ED.]

79. Virg. G. iii. 441 sqq. 468 sqq. R. "One sickly sheep infects the flock, And poisons all the rest;" Watts, D. S. xxi. 15 sq.

81. According to the proverb, uva uvam videndo varia fit: VS. Bórgus rgès Bórguv TrainTar Suidas. GR. It was a vulgar notion that the dark colour, in ripening, was communicated from grape to grape.' T. One plum gets colour by looking at another' is a common saying in Persia: Gladwin, Bahar Danush. G. Livor is

the purple tinge; usλavoxgws Bórgus Anacr. 1. 1. lividos distinguet autumnus racemos purpureo varius colore; Hor. II Od. v. 10 sqq. variat liventibus uva racemis; Prop. IV. ii. 13. R.

82. You will not stop here:' quandoque some of these days.'

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Perhaps we should read aliud. LU. 83. Never let man be bold enough to say, Thus, and no farther let my passion stray: The first crime past compels us on to more, And guilt proves fate, which was but choice before." The author I have forgotten. M. a method in man's wickedness, It grows

"There is

Paulatim, qui longa domi redimicula sumunt 85 Frontibus et toto posuere monilia collo

Atque Bonam teneræ placant abdomine porcæ Et magno cratere Deam. Sed more sinistro Exagitata procul non intrat femina limen. Solis ara Deæ maribus patet. "Ite profana!" 90 Clamatur: nullo gemit hic tibicina cornu. Talia secreta coluerunt Orgia tæda

Cecropiam soliti Baptæ lassare Cotytto.

up by degrees. I am not come so high as killing of myself; there are A hundred thousand sins 'twixt it and me, Which I must do; I shall come to't at last;" Beaum. King and no King. Gresset applies it very happily to the singular depravity of the unfortunate Ver-Vert: "Il démentit les célébres maximes Où nous lisons, qu'on ne vient aux grands crimes Que par degrés. Il fut un scélérat Profes d'abord, et sans noviciat." G.

Venit for fit, as venias for fias; vii. 29. R. In French devenir, in Italian divenire, to become.'

In time, no doubt, you will be considered qualified for admission into that abominable club of atheists, which has been formed for the sole purpose of burlesquing the rites of the Good Goddess.' G. vi. 314. Ov. A. A. iii.

244. R.

84. Domi in private.'

Redimicula fillets' or ' ribbons' hanging from their caps: et tunica manicas et habent redimicula mitræ; Virg. Æ. ix. 614, &c. PR. iii. 66. R.

85. Monilia are so called as having been originally memorials' of merit. TI. See note on orgiropógos Her. viii. 113. These necklaces' often consisted of so many rows as to cover the whole neck.' M.

86. It appears that more than one goddess was worshipped under this name: Macrob. Sat. i. 12. PR. vi. 314 sqq. R.

Antiqui sumen vocabant abdomen; Plin. xi. 84. PR. It may here be put, by synecdoche, for the whole animal, as in xii. 73. M.

87. Cf. xii. 8. PR. Ov. F. iii. 418. R. The large bowl' hints at the free indulgence which prevailed even among the ladies at their secret rites. G. vi. 315. On crater see note on Her. iii. 130.

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By a contrary regulation.' FA. 88. Sacra Bona, maribus non adeunda, Dea; Tib. I. vi. 22. M.

89. A parody of "procul, O procul este, profani," conclamat vates, "totoque absistite luco!" Virg. Æ. vi. 259 sq. M. Et procul hine, moneo, procul hinc, quæcunque profana, ferte gradus; Sil. xvii. 28 sq. cf. Suet. Ner. 34. The Greek formulary was ἑκὰς ἑκὼς, ὅστις ἀλιτρὸς οἱ ἑκὰς, ἑκάς ἐστε βέβηλοι. Κ.

90. Here no female minstrel sounds the plaintive horn.' The horn, flute, and trumpet were used (as the bell among us) to summon the worshippers together. LU. (cf. Dan. iii.) The Phrygian flute (tibia, iii. 63.) was curved and is constantly called cornu: as nota Bonæ secreta Dea, quum tibia lumbos incitat et cornu pariter vinoque feruntur; vi. 314 sq. adunco tibia cornu; Ov. Met. iii. 533. xi. 16. F. iv. 181. The Berecynthian horn' (Hor. I Od. xviii. 13 sq.) is used as synonymous with the Berecynthian flute;' III Od. xix. 18 sq. IV Öd. i. 22 sq. R.

Gemere; vii. 71. R.

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91. Orgies' were so called from the enthusiastic rage (gy) with which they were celebrated.' FA.

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Mystic torches' were carried in the Eleusinian procession. R.

92. The Athenians were called Cecropians from Cecrops their first king. GR.

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Ille supercilium madida fuligine tactum Obliqua producit acu pingitque trementes 95 Adtollens oculos: vitreo bibit ille Priapo

Reticulumque comis auratum ingentibus implet,
Cærulea indutus scutulata aut galbana rasa
Et per Junonem domini jurante ministro.
Ille tenet speculum, pathici gestamen Othonis,

'So as to fatigue and disgust even Cotylto, the goddess of wantonness,' whose worship was introduced from Edonia in Thrace. GR.

93. We have here a picture quite in Hogarth's style. We are admitted into the conventicle of this detestable club, and behold the members at their several employments.

94. The custom of tinging the eyes and eyebrows originated in the East. "Jezabel put her eyes in paint;" 2 Kgs. ix. 30, margin; "i. e. in stibium, which made the eyes look black, and was accounted beautiful and also dilated the eyebrows, and made the eyes appear big; which, in some countries, was also thought very amiable." PT. "La grande beauté des dames Arabes et de toutes les femmes de l'Orient est d'avoir de grands yeux noirs bien fendus et à fleur de téte; Mémoires d'Arvieux t. iii. p. 297. We read of Astyages as κεκοσμημένος ὀφθαλμῶν roygaon Xen. Cyr. 1. iii. 2. From the East, this fashion travelled to Greece; from Greece to Rome: the Greek ladies used antimony or black lead; the Romans lamp-black mixed with bear's grease. Plin. xxxviii. 11. AR. Black was the favourite colour; Hor. A. P. 37. PR. Mart. IX. xxxviii. 6. Nigro pulvere oculorum exordia producuntur; Tert. de Hab. Mul. 2. R. The fashion continued till a late date: μηδὲ μέλαινε τεοῖσιν ὑπὸ βλεφάροισιν ὄπωπας· Naumach. G. and Jerome speaks of orbes stibio fuliginatos. FA. The operation, as performed by the Turkish females at Aleppo, is thus described by Shaw and Russel: " Their method of doing it is by a cylindrical piece of silver, steel, or ivory, about two inches long, made very smooth, and about the size of a common probe. This they wet with water, in order that the powder of lead ore may stick to it, and applying the middle part horizontally to the eye, they shut the eyelids upon it, and so

drawing it through between them, it blacks the inside, leaving a narrow black rim all round the edge." M. See BO. p. 23.

Turning up his eyes, which quiver under the operation,' from the extreme sensitiveness of the part. They might be also 'tremulous from wantonness.' vii.241. oculos udos ac tremulos, ac prona libidine marcidos, jam jamque semiadopertulos; Apul. Met. iii. p. 135. Ov. A. A. ii. 721. Pers. i. 18. Hor. I Od. xxxvi. 17. Lucian. Am. 14. LU. M. R.

95. In poculis libidines cælare juvit ac per obscænitates bibere; Plin. xxxiii. pr. GR.

Priapus, the son of Bacchus and Venus, was the god of gardens and the tutelary deity of Abydos. PR.

96. His long and thick tresses are confined in network of gold.' Plin. xii. 14. PR. M. Otho and Elagabalus powdered their hair with gold dust. ΗΝ.

97. Understand vestimenta. • Blue checks, or green (or pale yellow) stuffs, shorn of the pile.' Whence galbanos habet mores; Mart. I. xcvii. 9. LU. homo galbanatus; Id. III. lxxxii. 5. M. The Gauls invented checked stuffs. Rasa are opposed to pera. GR. They came into fashion in the Augustan age. PR. Mart. II. lxxxv. 4. Lana Istria Liburniæque pilo propior quam lanæ, pexis aliena vestibus, et quam Salacia scutulato textu commendat in Lusitania; Plin. viii. 48 s 72. xi. 24 s 28. R.

98. Nay even the valet swears by his lord's Juno.' BR. Men used to swear by the Gods, women by the Goddesses, Plin. ii. 7. PR. and servants by their master's Genius. cf. Tib. III. vi. 49. R. Notes on Hor. III Od. xvii. 14.

99. Another parody on Virgil: magni gestamen Abantis; Æ. iii. 286. vii. 246. and corripit hastam Actoris Aurunci spolium; A. xii. 93 sq. This wretch was proud of the effeminate Otho's mirror,'

100 Actoris Aurunci spolium, quo se ille videbat
Armatum, quum jam tolli vexilla juberet.
Res memoranda novis annalibus atque recenti
Historia, speculum civilis sarcina belli.

Nimirum summi ducis est, occidere Galbam
105 Et curare cutem; summi constantia civis,
Bebriaci campo spolium affectare Palati
Et pressum in faciem digitis extendere panem:

no less than Turnus was of the gallant Actor's spear.' LU. Or of which Otho had erst despoiled some other redoubted champion.' Their mirrors were made of polished metal, and sometimes equalled the full length of the figure. Sen. Q. N. i. 17. HN. Stat. III S. iv. 94. BO. On the effeminacy of Otho, see Suet. 2. and 12. Tac. H. i. 71. &c. R. Though a favourite of Nero, he was the first to join Galba, of whose assassination he afterwards became the author. As an enemy of Galba (whom Vespasian suspected of a design upon his life) and of Vitellius, he was regarded with favour by the Flavian family, and consequently with aversion by Juvenal. Tacitus represents differently his last march: nec illi segne aut corruptum luxu iter; sed lorica ferrea usus est, et ante signa pedester, horridus, incomptus, famæque dissimilis; H. ii. 11. G.

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101. When an army encamped, the standards were pitched in the ground near the general's tent. When battle was to be given, the general commanded the standard to be taken up.' Tolli is opposed to statui. GR. M. The vexillum was a red flag,' which was hoisted on a spear from the top of the general's tent as a signal of preparation for battle. LI. Otho gave his orders from his toilet, while he was admiring himself in the glass.' LU.

102. In Annals,' the facts are digested under their several years. PR.

103. In a civil war, when the empire of the world was at stake!' viz. that between Otho and Vitellius. Nec deerant qui ambitione stolida luxuriosos apparatus conviviorum, et irritamenta libidinum, ut instrumenta belli mercarentur; Tac. H. i. 88. FA.

104. The antithesis here depends on the punctuation. HK. At one time to be acting the assassin, at another the petit

maitre.' After his suicide, his soldiers extolled him as fortissimum virum, unicum imperatorem; Suet. 12. Our satirist observes that such a character was undoubtedly (nimirum is used ironically, xiv. 54. Sil. v. 114. Hor. II S. ii. 106. as scilicet in 122. v. 76. vi. 239. vii. 159. xiv. 156.) Otho's due.' Suet. Galb. 19. Tac. H. i. 41 sqq. It was a great feat to murder an old man' manibus pedibusque articulari morbo distortissimis; S. G. 21. 23. It was a worthy occupation to be softening his cheeks with cosmetics :' munditiarum pæne muliebrium; vulso corpore; quin et faciem quotidie rasitare, ac pane madido linere consuetum: idque instituisse a prima lanugine, ne barbatus unquam esset; Suet. Oth. 12. PR. HN. R.

105 and 107. vi. 464. Hor. I Ep. iv. 15. R. In cute curanda plus æquo operata juventus; Id. ii. 29.

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Consistency worthy of the first citizen in the republic!' R. It was currently reported after his death, Galbam ab eo non tam dominandi, quam reipublicæ ac libertatis restituendæ causa interemptum ; Suet. Oth. 12.

106. The battle of Bebriacum' (between Verona and Cremona) decided the fate of the empire and transferred the purple to Vitellius. Tac. H. ii. 14 sqq. Suet. Oth. 8 sq. PR. R.

'The spoil of the palace' intimates that the imperial dignity had become the prey of each daring adventurer. R.

107. Slices of bread, made of rice, beans, or wheat, and soaked in asses' milk, were spread over the face as a cosmetic. LU. vi. 461 sqq. CAS. Cutem in facie erugari et tenerescere, et candorem custodiri lacte asinino putabant; unde Poppaa uxor Neronis, quocunque ire contigisset, secum sexcentas asellas ducebat; Plin. xxviii. 12. xi. 41. PR. Tib. I. viii. 11. R.

SAT. II.

OF JUVENAL.

Quod nec in Assyrio pharetrata Semiramis orbe,
Mosta nec Actiaca fecit Cleopatra carina.
110 Hic nullus verbis pudor aut reverentia mensæ.
Hic turpis Cybeles et fracta voce loquendi
Libertas et crine senex phanaticus albo

Sacrorum antistes, rarum ac memorabile magni
Gutturis exemplum conducendusque magister.
115 Quid tamen exspectant, Phrygio quos tempus erat jam
More supervacuam cultris abrumpere carnem?
Quadringenta dedit Gracchus sestertia dotem

108. • Even the most luxurious queens, when they went forth to war, discontinued such effeminate habits.' Semiramis, Assyriorum regina, cum ei circa cultum capitis occupate nuntiatum esset Babylonem defecisse, altera parte crinium adhuc eam expugnandam soluta, protinus ad cucurrit, nec prius decorem capillorum in ordinem, quam tantam urbem in potestatem suam, redegit. Quocirca statua ejus Babylone posita est illo habitu, quo, ad ultionem exigendum, celeritate præcipiti tetendit; V. Max. ix. 3. Just. i. 2. PR.

Orbe empire.' VA.

109. Cleopatra, daughter of Ptolemy Auletes, queen of Egypt and mistress of Antony, was present to witness her paramour's 'sad' defeat by Augustus at Actium.' LU. cum aurea puppe veloque purpureo se in altum dedit; Plin. xix. 1. See Shakspeare's description of her galley, Ant. and Cl. II. ii. M. Flor. iv. 11. cf. Hor. I Od. xxxvii. R. Prop. IV. vi.

57 sqq.

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110. In this precious conclave.' gá-
πεζα μὲν ἱερὸν χρῆμα, δι' ἧς ὁ θεὸς
τιμᾶται φίλιός τε καὶ ξένιος· Synes. Ep.
57. TH. Nusquam reverentia mensæ;
Among
Claud. in Ruf. i. 229. R.
many absurd and many impious tenets of
paganism, there are some of excellent
tendency and not undeserving of imita-
tion. Such was their hospitality, founded
on the notion that celestials sometimes
visited the abodes of men. cf. Hebr. xiii.
2. Gen. xviii. 1—8. xix. 1-3. Olim mos
erat et mensæ credere adesse deos; Ov. F.
vi. 305 sq. Præsentes namque ante domus
invisere castas sæpius, et sese mortali osten-
dere cœtu calicolæ, nondum spretu pietate,
solebant; Cat. Ixiv. 385 sqq. Hence a
stranger, however humble his exterior,
was treated with respect: u' o polis

ἔστ', οὐδ ̓ εἰ κακίων σέθεν ἔλθοι, ξεῖνον ἀτι
*Taxi Ts Hom. Od. 56 sqq. z 107
μῆσαι πρὸς γὰρ Διός εἰσιν ἅπαντες ξεῖνοί το
sq. "I tried your charity, When in a
beggar's shape you took me up, And
clothed my naked limbs, and after fed,
As you believed, my famish'd mouth.
Learn all, By your example, to look on
the poor With gentle eyes! for in such
habits, often, Angels desire an alms;"
Massinger Virg. Mart. IV. iii. G.

F

111. Such disgraceful licentiousness as prevails at the Megalesian rites among the emasculated priests of the Phrygian goddess.' LU. cf. Diod. Sic. iv. 5. Ov. F. iv. PR. R. The grossness of these cereactors were ashamed to be present at the monies was such, that the parents of the vious to the celebration of the festival. G. rehearsals, which took place at home, pre

They lisped their obscenities in a falsetto voice.' GE. cf. Augustin. xi.

111. LU.

112. Phanaticus' possessed.' Virg. Æ. vi. 46 sqq. M.

114. See i. 140. R.

'If one would take lessons in gluttony.' tum si magistrum cepit ad eam rem improbum; Ter. An. I. ii. 19. M.

115. Why hesitate (Ov. Ep. iii. 83.) any longer about completing your resemblance to those effeminate priests, when a knife will rid you in a moment of the superfluous characteristics of manhood?' This Phrygian fashion' was adopted in T. Ov. F. iv. 243. Tib. I. iv. 70. R. imitation of the boy Atys whom Cybele loved. PR.

116. The knives were of sharp stone: among the Jews. PR. Exod. iv. 25. vi. 514. Claud. in Eut. i. 280. R. as

117. Cf. i. 92. 106. vi. 137. brought with him.' PR. i, 62. 78.

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