calf sucking; Varr. R. R. V. ii. 5. 17. K.

37. The Stoics traced their philosophy from Socrates by the following line of succession: (1) Socrates, (2) Antisthenes, (3) Diogenes, (4) Crates, (5) Zeno, (6) Cleanthes, (7) Chrysippus : cf. Plut. Laert. Cic. PR. vade, hos paterno, ut genitor, excipiam sinu; Sen. Med. 384. Socratica fide; Petr. 129. cf. Quint. i. 9. ii. 2. K.

You corrected me with such skill and address, that I insensibly amended: so gradually was your discipline revealed, that I was happily cheated, as it were, into reformation.' CAS. M. Hor. I Ep. xvii. 10. K. cf. Lucr. i. 935-949. Così all' egro fanciul porgiamo, aspersi Di soave licor, gli ́orli del vaso: Succhi amari, ingannato, intanto ei beve, E dall' inganno suo vita riceve ;" Tasso, G. L. I. iii.

38. A metaphor from workmen. SCH. 'Extends,' and consequently straightens.' PR.

39. Animum rege; qui, nisi paret, imperat: hunc frenis, hunc tu compesce catena; Hor. I Ep. ii. 62 sq. homo cum animo inde ab ineunte ætate depugnat suo... tu si animum vicisti potius, quam animus te, est quod gaudeas; Plaut. Trin. II. ii. 24 &c. cf. Cic. Off. i. 28, fin. efficiendum est autem, ut appetitus rationi obediant, &c. ib. 29. As the horse is broken in by the rider, so is the mind to be managed by reason; Plato. PR. Virg. E. viii. 81. (HY.) Prop. II. i. 10. Arist. R. 868. K. The imperfect habit of continence is here pictured: where the passions are not yet brought to acquiesce without reluctance in the supremacy of reason, as is the case in the perfect character of temperance. cf.

Arist. Eth. vii. (where he treats of selfcontrol,) and i. 13.

40. Artificem sometimes signifies a finished piece of workmanship.' Ov. A. A. iii. 555 sq. V. Flac. vi. 465. cf. Prop. I.ii. 8. (BU.) Id. II. xxiii. 8. (BK.) K. Juv. vii. 237 sq, notes. PR. Stat. S. IV. vi. 27. K.

41. Sæpe ego longos cantando puerum memini me condere soles; Virg. E. ix. 51 sq. PR. Id. Æ. iii. 203. Nemes. Ec. ii. 25. Æl. V. H. xiii. 1. K.

42. By the first nights,' is meant 'the first part of the night' i. e. an hour or two after sunset.' SCH. "Of the night Have borrow'd the first hours, feasting with thee On the choice dainties of philosophy." HO.

Decerpere is contrasted with consumere. K.

43. Omnibus una quies operum, labor omnibus idem; Virg. G. iv. 184. PR.

44. Cf. Athen. Macr. vii. 1. Gell. xiii. 11. PR. There seems to be a peculiar beauty in Persius's talking all along in the present tense: he recollected with so much pleasure those days which were past, that he seemed to live them over again. DN.

45. Fœdere certo; Virg. Æ. i. 62. Sil. xv. 75. K. magnus erit Geminis amor et concordia duplex; quosque dabunt Chelae et quos dat Aquarius ortus, unum pectus habent, fideique immobile vinclum; Man. ii. PR. It was believed that this unanimity did not subsist between such as were born under every sign. at quibus in lucem Pisces venientibus adsunt, his non una manet semper sententia cordi; commutant animos interdum et foedera rumpunt ac repetunt; Manil. ii. MAR.

46. Seit Genius natale comes qui temperat astrum; Hor. II Ep. ii. 187.

Mar. sic placitum Parcis seu Libra seu me Scorpios adspicit formidolosus, pars violentior natalis horae seu tyrannus Hesperia Capricornus undæ ; utrumque nostrum incredibili modo consentit astrum; te Jovis impio tutela Saturno refulgens eripuit, &c. Hor. II Od. xvii. 15 sqq. (JA.) VS. PR. Juv. vii. 194 sqq, notes. K.

47. The balance' is a symbol of equality. When the sun enters this sign (which is about the 20th of September), the autumnal equinox commences. felix æquata genitus sub pondere Libræ ; Man. v. PR.

48. Parca non mendax; Hor. II Od. xvi. 39. The Fate' of the Stoics is here meant. LU. cf. Juv. iii. 27, note. Virg. E. iv. 47. PR.

50. Cf. Juv. vi. 569 sq, note. felicesque Jovis stellas Martisque rapacis et grave Saturni sidus in omne caput; Prop. IV. i. 83 sq. PR. Macr. S. i. 19. Ptol. in FAB, B. Gr. t. vi. 14. p. 449. Gell. xiv. 1. Cic. Div. ii. Sext. Emp. v. Petr. 39. K. 51. Nescio quid certe est; Virg. E. viii. 107. Ov. Her. xii. 212.

Astrum is properly 6 a constellation.'

LU.

52. Quot capita, tot sententiæ; suus cuique mos; Ter. Ph. II. iii. 14. Cassiod. quot capitum vivunt, totidem studiorum millia; Hor. II S. i. 27. VS. PR. inque aliis rebus multis differre necesse est naturas hominum varias, moresque sequaces; Lucr. iii. 315 sq.

53. Trahit sua quemque voluptas; Virg. E. ii. 65. VS. quod tibi magnopere cordi est, mihi vehementer displicet; Lucil. PR. cf. Ov. A. A. i. 759 sq. Hor. I Od. i. and I S. iv. 25 sqq. K.

54. Hic mutat merces surgente a sole

ad eum quo vespertina tepet regio; Hor. I S. iv. 29 sq. VS. impiger extremos currit mercator ad Indos; I Ep. i. 45. The word mutat properly belonged to a period, when commerce consisted in barter. utinam totum e vita posset abdicari aurum, sacra fames, ad perniciem vitæ repertum. quantum feliciore avo, quum res ipsæ permutabantur inter se, sicut et Trojanis temporibus factitatum, Homero credi convenit. ita enim, ut opinor, commercia victus gratia inventa, &c. Plin. xxxiii. 1. The invention of commerce is attributed to the Phoenicians; Id. vii. 56. A, iv. 15. PR. cf. Ar. Eth. v. 5.

55. Hæ (i. e. the pods of pepper,') priusquam dehiscant decerpta tostæque sole, faciunt quod vocatur piper longum ; paullatim vero dehiscentes maturitate, ostendunt candidum piper; quod deinde tostum solibus colore rugisque mutatur ; Plin. H. N. xii. 7 s 14. and again, quæ piper gignunt juniperis nostris similes; ib. PR. v. 136. Juv. xiv. 293. The cumin,' which is a mere dwarf in our gardens, grows to the height of eight or nine feet in hot countries. It is much cultivated by the Maltese, with whom it forms an article of commerce. DD. It seems to have been used at common tables as a substitute for ' pepper,' which was very expensive. G. cuminum pallorem bibentibus gignit. ita certe ferunt Porcii Latronis, clari inter magistros dicendi, affectatores similitudinem coloris studiis contracti imitatos, &c. Plin. xx. 14 s 57. xix. s 47. xv. 29. quod si pallerem casu biberent exsangue cuminum; Hor. I Ep. xix. 17 sq. PR. K.

56. Fessos sopor irrigat artus; Virg. Æ. iii. 511. ib. i. 691. (HY.) Lucr. iv. 908. The metaphor is taken from plants

57. The Campus Martius; Hor. I Od. viii. 4. Suet. Aug. 83. K.

Decoquit is a metaphor from a liquor which is boiled quite away. CAS. quem damnosa Venus, quem præceps alea nudat; Hor. I Ep. xviii. 21. PR. boils to rags.'

58. Wanton.' omnes in Damalim putres deponent oculos; Hor. I Od. xxxvi. 17 sq. (JA.) PR. vivunt in Venerem; Claud. x. 65. K.

Lapidosa full of chalk-stones.' LU. nodosa; Hor. I Ep. i. 31. PR.

Chiragra, yga rus xugós: PR. when it affected the feet, it was called podagra. LU.

59. Postquam illis justa chiragra contudit articulos; Hor. II S. vii. 16 sq. PR.

Ramalia; cf. i. 97. M. The dead branches of the beech' very soon decay. Pallad. Nov. xv. 2. Plin. H. N. xvii. 8 79. K.

60. Of gross sensuality.' M. cf. Cic. for Sext. 9. K.

'Light obscured by dense fogs,' M. and "All the infections that the sun sucks up From bogs, fens, flats;" Shaksp. Temp. II. ii. May not the allusion be to the ignis fatuus? the phosphorescent vapour arising from marshes, (commonly called Jack o' lantern or Will of the Wisp, which “ Bewitches And leads men into pools and ditches;" Butler Hud. I. i. 510. Bógßogov soλuv xai onãg aar Arist. R. 145 sq.

61. The life they have forsaken:' DN.' the main end and object of their past life, which has been wholly thrown away and abandoned by them.' cf. iii.

38. G. "Anger and grief doe then begin a strife Within them, for their base and durtie life Now spent: when now, but now too late, they looke Upon the life they wretchedly forsooke." HO.

62. Vos exemplaria Græca nocturna versate manu, versate diurna; Hor. A. P. 268 sq. LU.

63. Quod enim munus reipublicæ afferre majus meliusve possumus, quam si doceamus atque erudiamus juventutem? Cic. Div. ii. 4. cultura animi philosophia est, quæ extrahit vitia radicitus, et præparat animos ad satus accipiendos, eaque mandat eis et (ut ita dicam) serit, quæ adulta fructus uberrimos ferant; Id. T. Q. ii. 13. nemo adeo ferus est ut non mitescere possit, si modo culturæ patientem commodet aurem. virtus est vitium fugere et sapientia prima stultitia caruisse; Hor. I Ep. i. 39 sqq. PR.

64. 'Of Cleanthes,' the son of Phanes. LU. cf. Laert. vii. 174. (MEN.) Cic. N. D. i. 37. V. Max. viii. 7. PR. Cic. Ac. iv. 41. Claud. xvii. 87 sq. He was the preceptor of Chrysippus. K. Juv. ii. 7, note.

Eque pauperibus prodest, locupletibus aque; æque neglectum pueris senibusque nocebit; Hor. I Ep. i. 25 sq. PR.

65. Certum voto pete finem; Hor. I Ep. ii. 56. LU. du äxarta Tòv duváμevov ζῆν κατὰ τὴν αὑτοῦ προαίρεσιν θέσθαι τινὰ σκοπὸν τοῦ καλῶς ζῆν, πρὸς ὃν ἀποβλέπων ποιήσεται πάσας τὰς πράξεις, ὡς τό γε μὴ συντετάχθαι τὸν βίον πρός τι τέλος άφρο σύνης πολλῆς σημεῖον ἐστι· Arist. Eih. Eud. ii. vita sine scopo vaga. scire debet, quid petat ille, qui sagittam vult mittere, et tunc dirigere et moderari telum; errant consilia nostra, quia non habent, quo dirigantur; Sen. Ep. 71. K.

Animo is the dative. K.

Bias used to say that 'virtue was the

Ecce aliud cras

best provision for life's journey:' LU. Laert. i. aptissima omnino sunt arma senectutis, artes exercitationesque virtutum quæ in omni ætate cultæ, cum multum diuque vixeris mirificos afferunt fructus, non solum quia numquam deserunt, ne extremo quidem tempore ætatis (quamquam id maximum est) verum etiam quia conscientia bene actæ vitæ, multorumque benefactorum recordatio jucundissima est; Cic. Sen. 9. PR.

'Miserable' would they be without such provision. LU.

66. Cf. S. Aug. Conf. viii. 10 sq. cras te victurum, cras dicis, Postume, semper; dic mihi, cras istud, Postume, quando venit? quam longe cras istud? ubi est? aut unde petendum? numquid apud Parthos Armeniosque latet? jam cras istud habet Priami vel Nestoris annos. cras istud quanti dic mihi, possit emi? cras vives: hodie jam vivere, Postume, serum est. ille sapit, quisquis, Postume, vixit heri; Mart. V. lviii. PR. qui non est hodie, cras minus aptus erit; Ov. R. A. 94. CAS. "Be wise to day, 'tis madness to defer: Next day the fatal precedent will plead. Thus on, till wisdom is push'd out of life. Procrastination is the thief of time; Year after year it steals, till all are fled, And to the mercies of a moment leaves The vast concerns of an eternal scene;" Young, N. Th. i. DN. "To-morrow, and to-morrow, and to-morrow, Creeps, in this petty pace from day to day, To the last syllable of recorded time; And all our yesterdays have lighted fools The way to dusty death;" Shaksp. Macb. V. v. M. "To-morrow didst thou say! Methought I heard Horatio say To-morrow! Go to-I will not hear of it: &c." Cotton. Cowley has translated the text thus: "Our yesterday's to-morrow now is gone, And still a new to-morrow does come on. We by to-morrows draw out all our

store, Till the exhausted well can yield no more."

69. Egerit, not from agere, but from egerere; CAS. ' consumes, exhausts.' M. tota querelis egeritur questuque dies; V. Flac. viii. 453 sq. K. truditur dies die novæque pergunt interire lunæ; Hor. II Od. xviii. 15 sq, PR.

70. The temo is the perch,' its continuation forms the pole; to the extremity of which is attached the yoke. The opposite end is connected at right angles to the hind axle,' parallel to which, where the perch and pole meet, is the fore axle.

71. Canthus the felloe:' a word, which Quintilian objects to as a barbarism, being either an African or Spanish word. i. 3. 5. (BU.) [One of those words, in all probability, which were domesticated in Spain, owing to its long subjection to Carthage: as we find in the modern language many remains of the Arabic, which were engrafted on it during the dominion of the Moors: see Weston's Treatise on this subject.] inducenda rota est, das nobis utile munus. iste trochus pueris, at mihi canthus erit; Mart. XIV. clxviií. PR. ävruž. Hom. E 728. K. the tire of the wheel.' LU. The Greek word has probably a common origin.

72. Cf. Virg. Æ. i. 156. (HY.) Hor. I Ep. ii. 41 sqq. Ov. M. xv. 179 sqq. K.

It was said of a naval officer, who was notorious through life for being behindhand in executing his duties and performing his engagements, that he had let a day slip by him when he was a midshipman, and had never since been able to overtake it.

73. He proceeds to expatiate on the favourite dogma of the Stoics, libertate opus est ad virtutem, inquit Persius, non eá qua servi donantur et ascribuntur uni

tribuum, puta Velina; Tert. de Resur. PR. cf. Hor. II Od. ii. 9 sqq. philosophia servias oportet, ut tibi contingat vera libertas. non differtur in diem, qui se illi subjecit et tradidit, statimque circumagitur. hoc enim ipsum philosophiæ servire libertas est; Sen. Ep. 8. Plin. Ep. VII. xvi. 4. K. Juv. ii. 77, note. Compare that expression in the second morning collect: "O God, whose service is perfect freedom."

When a slave was manumitted, he was enrolled in one of the tribes, and thereupon received a tally. VS. Juv. vii. 174, note. M. cf. Plin. xvi. 18. PR. Sen. Ben. iv. 28. K.

74. The prænomen (Publius) was given after the patron who manumitted the slave; this and the addition of the name of the tribe, Velina (which is in the ablative case), designate a free citizen. LU. Velina was one of the country tribes. K. cf. Juv. v. 127.

Emeruit. The metaphor is taken from the military, when they had served their time; PR. and is also applied to gladiators; cf. Juv. vi. 113. M. By the Norban Law (which was passed A. U. 771.) there were three modes of obtaining plenary liberty (1) by the prætor's wand, (2) by the census, (3) by will and testament. K. cf. AD.

A slur is thrown on the liberty, which the enfranchised slave acquires, by the terms scabiosum [from which our word SHABBY is perhaps derived] 'smutty' or scurvy,' and tesserula paltry ticket.'

4

G.

75. Quiritem is used by poetical license: properly it is only a plural noun. VS. Juv. viii. 47. G. 76.

ing effect, "liber esto, atque ito quo voles !" Plaut. Men. V. vii. 40. PR.

Dama was a slave's name: prodis ex judice Dama turpis; Hor. II S. vii. 54. PR.

Not a three-penny groom,' or a two-penny half-penny groom.'

77. Vappadead wine,' one half knave and one half fool.' Hor. I S. i. 103 sq. PR.

Lippus; ii. 72. note. M.

Not to be trusted with a feed of beans.' LU. farrago est, quod ex pluribus satis,pabuli causa,datur jumentis; Festus; Plin. xviii. 16. Virg. G. iii. 205 sq. PR. 'meslin.'M. Owing to the frequent occurrence of this failing in the fraternity; the name OSTLER has been humorously derived, by syncope, from OAT-STEALER.

78. Exit; Hor. A. P. 22. K.

79. Gaudent prænomine molles auricule; Hor. II S. v. 32. PR.

80. Hence it appears that even freedmen were promoted to the bench. CAS. Such a man as this would be likely to spite a person to whom he bore a grudge. Hor. II S. i. 49 sqq. Juv. vii. 116, note; and cf. Claud. xxiv. 100. K.

81. Auròs pa, as was said of Pythagoras. PR. cf. Cic. N. D. i. 5. ‘We may take the matter upon his ipse dixit.'

Adsigna. Juv. viii. 142 sqq. Mart. IX. lxxxix. 2 sqq. K.

82. Vult libertas dici mera; Hor. I Ep. xviii. 8. K. This is liberty in the bare, outward, literal sense of the word.' M.