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Et pegma et pueros inde ad velaria raptos. Non cedit Veiento, sed, ut fanaticus œstro Percussus, Bellona, tuo, divinat et "Ingens 125 Omen habes" inquit " magni clarique triumphi: Regem aliquem capies, aut de temone Britanno Excidet Arviragus: peregrina est belua: cernis Erectas in terga sudes?" Hoc defuit unum

122. Пya stage machinery,' by sitting on which boys were suddenly raised to a considerable height. LI. The precise nature of this self-moving framework it is very difficult to ascertain: but we may suppose that it resembled a mountain, a tower, or the like, and, by rising or sink ing suddenly, changed into some other form; not very dissimilar to the changes in a modern pantomime. K. It appears that slaves and malefactors were sometimes thrown from them to the wildbeasts. Phæd. V. vii. 6. Mart. Sp. xvi. Suet. Cal. 26. Claud. 34. Sen. Ep. 88 sqq. Plin. xxxiii. 3. R. Mart. Sp. ii. 2. Claud. Cons. Fl. Mall. Theod. 320 sqq. PR. This was always a favourite exhibition. Calp. vii. 23 sqq. G.

The Roman Theatres were open at the top during the performance, however, they were usually covered with a large awning stretched across with cords, G. as a shelter from sun or rain: FA. besides which, by keeping the spectators in the shade, a stronger light was thrown upon the stage. Plin. xix. 1. R. The ceiling of the Theatre at Oxford is painted in imitation of this.

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'One inspired.' LU. ii. 112. PR. Οίστρος οι μύωψ, in Latin tabanus or asilus, here used metaphorically for stimulus,' is a species of stinging fly, which, in the summer, almost drives cattle mad: LU. 'a gadfly.' M. Varr. R. R. 5. Plin. ix. 15. Virg. G. iii. 146 sqq. PR. Plin. xi. 16. 28. V. Flacc. iii. 581. R.

124. Bellona, the goddess of war, was the sister of Mars. Her priests worshipped her with offerings of their own blood; and were then gifted with prophetic inspiration. Some think her the same as Minerva. LU. Virg. Æ. viii. 703.

126. This monarch' may be a sarcastical allusion to Decebalus, whose name could not be brought into the verse, but whose actions were the oppro

brium of Domitian's reign. He opposed the emperor in the Dacian war, in which Fuscus fell, and was an enemy far from contemptible. G.

The pole of the sithed car' is put for the chariot itself. LU. But the Britons used to run along the pole, and fight from it. Cæs. B. G. iv. 33. PR. cf. Virg. G. iii. 204. Prop. II. i. 76. R.

127. 'Shall some Arviragus be hurled!' Arviragus (according to the monkish fables) was the younger son of Cymbeline, and began his reign in the fourth year of Claudius, whose daughter he married. He then revolted from his father, was brought back to his duty by Vespasian, reigned many years in great glory, and left his crown to his son, a prince not less valorous and rather more wise than his father. HO. According to Polydore Virg. he was either converted to Christianity by Joseph of Arimathæa, or allowed him and his followers to settle at Glasgow, with permission to preach the Gospel. There is sarcasm in this mention of the Britons, whose subjugation many eminent generals (Vespasian among the rest) had failed in and the only chance of their reduction was now destroyed by the recall of Agricola. Tac. Ag. 13 sqq. R. Some chief is probably alluded to, who made himself formidable to the Romans after this recall: OW. the Arviragus above mentioned was dead. G. He is said to have reigned from 45 to 73 A.D. The latter date is eight years before Domitian's accession.

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Being a foreign monster, it denotes a foreign king.' LU.

128. The sharp fins sticking up on his back? Thus shall thy bristling spears stand erect in the backs of thy foes.' LU. Pointed stakes, charred at the ends, were used in rude warfare. PR. jam castra hostium oppugnabantur: saxisque et sudibus et omni genere telorum submovehantur a vallo Romani; Liv. xxxiv. 15. see vi. 247, note. All with arrows quilled, and clothed with blood As

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Fabricio, patriam ut rhombi memoraret et annos.
130" Quidnam igitur censes? Conciditur?" "Absit ab illo
Dedecus hoc!" "Montanus ait. "Testa alta paretur,
Quæ tenui muro spatiosum colligat orbem.

Debetur magnus patinæ subitusque Prometheus.
Argillam atque rotam citius properate; sed ex hoc
135 Tempore jam, Cæsar, figuli tua castra sequantur."
Vicit digna viro sententia. Noverat ille
Luxuriam imperii veterem noctesque Neronis
Jam medias aliamque famem, quum pulmo Falerno
Arderet. Nulli major fuit usus edendi

140 Tempestate mea. Circeis nata forent an

with a purple garment, he sustained The unequal conflict;" Southey, Madoc, vi. 130. The emperor now puts the question to the senate in due form. M.

131. A deep dish.' Vitellius in principatu ducentis sestertiis condidit patinam, cui faciendæ fornax in campis ædificata erat: quoniam eo pervenit luxuria, ut fictilia pluris constent quam murrhina; Plin. xxxv. 12. quam ob immensum magnitudinem clypeum Minervae aizida Todioxov dictitabat; Suet. Vit. 13. PR. xi. 19 sq. Quamvis lata gerat patella rhombum, rhombus latior est tamen patella; Mart. XIII. lxxxi. R. The silver dish of Vitellius had been preserved as a sacred deposit, but Adrian showed his good sense by having it melted down. G.

132. The thinness of the earthen ware (according to Pliny) constituted its excellence. LU.

Orbem; cf. i. 137. R.

133. Some potter no less cunning in his craft, than was Prometheus the son of Iapetus, who gave proof of his skill by forming the first man out of clay.' Ov. M. i. 80 sqq. LU. PR. cf. vi. 13. xiv. 35. xv. 85. Hor. I Od. iii. 29 sqq. xvi. 13 sqq. Asch. P. V. See also note on vi. 110. R.

Subitus, or the fish would be spoilt. PR. 134. Hor. A. P. 22. Figlinas invenit Chorobus Atheniensis, in iis orbem Anachar. sis Scythes, ut alii, Hyperbius Corinthius; Plin. vii. 56. PR. Pers. iii. 23 sq. R. 'Clay' is the material, and 'a solid wheel,' revolving horizontally, the engine on which the potter forms his [ware. Jer. xviii. 3 sqq. M. Ecclus. xxxviii. 29 sq.

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Falernian' was] a fiery full-bodied wine of Campania. Plin. xiv. 6. xxii. 1. PR. Whence its epithets: acre; xiii. 216. indomitum; Pers. iii. 3. Luc. x. 163. ardens; Mart. IX. lxxiv. 5. XIV. cxiii. Hor. II Od. xi. 19. severum; I Od. xxvii. 9. forte; II S. iv. 24. To soften its austerity it was mixed with Chian; Tib. II. i. 28. Ath. i. 20. R.

The lungs are considerably affected by excess in liquor. GR.

139. No one better understood the practice, as well as the theory, of gormandizing than Montanus.' LU. Crispus must have been at least an equal proficient in the science of good eating, as he was the favourite of Vitellius and the constant companion of his scandalous excesses. D. Cass. Ixv. 2. G.

140. The wanton luxury of the Romans may be discerned from the variety of their oysters, which were brought from every sea. HO. Ostreis et conchyliis omnibus contingit, ut cum luna crescant pariter pariterque decrescant; Cic.Div.ii.33. ostreæ senescente luna inuberes, macræ, tenues,exsuccæ; crescente, pinguescunt; Gell. xx. 7. luna

Lucrinum ad saxum Rutupinove edita fundo
Ostrea, callebat primo deprendere morsu;
Et semel adspecti litus dicebat echini.

Surgitur et misso proceres exire jubentur
145 Consilio, quos Albanam dux magnus in arcem
Traxerat adtonitos et festinare coactos,

150

Tamquam de Cattis aliquid torvisque Sygambris
Dicturus, tamquam et diversis partibus orbis
Anxia præcipiti venisset epistola pinna.

Atque utinam his potius nugis tota Ille dedisset
Tempora sævitiæ, claras quibus abstulit Urbi

alit ostrea et implet echinos; Lucil. lubrica
nascentes implent conchylia lunæ; Hor. II
S. iv. 30. Plin. ii. 41. Ath. iii. 13. The
Tarentine are extolled by Varro, R. R.
iii. 3. and Gellius, vii. 16. the Lucrine
are preferred by Seneca, Ep. 79. and
Pliny, ix. 54 s 79. Circais autem ostreis
caro testaque nigra sunt; his autem neque
dulciora neque teneriora esse ulla comper-
tum est; Id. xxxii. 6 s 21. murice Baiano
melior Lucrina peloris: ostrea Circeiis,
Miseno oriuntur echini; pectinibus patulis
jactat se molle Tarentum; Hor. II S. iv.
32 sqq. PR. cf. eund. ii. 31 sqq. Pers. vi.
24. Plin. ix. 18 s 32. Macr. S. ii. 11. iii.
16. V. Max. ix. 1. Col. viii. 16. Varr.
R. R. iii. 17. Sen. Helv. 10. R.

The town of Circeii in Campania, with its neighbouring promontory (now Monte Circello'), was named after the famous enchantress Circe, the daughter of Sol and Perseis, and aunt of Medea.

141. The Lucrine lake is between Baix and Puteoli. Plin. iii. 5. PR. Hor. Ep. ii. 49. Mart. VI. xi. XII. xlviii. R.

Edita is the same as nata; 140. R. Fundo in the bed of the sea,' LU. at Rutupiæ, now Richborough' in Kent. FA.

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143. At first sight.' M.

Echinus piscis est marinus e genere cancrorum, spinis hirsutus, quibus et se tuetur, instar hericii, qui echinus est terrestris, sicut echinus marinus est hericius. Echino spinæ pro pedibus sunt, ingredi est in orbem convolvi; ora in medio corpore ad terram versa; sævitiam maris præsagire traditur; Plin. ix. 31 s 51. Athenæus tells a laughable story of a Laconian, who, hearing they were delicious eating but never having seen any of them at table before, put one into his mouth, shell, prickles, and all.

Though he soon found to his cost what an awkward mouthful it was, his Spartan obstinacy would not allow of his putting it out again; but he made a solemn vow that this should be the last sea urchin' he ever tasted; iii. 13. PR.

144. Misso for dimisso. The consul used to dismiss the senate in the following words Nil vos moramur, Patres Con

scripti.' LU.

145. Cf. 61. R. The great chief' i.e. the emperor.' LU.

146. Had dragged them' against their will. LU. 72 sqq. PR.

Adtonitos; 77.

147. The Catti occupied the territories of Hesse: the Sygambri those of Guelders. cf. Suet. Dom. 2. 6. 13. PR. and Euseb. Dio liv. 20. 22. 32. Flor. iv. 12. Oros. vi. 21. The latter are termed feroces; Hor. IV Od. ii. 34. cæde gaudentes; Ib. xiv. 51. Tacitus says of the Germans, habitus corporum idem omnibus: truces et cærulei oculi; 4. Cattorum hæe prima semper acies, visu torva; 31. R.

148. In order to communicate.' R. 149. If a consul transmitted to Rome the news of a victory, a small branch of bay was stuck in the letter; (Plin. H. N. XXXV. extr. Pan. 8.) if he sent intelligence of any reverses, he inserted a feather.' VS. [The latter part is questionable.] Couriers wore feathers in their caps; when they brought good news they wore a white feather, (libelli quos rumor alba vehit penna; Mart. X. iii. 10.) and a black one when the news was bad, (nullaque fumosa signatur lancea penna ; Stat. S. V. i. 93. where fumosa dingy' is a correction of famosa.) PL._ Or, simply, with precipitate haste.' R.

151. Suet. 10. 11. 15. PR.

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3. R.

Illustresque animas impune et vindice nullo! Sed periit, postquam cerdonibus esse timendus Cœperat: hoc nocuit Lamiarum cæde madenti.

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152. '100iμous vxás Hom. Il. A 153. Cerdo (from xigdes lucre') a cobbler, or any low mechanic.' The assassins of Domitian were men of low birth; Suet. xx. 14. 17. LU. A Plebeian,' Pers. iv. 51. PR. as opposed to Patricians; viii. 182. cf. iii. 294. R. "Of her noblest citizens deprived, Rome daily mourned and yet the wretch survived, And no avenger rose; but when the low And base-born rabble came to fear the blow, And cobblers trembled then, to rise no more, He fell still reeking with the Lamian gore." BM. Beaumont and Fletcher have imitated or rather translated these lines "Princes may pick their suffering nobles out, And one by one, employ them to the block; But when they once grow formidable to Their clowns, and cobblers, ware then!" G.

154. This was fatal.' LU.

:

The Lamian family was a noble branch of the Ælian clan: from which the im

perial family of the Antonines also sprung. They traced their descent from Lamus king of the Læstrygones. Hor. III Od. xvii. 1 sqq. One of this ancient house was among Domitian's many victims; LU. the tyrant, before he came to the throne, had taken away his wife Domitia Longina: M. Suet. 1. and put him to death, subsequently, ob suspiciosos quidem, verum et veteres et innoxios jocos; Id. 10. PR. cf. vi. 385.

This is a severe reflexion on the pusillanimity of the Patricians who tamely submitted to such cruelties and indignities. PR. The exultation, with which the poet mentions the prompt and decisive vengeance of the lower orders, shows that he felt proud in being one of them, and seems intended to convey a salutary, but awful lesson, both to the oppressors and to the oppressed. G. This satire proves that Juvenal survived Domitian; who was assassinated in the forty-fifth year of his age and the sixteenth of his reign, and was succeeded by Nerva, 96 A.D. M.

SATIRE V.

ARGUMENT.

In this excellent Satire, Juvenal takes occasion, under pretence of advising one Trebius to abstain from the table of Virro, a man of rank and fortune, to give a spirited detail of the mortifications to which the poor were subjected by the rich, at those entertainments to which, on account of the political connexion subsisting between patrons and clients, it was sometimes thought necessary to invite them.

He represents even a beggar's life as one of independence compared with that of a parasite, 1-11. The supercilious patron thinks an occasional invitation to be a payment in full of all his client's services; 12—23. and yet, when at the great man's board, poor Trebius meets with nothing but mortifications and affronts. The host has all the luxuries of the season-a variety of fine old wines, 30-37. iced water, 49 sq. excellent white bread, 70 sqq. a magnificent lobster, 80 sqq. surmullet, 92-98. lamprey, 99-102. giblets, 114. poultry, 115. wild-boar, 116. truffles, 116 sqq. mushrooms, 147 sq. &c. &c. and a delicious dessert; 149-152. not to mention the splendid service of plate, 37-45. and the ostentatious retinue of pampered menials: 40. 56 sqq. 67. 72 sqq. 83. 120 sqq. while you are put at the bottom of the table among a vulgar and quarrelsome set of fellows, 25-29. and-one can hardly call it-served by some ill-conditioned underlings, 40 sq. 52-55. 66 sq. 73-75. with vile wine 24 sqq. in a cracked mug,46–48. bad water, 52. infamous bread, 67 sqq.-crab and eggs to correspond, 84 sq. stale cabbage and rancid oil, 86-91. an eel—the sight of which is enough! 103. and a well-fed fish—caught in the common sewer, 104 sq. a dish of toadstools, 146. and two or three half-rotten apples, 153-155. Besides all this, you must not open your lips, either to make any observation, 125 sqq. or to call for what you want, 60 sqq. or to ask your patron to take wine, 129-131. Money forms his criterion of merit. 132-137, especially where there is any chance of that money being one day his, 137–145. Towards his poor acquaintance he behaves just as if he derived amusement from tantalizing and insulting them, 156 sqq.. If they have the meanness to submit to such treatment, they deserve still worse, 161-173. A train of manly indignation pervades the whole; and there is scarcely a single trait of insult and indignity here mentioned, which is not to be found animadverted upon, with more or less severity, in the writers of that age.

With this Satire may be compared, Pliny II Ep. vi. Athenæus vi. 5-18. Petronius Sat. 31. Lucian περὶ τῶν ἐπὶ μισθῷ συνόντων: and several passages in the old comedy of The Supposes, by G. Gascoigne. G. R.

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