3. The Clusians sent ambassadors to Rome, to ask aid from the Senate.

4. I sent [a man] to Antony, to3 tell [him] this.

5. A pen1 was given me to write with.5

6. He lived honorably, that he might quit life with a more calm mind.

7. Again and again I beg you to do it.

8. Thrice I have begged you to come as-soon-as-possible. 9. What prevents you from coming at-once? 9

10. I shall not prevent your returning home to-morrow.

35. Clause of Characteristic.

§ 65, 2. with a, b, c, d, e, f (relative Clauses of Characteristic).

The Clause of Characteristic is to be translated variously, according to the context: see examples in the Grammar, noticing particularly e (cause or hindrance).

N. B. The constructions which have now been given are the only ones in which the Subjunctive affects the translation into English.

Examples.

1. Qui sunt qui audeant in provincia contra fortunas praetoris judicare?

2. Nemo fuit quin mala mea inrideret.

3. Nulla acies ingenii humani tanta est, quae penetrare in caelum possit.

4. Nunc dicis aliquid quod ad rem pertineat.

5. Nihil bonum est, quod non eum qui id possideat meliorem faciat.

6. Digna res est, quam diu multumque consideremus. 7. Nulla mihi videbatur aptior persona quae de senectute loqueretur.

8. Major est quam cui nocere possis.

9. Miserior erat quam cui invideri posset. 10. Voluptas est sola quae nos vocet ad se.

II. Nemo est tam senex, qui se annum non putet posse vivere.

12. Nemo est quin ubivis, quam ibi ubi est, esse malit.

one.

Write in Latin.

1. Innocence is a quality' of the mind which harms2 no

8

2. Who is there that does not laugh sometimes? '

3. There is no one who has not heard this.

4. He is an honest man, so far as I know.
5. This man is not fit for you to imitate."
6. The load is too heavy for a boy to carry.

2 noceo.2

I affectio.

5 idoneus.

36. Intermediate Dependent Clauses.

§ 66 (the general statement, comparing R. 47); I. with c, d, and 2. (implied indirect discourse, and dependent subjunctive): compare § 67, 1. (general rule of Indirect Discourse).

Examples.

1. Caesar dat negotium Senonibus, uti ea quae apud Belgas gerantur cognoscant, seque de his rebus certiorem

faciant.

2. Caesar graviter eos accusat quod ab iis non sublevetur, praesertim cum eorum precibus adductus bellum susceperit. 3. Laudat Africanum Panaetius quod fuerit abstinens.

4. Quinto die Volusenus ad Caesarem revertitur, quaeque ibi perspexisset nuntiat.

5. Ariovistus respondit: "Si quid ipsi a Caesare opus esset, sese ad eum venturum fuisse."1

6. Helvetii, auctoritate Orgetorigis permoti, constituerunt ea quae ad proficiscendum pertinerent comparare.

7. Xerxes inflammasse templa Graeciae dicitur, quod parietibus includerent deos, quibus omnia deberent esse patentia ac libera; quorumque hic mundus omnis templum esset et domus.

1 would have come (see § 67, 1. c).

Write in Latin.

1. He promised to-give1 what I had asked.

8

2. I ordered him to bring2 whatever was necessary. 3. The lieutenant on-his-return3 reported to Cæsar what he had seen in the enemy's camp.

4. Cicero praises Pompey [on the ground] that he was a commander of the highest merit.R

5. The ambassador1 replied that, if this [demand] were refused, the Romans would at-onces declare9 war.

6. I will declare1o frankly11 what I think to be for the advantage of the state.

12

§ 67, General Definition with Remark; and 1. (general rule of Indirect Discourse) with a and b (use of subject-accusative, and of relative clauses).

a. The form of speech called Indirect Discourse, and distinguished by the use of the Infinitive and Subjunctive moods, is constructed as follows:

1. The leading statement is put in the main clause, with its verb in the Infinitive and the subject in the Accusative: it is a SUBSTANTIVE CLAUSE, construed as the Object of some verb or other expression of knowing, thinking, telling, or perceiving (see the following section, where examples of it will be given).

2. Subordinate clauses, introduced by Relatives, relative or conditional Particles, and the like, have their verbs in the Subjunctive these are INTERMEDIATE DEPENDENT CLAUSES (as in the foregoing section).

b. The English word to introduce Indirect Discourse is THAT: as, dicit scire se haec esse vera, he says that he knows that this is true. But it is frequently well (as in the above example) to omit "that" in translation, or even to change the form to direct discourse, as if the statement were independent, inserting the verb of saying, &c. (if necessary) in a parenthetical clause. Thus, in the passage

P. Scipionem, eum qui primus Africanus appellatus est, dicere solitum, scripsit Cato, qui fuit ejus fere aequalis, nunquam se minus otiosum esse quam cum otiosus, nec minus solum quam cum solus esset. - Cic. Off. iii. 1.

Publius Scipio, the same who was first called Africanus, used to say as Cato writes, who was nearly of his time- that he was never less idle than when at leisure, and never less alone than when alone.

An attention to this remark will often make a sentence read easily and clearly in the English idiom, without departing from the order of thought or even of words as found in Latin.

c. The use of tenses in Indirect Discourse may be seen in the following examples:

PRESENT.

I. dicit se

PAST.

2. dixit se

FUTURE. 3. dicet se

scribere, he says that he is [now] writing.

scripsisse, he says that he wrote (has or had written or was writing).

scripturum [esse], he says that he will write.

scribere, he said that he was [then] writing.
scripsisse, he said that he had written.
scripturum [esse], he said that he would write.
scribere, he will say that he is [then] writing.
scripsisse, he will say that he has written, &c.
scripturum [esse], he will say that he is going to
write.

Observe that in the future of Indirect Discourse, with the participle in -ūrus, the infinitive esse is more commonly omitted.

d. With verbs of hoping, promising, threatening, and the like, the Latin use differs from English in requiring the subject always to be expressed: as,

I. sperat se venturum, he hopes to come (lit. "he hopes that he shall come ").

2. minatus est se urbem deleturum, he threatened to destroy

the city.

e. As in English, a double construction is found in the passive of indirect discourse, the verb of saying, &c., being either personal or impersonal. Thus we may say dicitur Caesar abiisse, Cæsar is said to have gone; or, dicitur Caesarem abiisse, it is said that Cæsar has gone. In the former case (as more commonly in Latin), the subject of the verb is Caesar; in the latter, the clause Caesarem abiisse (compare § 70, 2. a).

§ 70, 2. (the infinitive clause as Subject and as Object: R. 38, 39), also § 57, 8. a and e. Compare the illustration and examples in Lesson 21, page 32.

a. In English the sign of the Infinitive is TO. It is often used in such sentences as these: "I think it to be right;" "I know it to be true;""He is said to be rich; ""You ordered it to be done;" when we might say, "I think that it is right," and so on. In Latin the infinitive construction is used in this way after any verb or other expression of knowing, thinking, telling, or perceiving.

b. The present infinitive (§ 58, 11. with a), when depending on a past tense, is to be translated by a past tense; as, renuntiavit hostes esse in conspectu, he brought word that the enemy WERE in sight; sometimes by the perfect infinitive: as, scire potuit, he might HAVE KNOWN; hoc fieri oportuit, this ought TO HAVE BEEN DONE. In these cases, the past possibility, necessity, &c., are indicated in Latin by the leading verb, as they are not in English.

c. The perfect infinitive in Latin may stand in indirect discourse for any past tense of the indicative (see § 58, 11. b, with the special use of memini).

Examples.

1. Dulce et decorum est pro patria mori.

2. Accusatores multos esse in civitate utile est. 3. Cives civibus parere aequum esse censeo.

4. Magna laus est tantas res solum gessisse.

5. Fama est ludibrio fratris Remum novos transiluisse

muros.

6. Renuntiatur Germanos castra tum habuisse juxta Rhenum.

est.

7. Te hilari esse animo valde me juvat.

8. Majori parti exercitus placuit castra defendere.

9. Memini me epistolam scribere cum hic rumor adlatus

10. Mihi non licet esse otioso (non licet me esse otiosum). II. Eum non licet ante tempus consulem fieri.