G.-Participial Constructions.

43. Participles: Predicate Use.

§ 72, 1. with ỏ (use of the participles; perfect of deponents); 2, 3. with Remark and a (adjective and predicate use); 4. with a, b (the future participle in urus).

In these constructions, the translation must be varied to conform to the English idiom (see § 72, 3. with the Remark).

Examples.

1. Pastor elatam securim in regis caput dejecit.

2. Catilinam Lentulus et Cethegus deprehensi non terru

erunt.

3. Non multo ante urbem captam, exaudita est vox e luco Vestae.

4. Ab orto usque ad occidentem solem pugnatum est.
5. Querimur de Milone per vim expulso.

6. Major ex civibus amissis dolor quam laetitia fusis hostibus fuit.

7. Post expulsos reges consules creati sunt.

8. Aër effluens huc et illuc ventos efficit.

9. Tarquinius elatum e curia regem in inferiorem partem per gradus dejecit.

10. Fugientes Gallos Caesar adsecutus trucidavit.

II. Intentum animum tanquam arcum habebat Appius

senex.

Write in Latin.

1. Each man claimed1 for himself the glory of having slain the king.

2. From the founding3 of the city to the expulsion of the kings and the liberation of the city was two hundred and forty years.

3. Cæsar overtook the Helvetii in-their-flight," at the

4.

After the storming9 of Massilia a league was struck.10 5. Six years after the capture of Veii, Rome was taken by

the Gauls.

6. By the conquest" of the Veientes, the consul had increased12 the Roman state.

9 expugno.1 10 ico.3

11 devinco.3 12 augeo.2

44. Ablative Absolute.

§ 54, 10. b, with Note (ablative absolute of time or circumstance), and c (impersonal use of adjective or participle).

a. The Ablative Absolute is very rarely found except with the present active and the perfect passive participle.

b. As the Nominative Absolute is rarely admissible in English, a change of form is generally required in translation. Thus the present participle is oftenest to be rendered by a relative clause with when or while; and the perfect passive participle by the perfect active participle in English. These changes may be seen in the following example:

"At illi, intermisso spatio, imprudentibus nostris, atque occupatis in munitione castrorum, subito se ex silvis ejecerunt; impetuque in eos facto, qui erant in statione pro castris collocati, acriter pugnaverunt; duabusque missis subsidio cohortibus a Caesare, cum hae (perexiguo intermisso loci spatio inter se) constitissent, novo genere pugnae perterritis nostris, per medios audacissime perruperunt, seque inde incolumes receperunt." - CÆSAR, B. G. v. 15.

"But they, having paused a space while our men were unaware and busied in fortifying the camp, suddenly threw themselves out of the woods; then making an attack upon those who were on guard in front of the camp, fought fiercely; and, though two cohorts had been sent to their relief by Cæsar, after these had taken their position (leaving very little space of ground between them), as our men were alarmed by the strange kind of fighting, they dashed most daringly through the midst of them, and got off safe."

Examples.

1. Caesar, confirmata re ab exploratoribus, omnem equitatum praemisit.

2. Paucis a me' stantibus, non desperabo.

1 on my side.

3. Non te invito filium tuum Romam mittam.

4. Pythagoras, Tarquinio Superbo rege, in Italiam venit. 5. Latini exercitu a consulibus deleto pacem Romanos poposcerunt.

6. Caesar castris munitis, vineas agere, quaeque ad oppugnandum usui erant comparare coepit.

7. Catilina necato filio vacuam domum scelestis nuptiis fecit.

8. Lysias, filio e civitate pulso, multos annos Sardibus vixit.

9. Cognito super humeros fratris paludamento sponsi, quod ipsa confecerat, virgo solvit crines.2

2 A sign of mourning.

Write in Latin.

1. After ending1 the war with the Veneti, Cæsar put2 all the senate to death2 [and] sold the rest [of the inhabitants] at-public-sale.

2. We strive in vain when nature opposes.5

3. The father, not-expecting the arrival of his son, set-out" for Rome.

4. The Latins, having lost [their] army, begged peace of the Romans.

5. The Romans, when the city was taken by the Gauls, retreated to the Capitol.

45. Gerundive Constructions.

§ 72, 5. with c (participial and adjective use); § 73, I, 2. (Gerund and Gerundive); 3. with a, b, c, d (the gerundive constructions).

NOTE. In this Gerundive use the form in dus is always to be rendered by an ACTIVE form in English (usually by the participial noun in -ING, followed by the objective: see examples 3, 4, 5); while in the Predicate use it is always PASSIVE (translated ought, must, &c.; see Lesson 16, 2. d).

Examples.

1. Vitia senectutis diligentia compensanda sunt.

2. Rem tibi omittendam esse censeo.

3. Helvetii legatos pacis petendae causā miserunt.

4. Vivis, et vivis non ad deponendam sed ad confirmandam audaciam.

5. Caesar pontem in Arari faciendum curavit.

6. Praetor decemviros agro1 Samniti metiendo dividendoque creavit.

7. Habenda ratio valetudinis; utendum exercitationibus modicis ; tantum cibi et potionis adhibendum, ut reficiantur vires non opprimantur.

8. Principes civitatis tuorum consiliorum reprimendorum causā Romā profugerunt.

9. Cretum leges laboribus erudiunt juventutem, venando, currendo, esuriendo, sitiendo, algendo, aestuando.

10. Caesari omnia uno tempore erant agenda: vexillum proponendum, signum tubā dandum, ab opere revocandi milites, acies instruenda, milites cohortandi, signum dandum. 1 Dative.

Write in Latin.

1. The consul gives heed1 to propitiating2 the gods.

2. All hope of taking the town was lost.

3. Cæsar perceives that the war must be put-off till

summer.

4. The consul gave Fabius one legion to lead into Spain. 5. Conon provided-for the repair" of the walls of Athens. 6. A short time of life is [long] enough to live well and happily.

7. By always obeying the magistrates, the youth won10 [themselves] good fame.

8. The grass13 here is very convenient" for sleeping. 9. You have lost much time in play.12

PART THIRD.

ON READING LATIN.

NOTE. The following section, consisting chiefly of hints and directions to aid the learner in his subsequent reading, is not designed to be used as lessons for class instruction, but to be reserved for reference or occasional use, according to the teacher's judgment. Its chief advantage may perhaps be found at a later period of study than that covered by the Reading Lessons contained in this book.

I. THE MEANING OF WORDS.

In his reading, the learner should always be guided, not merely by the dictionary meaning of the words, but by the meaning of the Root, or Stem, and terminations, as explained by the laws of derivation and the groupings of families of words (see pages 42-45). To aid in this, the following illustrations may be of service.

I.

Notice the meaning of the significant endings, and their force in the derivative words.

As an example of analysis, take the word pābulatio. The termination tio is seen to be a "verbal abstract; " that is, to express, in a general or, abstract way, the action of a verb. The long ā points to a verb of the first conjugation, formed from an adjective or noun of the first or second declension. This leads us to the noun pābulum; and the verb would signify doing something with that noun. In the list (p. 43), bulum is found as a termination of nouns of means: pābulum is the means of doing the action expressed in the root PA. As roots are not given in our lexicons, we must learn to recognize them in the present stems of verbs (see Lesson 28). If the meaning of pascor is known, pābulum will appear to be a means of feeding; pābulor (deponent) is to obtain the means of feeding; and pābulātio, in the connection where we find it, can only mean foraging.