SYNONYMES:

WITH GROUPS OF VARIOUSLY RELATED WORDS, ILLUSTRATING ONE ANOTHER'S MEANING.

NOTE. In using the following list of allied or kindred words,* it must be borne in mind that the distinctions drawn are often slight, and that, especially in poetic use, the boundaries are varying and uncertain. The accurate meaning and employment of words should always be sought in a larger lexicon.

1. A, ab (opp. to ad), away from; de, down or aside from; e, ex (opp. to in), out of.

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2. abdo,3 abscondo,3 hide, or put out of sight; condo,3 recondo, lay away for safe keeping; occulo, occulto,1 cover up; celo,1 conceal from one what he has a right to know (compare 80).

3. abeo, go away; exeo, go out from; discedo,3 depart to some other place; decedo,3 give way to some one else; excedo,3 withdraw wholly; proficiscor, set forth on a journey.

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4. accidit, it happens (suddenly), with reference to some effect; contingit, it befalls (fortunately), coincident with something else; evenit, it turns out, as resulting from some event; obtingit, it falls to, by lot or otherwise; obvenit, it results from some chance, &c. 5. acies, army in line of battle with its " edge " of weapons; agmen, in line of march (ago); exercitus, the disciplined force itself (see 61).

6. aequus, level, even; also fair, calm, just; par, equal, in number, strength, &c.; aequalis, usually of like age; aequabilis, equable in one's self, uniform; similis, like.

7. aetas, age (period of life); tempus, time (of limited duration); aevum, a long period; saeculum, age or century.

8. ager, field in general, especially wild or open, also public territory; campus, an extended plain; arvum, ploughed land; pratum, meadow, level or grassy; rus, the country, as opposed to city.

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* Prepared with the aid of Ramshorn's "Latin Synonymes," and of the lists in Bullions's Dictionary.

9. albus, dead white (opp. to ater); candidus, bright white (opp. to niger); canus, gray or hoary.

10. altus, high, deep; arduus, steep, difficult; celsus (excelsus), lofty, stately; editus, uplifted; sublimis, on high.

11. amo,1 to love with affection; diligo,3 with esteem; adamo,1 conceive affection for; deamo,1 of ardent passion.

12. anguis, snake (swift, darting); serpens, the crawling creature (vipera, coluber, &c., special venomous kinds); draco, dragon, often used poetically for serpens.

13. anima, life (animal life); animus, soul (thought or passion); mens, intelligence; indoles, disposition, talent; ingenium, mind or genius, as innate quality.

14. animal, animal, the living thing; bestia, beast (wild and fierce; plur. brutes in general); belua, a bulky and monstrous creature (as elephant or whale); fera, wild animal as opposed to tame; pecus, tame animal as opposed to wild (see 51).

15. arbor, tree; frutex, shrub; arbustum, a place planted with trees; virgultum, bushes, thicket.

16. arma, weapons in general, especially defensive: galea, helmet; lorica, corselet of leather or metal; ocreae, greaves for the leg; scutum (or clipeus, 28), shield. It may also, more generally, include offensive weapons (for which the proper word is tela): gladius, sword, short, straight, and pointed (ensis, mucro, ferrum, poetic); pilum, javelin, a heavy missile with long thin blade and stout handle; hasta, spear or pike, for thrusting; jaculum, dart; arcus, bow; sagittae, arrows, &c.

17. ars, art (the practice; artes, acquired skill); scientia, knowledge (theory); artificium, skill of the artifex, or craftsman.

18 audeo,2 dare, in reference to danger; conor,1 undertake, of importance; molior,' attempt, of difficulty.

19. aura, breeze; ventus, wind; flamen, blast; flatus, flabrum, of gentle or favorable winds.

20. avarus, covetous; avidus, greedy; cupidus, eager; parcus, frugal; sordidus, mean, stingy.

21. avis, a bird (feathered creature); ales, winged (especially of large birds, or poetic); volucris, as capable of flight; praepes, of swift and lofty flight; oscen [os, cano], of omen by the voice.

22. bellum, war; pugna, fight (in general); proelium, battle; militia, warfare (the soldier's trade); tumultus, a sudden tumult or insurrection (near home).

23. bonus, good (kind or virtuous); probus, upright; fortis, bold, manly, valiant ; honestus, honorable (see 41).

24. caedes, killing, massacre; clades, defeat, disaster; strages, carnage; internecio, destruction.

25. capio,3 grasp, contain; accipio,3 to receive; excipio,3 take what comes in one's way; recipio,3 to take back; suscipio,3 undertake; rapio,3 seize; adripio,3 corripio,3 seize with force or eagerness; sumo, to take (without force).

26. careo,2 to lack or be in want; egeo, indigeo,2 to be in need; vaco,1 to be empty or at leisure.

27. carmen, a song or brief poem (the words); cantus, song (as sung); versus, poema, the composition.

28. clipeus, shield, oval, of brass; scutum, of wood, with skin covering and iron rim; parma, pelta, cetra, buckler (small shields of peculiar shape); ancile, short and oval, borne in processions.

29. comes, companion (fellow traveller); socius, partner or ally; sodalis, boon companion, or member of a club.

30. commodus, convenient or suitable in itself; opportunus, fit according to circumstance; utilis, of service to some end.

31. consilium, counsel or advice, the result of reflection ; sententia, opinion, considered and fixed, especially in deliberative bodies, as the Senate or a jury; opinio, notion, conjecture (compare 92).

32. culpa, fault; crimen, charge of any offence; delictum, fault of omission or neglect; peccatum, a wilful misdeed; facinus, act (facio), often implying violence; maleficium, crime.

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33. cupio, to desire, long for any thing; concupisco, to feel a longing; opto,1 choose or wish; desidero,1 to feel the want of; volo, wish or intend.

34. cutis, skin (on the body); pellis, the fresh soft hide; corium, coarse or tanned hide, leather; aluta, a soft leather prepared with alum; tergus, skin of the back and body.

35. damnum, loss or forfeit; detrimentum, damage (wearing away); jactura, loss by shipwreck, &c. (a casting away); incommodum, disaster, loss by misfortune or defeat (a euphemism).

36. daps, any rich food; pl., feast; epulum, a public or religious banquet; cena, dinner, the chief meal of the day; prandium, merenda, lunch ; jentaculum, an early breakfast; cibus, any food.

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37. do,' to give in general; dono,1 of a formal or valuable gift; dedo, surrender (compare abdo, perdo, trado, prodo, condo, vendo); largior, of lavish gifts.

38. dolor, pain in general; maeror, a settled sadness; luctus, grief with signs of mourning; cura, anxiety or distress of mind;

aerumna, misery, affliction; aegritudo, distress (of mind, chiefly); aegrimonia, of body; tristitia, sadness as shown by outward signs; miseria, wretchedness, as of destitution, &c. ; molestia, annoyance or distress from some special cause; squalor, disfigurement in sign of mourning.

39. domus, house, as dwelling, also a large or fine house; aedes, as a building, or group of apartments; tectum, shelter; sedes, place of permanent abode; villa, farm-house; insula, a city-mansion or block, occupying a whole square; atrium, hall, the main apartment of the house; aula, poetic, and used of royal courts, &c. (see 86).

40. donum, gift; munus, of bounty or obligation (compare 57); praemium, reward considered as the receiver's due; beneficium, as the giver's bounty; merces, wages.

41. dulcis, sweet; blandus, gentle, caressing ; comis, kind, courteous; lenis, soft; mollis, smooth (to the touch); suavis, agreeable to the senses in general; amoenus, to the eye in particular.

42. dux, leader, properly a guide (so ductor); imperator, commander, with military authority; legatus, aid or lieutenant, who receives his commission from the Senate instead of popular election, and is hence regarded as a delegate.

43. eo, to go, in general; gradior,3 advance with steps; grassor,1 (intens.), to walk rapidly; proficiscor, set forth; vado,3 advance firmly spatior, with long or stately strides.

44. exilis, slight or lean; tenuis, thin, delicate; gracilis, slender, little; macer, lean, lank.

45. fallo,3 to deceive, or betray into error; decipio, to take unawares; fraudo,1 deprive of one's due; frustror,1 to frustrate or disappoint; deludo,3 beguile.

46. fama, fame, repute (wide-spread); rumor, report; gloria, glory, resting on esteem; laus, praise or good-name; praedicatio, publishing of deeds or merit; decus, outward splendor or distinction; honor, honor or respect, pl. public honors; munus, office, as implying service or obligation (compare 57).

47. felix, happy or fortunate; beatus, prosperous; faustus, of good omen; fortunatus, lucky, rich (favored by fortune).

48. finis, end (pl. bɔundary); modus, limit to excess; terminus, landmark; limes, a belt of land marking the division of estates.

49. flumen, river or stream in general; fluvius, the flowing body of water; amnis (generally), broad and navigable; rivus, rivulus, brook, rivulet; torrens, a sudden violent flow, from rains, &c.

50. gens, race including nations (nationes), or house including families (familiae); genus, origin or kind; stirps, stock; prosapia, used of ancient and extensive family connection.

51. grex, flock, especially of sheep, &c.; armentum, herd of cattle, horses, &c.; jumentum, yoke-beast; pecus, flock or herd (pecora, cattle in general); pecus (udis), a creature of the flock (14).

52. hic, this (of the person speaking); iste, that (of the person addressed); ille, that (at a distance, well-known, or the following); is, especially as correlative with qui, one who, &c. (see Gr. § 20). 53. homo, man, as a human being in general; vir, man, a male person, or as implying force, energy, &c.

54. hostis, an enemy (public); pl., the enemy; inimicus, a personal foe, or rival; adversarius, opponent at law, &c.

55. invenio, to find or meet; reperio,1 discover something hidden or unknown; nanciscor,3 happen upon (as game); offendo,3 stumble upon.

56. iter, way of travel; via, a broad street, &c.; semita, a narrow way; trames, by-path; callis, foot-track; angiportus, alley

way.

57. jus, a right, or general law; lex, statute; fas, moral right, or duty; officium, duty as obligation or service; munus, duty, as connected with civil or official position (function).

58. labor, toil, hardship; opus, the work accomplished; opera, implying workmanship or active energy (pl. hands).

59. lapis, stone of any sort; saxum, rock, hard or large; silex, flint; cautes, cliff; rupes, a mass of rock, precipice; scopulus, a peak (giving an extensive view).

60. lectus, bed; cubile, any resting-place; stratum, any thing strewn, couch or covering; torus, couch, or mattress.

61. legio, legion (of about 5000); cohors, cohort or battalion, one-tenth of a legion (in later use, auxiliary infantry); manipulus, maniple, one-third of the cohort; turma, troop of 30 horsemen ; ala, a division of auxiliary cavalry; caterva, any band of forces; phalanx, a close array of 800 men (Greek).

62. liber, free; libertus, a freedman ; libertinus, one of the class of freedmen; ingenuus, freeborn, or becoming to a freeman.

63. ligo,1 to bind fast (by winding about); vincio,1 to bind with chains; necto, to fasten by knotting or entwining; jungo,3 to unite in one.

64. loquor,3 to speak, talk; dico,3 to say, or speak more formally; for,1 to use the faculty of speech; aio, assent, say yes; inquam, inquit, said I, said he, only in quotations.